@Research Paper <#LINE#>Pressurized Population Growth with Progressive Health facility, Life Expectancy and Declining Death in Bangladesh<#LINE#>Md. Ashraful Islam@Chowdhury,Mohammad Mahbub@Kabir,Abul Fazal@Sayed,Nargis@Sultana<#LINE#>1-10<#LINE#>1.ISCA-IRJSS-2015-215.pdf<#LINE#> Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh<#LINE#>6/9/2015<#LINE#>18/9/2015<#LINE#> Population of a country is undoubtedly an important asset. On the other hand, overpopulation is considered as aging for any country. The present study was conducted to show the changing demographic scenario of Bangladesh by reviewing recent literature, especially population censuses of Bangladesh and other sources of demographic data. The division wise spatial distributions of demographic data were carried out by using Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques. The population growth occurred rapidly with a steady state since 1974 to 2011. In 1974, highest and lowest number of population was found in Dhaka (21316067) and Khulna (14195274) division respectively. In 2011, highest and lowest number of population was found in Dhaka (47424418) and Barisal (8325666) division respectively. The growth of population was almost double in the large cities like Chittagong and Dhaka, after 37 years (1974-2011). The density of population was higher in urban areas where industrialization occurred rapidly. The highest and lowest population density was found in Dhaka (685 per square miles) and Khulna (401per square miles) respectively in 1974. In 2011, highest population density was also found in Dhaka division (1502per square miles). Compared to 1974, the literacy percentages of all the divisions were more than double in 2011. The highest and lowest literacy rate was found in Dhaka (56.75) and Syllhet division (45.01) respectively in 2011. Due to the advancement and improvement of heath care and medical facilities and prevention of some specific fatal diseases the death rate and life expectancy of Bangladeshi population was decreased and increased respectively. In 1981, the life expectancy at birth was only 54.8 years, but in 2011, it increased to 69 years at birth. Increased life expectancy results demographic variability because the highest percentage of the population is considered as aging. This study will strengthen the knowledge of current and past demographic conditions of Bangladeshi population so that the policy planner and policy maker can make proper political, social and economic commitment to manage the varying demographic conditions. <#LINE#> @ @ National Institute of Population Research and Training (NIPORT), Mitra and Associates, and Macro International, Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey, Dhaka, Bangladesh and Calverton, Maryland, USA (2009) @No $ @ @ The Daily Star, ‘Population 16.44 cr’, The Daily Star, The daily Bangladeshi newspaper, available online at 21.10.2010 at http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news- details. php?nid=159325, 20(75), (2010) @No $ @ @ United Nations, ‘World population prospects: The 2008 revision’. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, United Nations Secretariats (2010) @No $ @ @ BBS, Bangladesh Literacy Survey, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Statistics Division, Ministry of Planning, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, Dhaka (2010) @No $ @ @ Sen B., Mujeri M.K. and Shahabuddin Q., Operationalizing Pro-Poor Growth: Bangladesh as a Case Study, New York: World Bank (2004) @No $ @ @ National Institute of Population, Research and Training (NIPORT), Mitra and Associates, and Macro International, Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2007, Dhaka (2007) @No $ @ @ UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, UN World Population Prospects, The 1996 Revision, October (1996) @No $ @ @ Ginneken J.V., Health and Demographic Surveillance in Matlab: Past, Present and Future, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka (1998) @No $ @ @ Chowdhury A.M.R and Bhuiya A., The Wider Impacts ofBRAC Poverty Alleviation Programme in Bangladesh, J. of Int. Dev., 16(3), 369–86 (2004) @No $ @ @ United Nations, Principles for a vital statistics system,Statistical series M No. 19, United Nations (1953) @No $ @ @ BBS, Bangladesh Population Census 1974. BangladeshBureau of Statistics, Statistics Division, Ministry ofPlanning, Government of the People’s Republic ofBangladesh, Dhaka 204-238, (1974) @No $ @ @ BBS, Bangladesh Population Census 1981, Analyticalfinding and National Tables. Bangladesh Bureau ofStatistics, Statistics Division, Ministry of Planning,Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh,Dhaka 165-171, (1981) @No $ @ @ BBS, Bangladesh Population Census 1991. BangladeshBureau of Statistics, Statistics Division, Ministry ofPlanning, Government of the People’s Republic ofBangladesh, Dhaka 38-39, (1991) @No $ @ @ BBS, Bangladesh Population Census 2001, ProvisionalReport. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, StatisticsDivision, Ministry of Planning, Government of thePeople’s Republic of Bangladesh, Dhaka (2001) @No $ @ @ BBS, Bangladesh Population Census 2011. BangladeshBureau of Statistics, Statistics Division, Ministry ofPlanning, Government of the People’s Republic ofBangladesh, Dhaka (2011) @No $ @ @ Bangladesh - Mortality rate[Online] Available at: http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/bangladesh/mortality-rate (Accessed on 11 July 2015) @No $ @ @ BBS, Statistical Yearbook of Bangladesh 2011. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Statistics Division, Ministry of Planning, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, Dhaka 462-463, (2011) @No $ @ @ BDHS, Demographic and Health Survey.National Institute for Population Research and Training (NIPORT), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Bangladesh,Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh,Dhaka (2012) @No $ @ @ BBS, Statistical Yearbook of Bangladesh 1983.Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Statistics Division,Ministry of Planning, Government of the People’sRepublic of Bangladesh, Dhaka (1984) @No $ @ @ BBS, Statistical Yearbook of Bangladesh 1990. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Statistics Division, Ministry of Planning, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, Dhaka (1991) @No $ @ @ BBS, Statistical Yearbook of Bangladesh. BangladeshBureau of Statistics, Statistics Division, Ministry of Planning, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, Dhaka, 56-57, (2012) @No <#LINE#>Future of the European Union’s Budget revenues – New own Resource based on Value added Tax<#LINE#>A.@Kaczynska<#LINE#>11-16<#LINE#>2.ISCA-IRJSS-2015-227.pdf<#LINE#>Poznan University of Economics, Al. Niepodległości 10, 61-875 Poznań, POLAND<#LINE#>13/12/2014<#LINE#>19/8/2015<#LINE#> Current legal regulations concerning European Union’s budget revenues are considered to be exceedingly complex and unclear both for professionals and citizens of the European Union countries. The main reason of the indicated problem is connected to the resource based on the value added tax and the own resource based on gross national income. This situation led to intensive work on the new own resources of the EU that would ensure financial autonomy in order to operate efficiently. Therefore, European Commission proposed two new types of revenues – financial transaction tax and new own resource based on VAT. The aim of this article is to present the new VAT-based revenue of the EU budget. Apart from the legal issues empirical analysis will be taken into consideration in order to examine whether new resource can be perceived as a stable source of EU revenues. Presumption of the impact of the economic situation on the VAT amounts collected by EU Member States is supported by recent financial crisis that affected majority of the European Union Countries. The analysis is carried out using linear regression model, where aggregated VAT revenues of EU are treated as dependent variable while aggregated gross domestic product of EU are used as explanatory variable. The study is conducted for years 2004-2012.<#LINE#> @ @ Consolidated Version Of The Treaty On The Functioning Of The European Union, Official Journal of the European Union, C 326/49 (2012) @No $ @ @ Consolidated Version Of The Treaty On The Functioning Of The European Union, Official Journal of the European Union, C 115/47 (2008) @No $ @ @ Treaty of Lisbon Amending The Treaty On European Union And The Treaty Establishing The European Community, http://europa.eu/lisbon_treaty/full_text/ index_en.htm (2007) @No $ @ @ European Commission, The European Union budget at a glance, http://ec.europa.eu/budget/library/biblio/publications /glance/budget_glance_en.pdf (2010) @No $ @ @ Euratom, Council Decision of 7 June 2007 on the system of the European Communities’ own resources, 2007/436/EC (2007) @No $ @ @ Florea N.M., Ganea M. and Seliteanu S., 2013, Structure and Evolution of EU Budget Revenue, Finance - Challenges of the Future, 1(15), 177 (2013) @No $ @ @ Council Decision of 26 May 2014on the system of own resources of the European Union, 2014/335/EU, Euratom 2014) @No $ @ @ Afonso O. and Alves R.H., The Reform of the EU Budget: Finding New Own Resources, Intereconomics, May/June, 178 (2009) @No $ @ @ European Union, 2014 EU budget at a glance, Luxembourg, 25 (2014) @No $ @ @ European Parliament, Definitive Adoption of the European Union’s general budget for the financial year 2013, Official Journal of the European Union, 2013/102/EU, Euratom, 48-118 (2013) @No $ @ @ European Commission, EU budget 2012 – Financial Report, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 30 (2013) @No $ @ @ Czerniewska-Rutkowska M., Budet ogólny Unii Europejskiej – stan obecny i perspektywy, Centrum Doradztwa i Informacji Difin Sp. Z.O.O., Warszawa, 26 2007) @No $ @ @ Alves R.H. and Cielukowski M., Financial Autonomy of the European Union After Enlargement, FEP Working Papers, 217, 6, (2006) @No $ @ @ Guzik B., Podstawy ekonometrii, Pozna: Wydawnictwo Akademii Ekonomicznej w Poznaniu, 56 (2008) @No $ @ @ High Level Group on Own Resources, First Assessment Report, http://ec.europa.eu/budget/library/biblio/documents /multiannual_framework/HLGOR_1stassessment2014final_en.pdf. (2014) @No $ @ @ Hybka M.M., Podatek od transakcji finansowych – dyskusyjny instrument przeciwdzia\nania spekulacjom rynkowym, Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczeciskiego, Finanse, Rynki Finansowe, Ubezpieczenia, 62, 1 (2013) @No $ @ @ European Commission, Financing the EU Budget: report on the operation of the own resources system, SEC(2011) 876 fial/2, Brussels (2011) @No $ @ @ European Commission, 2011a, Proposal for a Council Decision on the system of own resources of the European Union, COM(2011) 510 fial, Brussels (2011) @No $ @ @ European Comission, Responding to the financial crisis, http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/explained/the_financial_and_economic_crisis/responding_to_the_financial_crisis/index_en.htm (2014) @No $ @ @ Leen A.R., The Return of the Value Added Tax– a New Own Resource to Finance the Budget of the European Union, media.leidenuniv.nl/legacy/al-2014-02.pdf (2014) @No $ @ @ Schratzenstaller M., The EU Own Resources System – Reform Needs and Options, Intereconomics,48(5), 305–306 (2013) @No @Research Article <#LINE#>Realignment of Power between Sino – Russian Relations in the Asia- Pacific Region: India’s Prospects and Response<#LINE#>Shiv@Kumar<#LINE#>17-24<#LINE#>3.ISCA-IRJSS-2015-214.pdf<#LINE#> South and Central Asian Studies, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, INDIA<#LINE#>9/5/2015<#LINE#>5/10/2015<#LINE#> The main objective of the Paper is to understand the realignment of powers between Sino-Russia under the changing dynamic situation in the Asia- Pacific region. The Paper highlights convergence of interests between two great powers in the South China Sea and analyses the enhancing proximity after the Obama’s “Asia- pivot policy”(2011). It explores the convergence of interests between Sino- Russian relations in the Asia- Pacific region such as like economic and energy interests, security interests and increases the proximity for establishment of multi- polar world order. The paper analyses the geostrategic importance of the “Asia- Pacific” region with new triangular series of the US, India and Japan. It highlights the joint challenges and perspectives for India and ASEAN countries in the Asia- Pacific region especially after the China’s military modernization and its aggressive nature in South China Sea. The paper explores the consequences of power realignment in the Asia- Pacific region and its effects on Indo-Russian relations in the upcoming decades. The background of paper outlines the emerging geopolitical and geo- strategic trends in the Asia- Pacific region. And highlights how power realignment endeavors to difficulties for Asian Security Architecture as well as Indian Security. <#LINE#> @ @ Kaplan D. R. and Matt G., Asia’s Shifting Status- Quo. Asian Affairs, 18(5), 33- 36, (2014) @No $ @ @ Norling N., China and Russia: partners with tensions, Policy perspectives, 4(1), 33-48, (2007) @No $ @ @ Kumar D.C., China’s New Security Multilateralism and its implications to the Sino- US Relations, World- Focus, 35(3), 56-61, (2014) @No $ @ @ Klein M., Russia: A Euro- Pacific Power? Goals, Strategies and Perspectives of Moscow’s East Asia Policy. German Institute for International and Security Affairs, https://www.google.co.in/search?q=Margarete+Klein+Russia%3A+A+Euro-Pacific+Power%3F+Goals%2C+Strategies +and+Perspectives+of+Moscow%E2%80%99s+East+Asia+Policyandoq, (2014) @No $ @ @ Lai D., Asia- Pacific: A Strategic Assessment. Army War College Carlisle Barracks Pa Strategic Studies Institute, (2013) @No $ @ @ Kumar S., Russia- China Economic Relations: An Analysis. School of International Studies (JNU): New Delhi. Retrieved from https://www.google.co.in/search? q=%5DRussiaChina+Economic+Relations%3A+An+Analysisandoq=%5DRussiaChina+Economic+Relations%3A+An+Analysisandgs_l=serp.12., (2013) @No $ @ @ Kuliani M., The Bear and the Dragon Prospects of Sino- Russian alliance, rapprochement, rivalry and the things in between. Retrieved from https://www.google.co.in/search? q=The+Bear+and+the+Dragon%3A+Prospects+of+SinoRussian+alliance%2C+rapprochement%2C+rivalry+and+the+things+in+betweenandoq, (2012) @No $ @ @ Rautava J., Russia’s economic policy and Russia- China economic relations. Russia- China relations. Current state, alternative future, and implications for the West, Helsinki, The Finnish Institute of International Affairs, 38-59, (2011) @No $ @ @ Tubilewicz C., The future of China-Russia relations: Asia in the new millennium. Edited by James Bellacqua, Pacific Affairs 84.2, (2011) @No $ @ @ Paik K.W., Sino- Russian oil and gas cooperation: the reality and implications. East Asia Form,(2012) @No $ @ @ Haas M.D., Russian – Chinese Security Relations: Moscow’s Threat from the East? Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael (NIIRC), Retrieved from www.clingendael.nl/sites/default/files/20130327_rc_ securityrelations.pdfsia, (2013) @No $ @ @ Jakobson L. and Paul H., China’s Energy and Security Relations with Russia: Hopes, Frustrations and Uncertainties. (SIPRI) Policy- Paper 29, (2011) @No $ @ @ SIPRI, Arms Transfer Database, (2014) @No $ @ @ Haas de M., Russian- Chinese military exercises and their wider Perspective: Power play in Central Asia. Conflict Studies Research Centre (CSRC), Retrieval from https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=tandrct=jandq=andesrc=sandsource=webandcd=2andcad=rjaanduact=8andved=0CCcQFjABandurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww, (2005) @No $ @ @ Bin Y., China- Russia Relations: Navigating through the Ukraine Storm. East Asian Bilateral Relations: Wittenberg University, (2014) @No $ @ @ Harress C., Russia and China to conduct Joint Naval Exercises in the Mediterranean and Pacific in 2015. Retrieved from http://www.ibtimes.com/russia-china-conduct-joint-naval-exercises-mediterranean-pacific-2015-1726261, (2014) @No $ @ @ Soldatkin V. and Chen A., Russia signs second China gas deal, but falling prices raise doubts. Retrieved from http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/11/10/us-russiachina-gas-idUSKCN0IU17K20141110, (2014) @No $ @ @ Fawn R., Realignment in Russian Foreign Policy. Frank Cass Publisher: London, (2005) @No $ @ @ Han S. and Jianbo L., China’s Multilateral Strategy. Policy Brief. Retrieved fromhttps://www.google.co.in/ search?q=China%E2%80%99s+Multilateral+Strategy.+Policy+Briefandoq=China%E2%80%99s+Multilateral+Strategy.+Policy+Briefandaqs=chrome, (2012) @No $ @ @ Acosta J., U.S. other Powers Kick Russia out of G8. CNN news. Retrieved from http://edition.cnn.com/2014/03/24/politics/obama-europe-trip/, (2014) @No $ @ @ Bolt P.J., Sino- Russian Relations in a Changing World Order. Air Force Academy Colorado Springs cooperation, (2013) @No $ @ @ Chacko P., India and Indo – pacific an emerging regional vision. IPGRC Policy Briefs, (5),(2012) @No $ @ @ Asrar N., Indian Navy to induct super aircraft carrier INS Vikramaditya today. NDTV news. Retrieved from http://www.ndtv.com/cheat-sheet/indian-navy-to-induct-super-aircraft-carrier-ins-vikramaditya-today-541249, (2013) @No $ @ @ Aneja A., India U.S., Japan joint naval exercise in Pacific today. The Hindu. Retrieved from http://www. thehindu.com/news/national/india-us-japan-joint-naval-exercise-in-pacific today/article6244321.ece, (2014) @No $ @ @ Rajagopalan R., Sino- Russian bonhomie brewing; India should be wary, The Economic Times. Retrieved from http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-07-22/news/51882474_1_ukraine-crisis-eastern-ukraine-shanghai-cooperation-organisation, (2014) @No $ @ @ Mohan C.R., SAMUDRA – MANTHAN: Sino – Indian rivalry in the Indo – Pacific. Washington, D. C.: Oakland street publishing, (2012) @No <#LINE#>External Sector and Economic Growth of Pakistan: A Time Series Analysis<#LINE#>Anoosha Hafeez@Khan,Saeedur@Rahman,Farrukh@Bashir<#LINE#>25-31<#LINE#>4.ISCA-IRJSS-2015-178.pdf<#LINE#>Scholar of Economics, University of Sargodha Lahore Campus, Lahore, PAKISTAN @ School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, PAKISTAN @ Department of Economics, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, PAKISTAN @ UTM, Johar Bahru, MALAYSIA<#LINE#>22/7/2015<#LINE#>6/9/2015<#LINE#> The purpose of the present study is to explore the impact of the indicators of external sector such as trade openness, foreign direct investment and external debt on economic growth of Pakistan by employing ARDL approach on time series data over the period of 1980 –2013. Some control variables i.e., education, labor force participation and physical capital have also been included in the model because they have a key role in explaining the economic growth as suggested by various growth theories. To check long run dynamics we used ARDL approach and to find out short run dynamics we used error correction model (ECM). The study concluded that there exists a long run as well short run relationship between indicators of external sector and the economic growth. Foreign direct investment and trade openness positively affect economic growth while the external debt negatively effects economic growth of Pakistan. The variable physical capital has significant positive impact on economic growth in long run and insignificant negative impact in short run, while education and labour force participation rate have significant positive association with economic growth in short as well as in long run. It is suggested that gross domestic product can be increased with the increase in education/skills, labour force participation, trade openness and foreign direct invest. External debt inhibits economic growth of Pakistan. Government and higher authorities should formulate such policies that enhance the level of openness, physical capital, foreign direct investment, education and labour force participation for sustained economic growth of Pakistan.<#LINE#> @ @ Satija Kalpana1 and Patel Mohanm, Mainstreaming Women Employment and Human Development in Kheda District India- Sustainable Livelihood Approach to Poverty by UNDP, Int. Res. J. Social Sci, 1(3), 26-35, (2012) @No $ @ @ Kabadayi B., Human Development and Trade Openness: A Case Study on Developing Countries. Advances in Management and Appl. Econ.3(3), 193-199 (2013) @No $ @ @ Jha G.M., Agrawal A., Gupta A. and Mishra A.K., Determinants of FDI in South Asia, Int. Res. J. Social Sci, 2(1), 1-6, (2013) @No $ @ @ Burger J.M. and M. Krueger, A balanced approach to high-status achievement testing: An analysis of the literature with policy implications. Int. Elec. J. for lead. In Learn,7(4)(2003) @No $ @ @ Harrison A.M, Openness and growth: a time series, cross country analysis for developing countries, Journal of Dev. Econ., 48, 419-447, (1996) @No $ @ @ International Monetary Fund, How has globalization affected inflation? Worl. Econ. Outl.(2006) @No $ @ @ Ranis G. and Stewart F., Economic growth and human development. Worl. Dev.28(2), 197 (2000) @No $ @ @ Suri T., Boozer M.A. and Ranis G., Paths to success: The relationship between human development and economic growth. Worl. Dev.,39(4), 506-522 (2011) @No $ @ @ Pathania Rajni, Linkages between Export, Import and Capital Formation in India, International Int. Res. J. Social Sci.,2(3), 16-19, (2013) @No $ @ @ Romer David, Openness and Inflation. Theory and Evidence, Quar. J. of Econ., 108(4), 869-903, (1993) @No $ @ @ Aejung Kim, The Effects of the U.S. Hegemony on Economic Growth in East Asia, and the Middle East and North Africa, Int. Res. J. Social Sci.3(4), 1-7, (2014) @No $ @ @ Popovici O.C. and Calin A.C., Effective Tool for Improving the Central and Eastern European Countries Attractiveness for Foreign Direct Investment: Reducing Corruption, Int. Res. J. Social Sci.,2(7), 1-7, (2013) @No $ @ @ Zeren F. and Ari A., Trade Openness and Economic Growth: A Panel Causality Test, Int. J. of Busin. and Soc. Sci.,4(9), 317-324, (2013) @No $ @ @ Manni U.H. and Afzal M.N.I., Effect of Trade Liberalization on Economic Growth of Developing Countries: A Case of Bangladesh Economy, J. of Bus., Econ. and Fin.,1(2), 37-44, (2012) @No $ @ @ Asongu Simplice A., Globalization and Africa: Implications for Human Development, Munich Personal Repech Archive, (2012) @No $ @ @ Georgios K., Trade Openness and Economic Growth: Can we Estimate the Precise Effect? App. Eco. and Int. Dev., 3(1), 7-25, (2003) @No $ @ @ Yanikkaya H., Trade openness and economic growth: a cross-country empirical investigation, J. of Dev. Eco., 72,57-89, (2003) @No $ @ @ Reuveny, Rafeal and Li, Quan., Economic Openness, Democracy, and Income Inequality: An Empirical Analysis, Comp. Pol. Stu., 36(5), 575-601 (2003) @No $ @ @ Eusufzai Zaki, Openness, Economic Growth, and Development: Some Further Results." Eco. Dev. and Cul. Change.,44, 333-338, (1996) @No $ @ @ Gregory Allan W. and Bruce E., Hansen Residual-based tests for co-integration in models with regime shifts, J. of Econometrics, 70, 99-126, (1996) @No $ @ @ Pesaran M. Hashem, Yongcheol Shin and Richard J. Smith, Bounds Testing Approach to the Analysis of Level Relationships. J. of Appl. Econometrics, 16, 289-326, (2001) @No $ @ @ Fosu, Oteng-Abayie Eric and Frimpong Joseph Magnus, Bounds Testing Approach to Cointegration: An examination of Foreign Direct Investment Trade and Growth relationships. American J. of Appl. Sci., 3(11), 2079-2085, (2006) @No $ @ @ Olusegun, Omisakin Oluwatosin Adeniyi and Ayool Omojolaibi, Foreign Direct Investment, Trade Openness and Growth in Nigeria, J. of Eco. Theo.,3(2), 13-18, (2009) @No $ @ @ Sezgin Selami and JuLideYildirim Introduction: symposium on Defense Economics, Def. and Pea. Eco.14(2),105–106, (2002) @No $ @ @ Zakaria M. and Ahmed A., Openness–Growth Nexus in Pakistan: A Macro–Econometric Analysis. Argumenta Oeconomica, 30(1), 47-84, (2013) @No $ @ @ Chaudhry I.S., Malik A. and Faridi M.Z., Exploring the causality relationship between trade liberalization, human capital and economic growth: Empirical evidence from Pakistan, Journal of Econ and Int. Fin., 2(8), 175-182, (2010) @No $ @ @ Bakare A.S., The consequences of trade liberalization for economic growth in Nigeria: A stochastic investigation. Contemp Marketing Review, 1(4), 14 – 23, (2011) @No $ @ @ Beaugrand P., Loko B. and Mlachila M., The Choice Between External and Domestic Debt in Financing Budget Deficits: The Case of Central and West African Countries', IMF Working Paper, 79, (2002) @No <#LINE#>Women and Marriage in Marumakkathayam<#LINE#>Mayadevi@Moothedath<#LINE#>32-36<#LINE#>5.ISCA-IRJSS-2015-181.pdf<#LINE#> Department of History, Zamorins Guruvayurappan College, Calicut, Kerala, INDIA<#LINE#>29/7/2015<#LINE#>17/9/2015<#LINE#> Malabar was known throughout the world for its exotic system of marriage and family relations. Matriliny of Malabar was known by the name of marumakkathayam. This was a system in which women were central to all family relations and property rights vested on women. Women and her children were the inheritors of the property. Nair households were known as tarawad and Nair marriages as sambandham. This was a unique system of marriage in which the male partner was devoid of any responsibility in a marital relationship. Usually nair women received husbands from upper castes, like the namboothiris- the Brahmin caste of Kerala. This article attempts to analyze the status of nair women and their so called “celebrated” freedom they enjoyed in their tarawads. There was a notion regarding nair women that, they unlike their counterparts in other castes, were free to take decisions on various issues including their marriage. In a patriarchal Indian society this was inconceivable. But this notion seems to be dwindling in the light of certain other sources. Status of women in the family and their rights were under the strict control of the eldest male member of the family, the karnavan. More studies are to be made in this respect to reveal the condition of nair women. <#LINE#> @ @ David M., Schneider and Kathleen Gough (ed), Matrilineal Kinship, (California, University of California Press, Preface, VII (1961) @No $ @ @ Elamkulam C. and Kunjan Pillai P.N., Studies in Kerala History, Trivandrum, 113 (1970) @No $ @ @ K. Saradamoni, Matriliny Transformed, New Delhi, Sage Publication, 14 (1999) @No $ @ @ Arunima G., There comes Papa – Colonialism and Transformation of Matriliny in Kerala, Malabar C.1850-1940, Hyderabad, Orient Longman, 11 (2002) @No $ @ @ Balakrishnan P.V., Matrilineal system in Malabar, Canannore Styavani Prakashnan, 46 (1981) @No $ @ @ Praveen Kodoth, Framing Custom, Directing Practices: Authority, property and Matriliny under colonial Law in 19th century Malabar, CDS Working paper, 338, 37 (2002) @No $ @ @ Praveena Kodoth, Courting Legitimacy, or Delegitimising Custom? Sexuality Sambandham and Marriage Reform in late 19th century Malabar, Modern Asian Studies, 35.2, Cambridge University Press, 351 (2001) @No $ @ @ Sheeba K.M., Writing Women’s History: Interrogating Female Sexuality Controls in Keralam, in K.X.Joseph (ed), Envisionings, UGC ASC, University of Calicut, I.II, 69 (2012) @No $ @ @ A.K.B. Pillai, The Culture of Social Stratification/Sexism in the Nayars, U.S.A, Copley publishing house, 14 (1987) @No $ @ @ Kathleen Gough, The Nayars and the Definition of Marriage, in Patricia Uberoi (ed) Family, Kinship and Marriage in India, New Delhi, Oxford University Press, 241 (1993) @No $ @ @ Mannath Padmanabhan, Ente Jeevitha Smaranakkal(mal), in Kidaghur Gopalakrishna pillai (ed), Mannathinte Samboora Krithikal, Kottayam, Vidyarthimithram press, 38 (1978) @No $ @ @ C.A. Innes, Malabar Gazetteer, Vol. I, State Editor, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala Gazetter, (Reprint), 113 (1997) @No $ @ @ Durate Barbosa, The Book Of Durate Barbosa: An account of the countries Bordering on the Indian Ocean and the Inhabitants,vol.2, London, Hakluyut Society, (reprint), 40 (1921) @No <#LINE#>Forest Economy of the Pengaparaja and the Depleting Forest Resources<#LINE#>Sachidananda@Mishra<#LINE#>37-46<#LINE#>6.ISCA-IRJSS-2015-223.pdf<#LINE#> Visiting Faculty in Sociology, At/Po Katapali Via. Bardol Dist. Bargarh Odisha 768038 INDIA<#LINE#>15/9/2015<#LINE#>21/9/2015<#LINE#> The forest inhabited by the pengaparaja absurd in several types of trees that provides them edible fruits, leaves and flowers. Among such trees conspicuous are aam(mango), mahul (mahua flower), tentuli(tamarind), panas(jack fruit), kendu(tendu) and jamu(black berry)which provide them with plentiful of fruits. Besides the fruits, the Pengaparaja also get a number of other foods from the surrounding forest. The forest, in addition, also provides suitable setting for the abode of the wild animals, some of which are suitable games for the Pengaparja. They also earn some of their livelihood through the sale of MFPs. In spite of various constraints like less amount of availability in comparison to the labour involved, problem of marketability and hazardous access to the forest, the Pengaparaja collect a number of commercially important MFPs along with the produces of their essential use. A good number of Pengaparja from the villages having depleted forest resources engage themselves in silling fuel wood as asource of income. <#LINE#> @ @ Vidyarthi L.P. and Binaya Kumar Rai, Tribal culture of India. New Delhi:Conceptn Publishing Company, (1985) @No $ @ @ Hicks J.R., The Social Frameworks: An Introduction to Economics (3rd Edn.), London: Oxford University Press, (1960) @No $ @ @ Dalton George, Economic Anthropology and Development, New York: Basic Books (1971) @No $ @ @ Vidyarthi L.P., The Maler: Nature-Man-Spirit Complex in Hill Tribe of Bihar, Calcutta: Book Land Pvt. Lt (1963) @No $ @ @ UNO.1973,Report on the Development of Tribals and Hill Tribe People in the ECAFE Region, Bangkok: United Nations (1963) @No $ @ @ Sathyanarayanan C.R. and N. Chandra,Traditional Life, Livelihood and Plantations: A study among the Mullu Kurumba, Jr. Anth. Survey of India, 61(2) and 62(1), (595-615) (2013) @No $ @ @ Chandrasekharan C., Role of Non-wood Forest Products in Sustainable Forest Management, Forest Usufructs, 1 (1and2), 23-49(1998) @No $ @ @ Varma S.K., Evolving Mechanism for NTFP Oriented Forest Management, Forest Usufructs, 1, (n.1and2): 1-22 (1998) @No $ @ @ Shit P.K. and C.K. Pati, Non-Timber Forest Products for Livelihood Security of Tribal Communities: A Case Study in Paschim Medinipur District, West Bengal, J Hum Ecol,40(2), 149-156(2012) @No $ @ @ Khare Arvind, Community Base conservation in India, in Kothari et al. (eds.), Communities and Conservation: Natural Resource Management in South and Central Asia.New Delhi: Sage Publications 81-101 (1998) @No $ @ @ Kinhal G.A. and Ramanarayan, Tribal Dependence on Forests: Case Studies from Rajasthan, Journal of Rural Development, 13(4), 527-536 (1994) @No $ @ @ Furer Haimendorff, Christoph. C. Life among Indian Tribes. London: Oxford University Press (1990) @No $ @ @ Debashish Debnath, Tribe Forest Relationship, (pp 107-125) in Vidyut Joshi (ed.), Tribal Situation in India: Issues in Development, Jaipur: Rawat Publications (1980) @No $ @ @ Sharma Anju, Lost Eden,Down to Earth, November, 30,30-32 (1994) @No $ @ @ Samal J., Role of Forest in a Poor Resource Base Tribal Economy: A Micro-analysis, in P.M. Mohapatra and P.C. Mohapatra (eds.), Forest Management in Tribal Areas: Forest Policy and Peoples Participation, New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company, 105-124 (1997) @No $ @ @ Pathak Akhileswar, Contested Domains: The State, Peasants and Forests in Contemporary India, New Delhi: Sage Publication (1994) @No <#LINE#>Analysing the Passivity and Feminist Consciousness of Colonial Bengal’s Muslim women<#LINE#>Chetna,Avinash@Rai<#LINE#>47-50<#LINE#>7.ISCA-IRJSS-2015-230.pdf<#LINE#>Department of English, B.H.U., Varanasi, INDIA @ Rani Durgawati University, Jabalpur MP, INDIA <#LINE#>20/9/2015<#LINE#>27/9/2015<#LINE#> The gender concerns in India are intrinsically attached to the communal variations keeping in view the heterogeneous socio-religious fabric of the country. However the majority of attention seemed to be garnered by Hindu majority to the exclusion of other sections of female population, for instance Muslim women, a minority within a minority for on account of their of gender and faith and have been struggling for a rightful place ever since the inception of feminist movement in British India. The image of Aryan woman, apparently a Hindu reconstruction developed during the colonial period was oblivious of other categories of Indian women including Muslim women who presently constitute sixty five million to population and whose minority concerns crops up incidentally in cases like 1985’s Shah Bano case or the recent Rahim Bi’s case in Bombay High Court indicating the void in scholarly pursuits in this area. In this backdrop, the present paper attempts an analysis of the condition of Muslim women of colonial Bengal who residing in a time and space shared by more illustrious bhadramahila, the modernised Hindu/ Brahmo women found little notice in the feminist historiography. Contrary to their deemed passivity and backwardness, these Muslim women did react to changing times and expressed their feminist consciousness, of course on their own terms specific to their unique social contexts and a study on it is but a step towards a more inclusive approach to gender studies. <#LINE#> @ @ Sarkar Sumit and Tanika Sarkar, eds, Women and Social Reform in Modern India vol , Ranikhet: Permanent Black,1 (2011) @No $ @ @ Basu Subho and Sikata Banerjee, The Quest for Manhood: Masculine Hinduism and Nation in Bengal, Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East,26(3),476-490 Duke University Press (2006) @No $ @ @ Anagol Padma, The Emergence of Feminism in India, Hampshire:Ashgate Publication, 5 (2005) @No $ @ @ Amin Sonia Nishat, The World of Muslim Women in Colonial Bengal, Leiden: E J Brill, 10 (1996) @No $ @ @ Sarkar Mahua, Visible Histories Disappearing Women. Durham:Duke UP, 48-69 (2008) @No $ @ @ De, Amalendu, The Social Thoughts and Consciousness of the Bengali Muslims in the Colonial Period, Social Scientist, 23(4-6), 16-37 (1995) @No $ @ @ Akhtar Shaheen and Moushumi Bhowmik, eds. Women in Concert: An Anthology of Bengali Muslim Women’s Writings, 1904-1938 Kolkata: Stree, ix-x (2008) @No $ @ @ Walsh Judith, Domesticity in Colonial India What Women Learned when Men Gave them Advice. Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 3 (2004) @No $ @ @ Basu Shamita, Nation and Selfhood Memoirs of Bengali Muslim Women, Muslim Women in War and Crisis: Representation and Reality, Ed. Faegheh Shirazi, Austin: University of Texas Press, 68 (2010) @No $ @ @ Dey Amit, The Image of the Prophet in Bengal Muslim Piety 1850-1947, Kolkata: Reader’s Service, 27 (2006) @No $ @ @ Minault Gail, Secluded Scholars: Women’s Education and Muslim Social Reform in Colonial India,New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 261-282 (1999) @No <#LINE#>The Social Principles in the Modern society<#LINE#>Hotur Sree Krishna@Bharadwaj<#LINE#>51-53<#LINE#>8.ISCA-IRJSS-2015-234.pdf<#LINE#> High Court, Karnataka, INDIA<#LINE#>19/9/2015<#LINE#>30/9/2015<#LINE#> The society is governed by the laws and regulations. These laws and regulations are not baseless. The social principles form the foundation of these laws and regulations. This paper explores the various terms such as social policy, social principles and social legislation. More importantly, the terms of formulation of the social legislations have been construed and exemplified. <#LINE#> @ @ Definition of society, http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/ definition/english/society, last accessed on: September 5, (2015) @No $ @ @ Definition of society, http://www.merriam-webster.com/ dictionary/society, last accessed on: Septmber 6, 2015, (2015) @No $ @ @ Ranjana Sehgalm Social Legislation and Role of Social Worker in Legal Assistancee, http://www.ignou.ac.in/ upload/bswe-02-block6-unit-31-small%20size.pdf, last accessed on: Septmber 6, 2015, (2015) @No <#LINE#>Inter-State Educational Imbalance in India<#LINE#>Qamar@Tabassum<#LINE#>54-61<#LINE#>9.ISCA-IRJSS-2015-239.pdf<#LINE#> Al-Barkaat Institute of Education, Aligarh, INDIA<#LINE#>29/9/2015<#LINE#>9/10/2015<#LINE#> India is a developing country striving for achieving the status of developed country. But many factors are there due which our country could not achieve that status even after many years of independence. Among them the major factor is education on which all other factors like economic, social, political etc. depend. Our country is educationally backward; one of the reasons of this backwardness is that the level of education is not uniform across all the states. Some states are educationally developed and some are backward. Therefore, in the present research article the author made an attempt to analyze the educational imbalance existing among the state. <#LINE#> @ @ Gupta R.C., Whither Indian Education (An Appraisal of Indian Education from the Vedic to the Present Day,New Delhi: B.R. Publishing Corp., (1988) @No $ @ @ Government of India, Report of the Education Commission 1964-66: Education and National Development, New Delhi: Ministry of Education, (1966) @No $ @ @ Government of India, Census of India 2011, New Delhi: Ministry of Home Affairs, (2011) @No $ @ @ NUEPA, State Report Cards 2009-10, New Delhi: Department of School Education and Literacy, MHRD (2009-10), (2015) @No $ @ @ UGC, Annual Report on Higher Education, New Delhi: MHRD, (2009-2010 and 2010-11), (2015) @No $ @ @ Government of India, Analysis of Budgeted Expenditure on Education 2007-08 to 2009-10, New Delhi: Planning Monitoring and Statistics Bureau, MHRD, (2011) @No $ @ @ Central Government Schemes for School Education) from http://164.100.47.134/intranet/FinalGovernmentSchemesforSchoolEducation.pdf on 28/09/2015 (2015) @No