@Research Paper
<#LINE#>The Knowledge of Menopause and its Treatment among Orang Asli in Gombak<#LINE#>Nurazzura@MohamadDiah@<#LINE#>1-4<#LINE#>1.ISCA-IRJSS-2013-055.pdf<#LINE#> Mohamad Diah  Department of Sociology and Anthropology, KIRKHS, International Islamic University Malaysia, MALAYSIA<#LINE#>24/4/2013<#LINE#>14/6/2013<#LINE#>  Menopause is a time of life where women make the transition from a reproductive stage to a non-reproductive stage. Although it is biologically universal, menopausal experiences are not homogeneous in nature and there have been significant differences reported by women within and across cultures. The objective of this study is two-fold: to investigate the prevalence of menopausal symptoms among Orang Asli and to identify ways how they treat their menopausal symptoms. This is an exploratory study conducted among Orang Asli women at Batu 12, Gombak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. A group of twenty Orang Asli menopausal women between the ages of 50-56 participated in this study. These women were from different clans - Semai, Temiar, Temuan and Semelai. The respondents were chosen using the snowball sampling due to the sensitivity of the topic. Unstructured interviews and participant observations were used to assess their understanding about menopausal symptoms and how the symptoms are being treated. Data analysis was performed using the qualitative process. Analysis reveals that Orang Asli women viewed menopause as a positive and natural biological change. Knowledge about menopause is obtained from friends and siblings who are already in their menopausal stage. Decrease in sexual feeling is a common menopausal symptom followed by muscle aches, joint pains, sleeplessness and more trouble remembering things. Very little is known about the knowledge and use of medicinal plants in treating menopausal symptoms among these Orang Asli women. However, among the common plants used to treat their menopausal symptoms are pucuk sendap, kacip Fatimah, bunga pakma, tongkat Ali and cendawan hutan. These plants are easily found in their backyards. They expressed strong belief in the effectiveness of these plants to help alleviate their menopausal symptoms. Briefly, menopausal symptoms among Orang Asli women are common and are apparently untreated through biomedical intervention. <#LINE#> @ @ Lock M., Menopause: lessons from Anthropology, Psychosomatic Medicine, 60(4), 410-419 (1998) @No $ @ @ Lock M., Menopause in cultural context, Experimental Gerontology, 29(3-4), 307-317 (1994) @No $ @ @ Beyenne Y., Cultural significance and physiological manifestations of menopause: a biocultural analysis, Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 10, 47-71 (1986) @No $ @ @ Daniluk J.C., Women's sexuality across the life span: challenging myths and creating meanings, The Guildford Press, New York and London (1998) @No $ @ @  Davis S.R. Knight S., White V., Claridge C., Davis B.J. and Bell R., Climacteric symptoms among indigenous Australian women and a model for the use of culturally relevant art in health promotion, Menopause,10(4), 345-351 (2003) @No $ @ @ Rice P.L., Only when I have borne all my children!: the menopause in Hmong women', in Maternity and     reproductive health in Asian societies, eds PL Rice and L Manderson, Harwood Academic Publishers, Amsterdam, 261-275 (1996) @No $ @ @ Gifford S.M., The change of life, the sorrow of life: menopause, bad blood, and cancer among Italian-Australian working class women, Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 18, 299-319 (1994) @No $ @ @ Castelo-Branco C., Palacios S., Mostajo D., Tobar C. and von Helde S., Menopausal transition in Movima women, a Bolivian native-American, Maturitas,51, 380-385 (2005) @No $ @ @ Liamputtong P., Researching the vulnerable, SAGE Publications Ltd., London (2007) @No $ @ @ Liamputtong P. and Ezzy D., Qualitative research methods, 2 edn, Oxford University Press, Victoria (2005) @No $ @ @ Chirawatkul S. and Manderson L., Perceptions of menopause in northeast Thailand: contested meaning and practice, Social Science and Medicine, 39(11), 1545-1554 (1994) @No $ @ @ Roziah Omar, Menopause and the rural Malay women', in Dimensions of tradition and development in Malaysia, eds R Talib and T Chee-Beng, Pelanduk Publicatons, Kuala Lumpur, 475-488 (1995) @No $ @ @ Harkins E.B., Effects of empty-nest transition on self-report of psychological and physical well-being, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 40(3), 549-556 (1978) @No $ @ @ Nurazzura Mohamad Diah, Changing bodies, changing lives: urban middle class Malay women�s experiences of menopause. Unpublished PhD thesis (2010) @No $ @ @ Agee E., Menopause and the transmission of women's knowledge: African American and White women's perspectives, Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 14(1), 73-95 (2000) @No $ @ @  @No 
<#LINE#>Influence of Select Psychosocial Factors on the Psychological Well-being of Policewomen<#LINE#>S.@Karunanidhi,T.@Chitra<#LINE#>5-14<#LINE#>2.ISCA-IRJSS-2013-094.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Psychology, University of Madras, Chennai, INDIA @ Consultant Psychologist, o. No. 23a, n. No. 105a, Sivan Koil Street, Kodambakkam, Chennai, INDIA  <#LINE#>11/6/2013<#LINE#>3/7/2013<#LINE#>  Policewomen play a pivotal role in police department and recently there is increase in the number of policewomen joining the police force. As stress is unavoidable in the police job and women may be at increasing risk for the deleterious effects of it, it is felt that it is important to address to their well-being needs. The present study aimed at examining the influence of occupational stress, work-life balance, job attitude, and personality on the psychological well-being of women constables in Chennai City, India. The study was conducted among 826 policewomen using correlational research design using survey method. Due to incomplete information, 756 data were only included for the study. Women constables serving in various police units like Tamilnadu Special Battalion, Armed Reserve, Police Stations- All Women Police Stations (AWPS) and local police stations in Chennai City were included in this study. The age of the respondents ranged from 19 years to 45 years with a mean age of 28 years. Their work experience ranged from 10 months to 20 years with an average experience of six years. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation and Multiple Regression analysis. The results revealed that select psychosocial variables such as occupational stress, Personal Life Interference with Work (PLIW), Work/Personal Life Enhancement (WPLE), job attitude, neuroticism, openness, and conscientiousness significantly accounted for 45 percent of variance in the psychological well-being of policewomen. This study has implications for recruitment and training for policewomen to enhance their psychological well-being.  <#LINE#> @ @  Anshel M.H., A Conceptual Model and Implications for Coping With Stressful Events in Police Work, Criminal justice and Behavior, 27(3), 375-400 (2000) @No $ @ @  Berg, A.M., Hem E., Lau B. and Ekeberg �., An Exploration of Job Stress and Health in the Norwegian Police Service: A Cross Sectional Study, Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, 1, 26 (2006) @No $ @ @  Saha, A., Sahu S. and Paul G., Evaluation of Cardiovascular Risk Factor in Police Officers, International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 4(1), 263-271 (2010) @No $ @ @  Pasillas R., Follette V and Perumean-Chaney S., Occupational Stress and Psychological Functioning in Law Enforcement Officers, Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 21, 41-53 (2006) @No $ @ @  Huda M.N., The Stress Factor in Policing, The Daily Star, http://www.thedailystar.net/2003/07/03/d30703150278.htm (2003) @No $ @ @  Government of Tamil Nadu, Statistical Cell, Handbook on Police Department, Retrieved from http://www.tnpolice.gov.in/ (2009) @No $ @ @  Ali M., Performance of Women Police, New Delhi: Kalpaz Publications (2006) @No $ @ @  Krishnamurthy L., Role of Women Police in Criminal Justice Administration, Police Research and Developments, 15-18 (1996) @No $ @ @  Geick E., Occupational Stress of Female Police Officers: An Empirical Investigation (Unpublished doctoral dissertation), Available from ProQuest Dissertation and Theses database (1998) @No $ @ @  Lipp M.E.N., Stress and Quality of Life of Senior Brazilian Police Officers, The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 12(2), 593-603 (2009) @No $ @ @  Brown J. and Fielding J., Qualitative Differences in Men and Women Police Officers' Experience of Occupational Stress, Work and Stress, 7(4), 327-340 (1993) @No $ @ @  Gachter M., Savage D.A. and Torgler B., Gender Variations of Physiological and Psychological Stress among Police Officers, School of Economic and Finance Discussion Papers and Working Paper Series, 252, School of Economics and Finance, Queensland University of Technology, Old Australia (2009) @No $ @ @  He N., Zhao J., Archbold C.A. and Travis L.F., Gender and Police Stress: The Convergent and Divergent Impact of Work Environment, Work-Family Conflict, and Stress Coping Mechanisms of Female and Male Police Officers, Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, 25(4), 687-708 (2002) @No $ @ @  Slate R.N., Johnson W.W. and Colbert S.S., Police Stress: A Structural Model, Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 22(2), 102-112 (2007) @No $ @ @  McCarty W.P., Garland B.E. and Zhao J., Occupational Stress and Burnout between Male and Female Police officers: Are there any Gender Differences? 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Jr and McCrae R.R., Influence of Extraversion and Neuroticism on Subjective Well-Being: Happy and Unhappy People, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 668-678 (1980) @No $ @ @  Fontana D. and Abouserie R., Stress Levels Gender, and Personality Factors in Teachers, British Journal of Educational Psychology, 63, 261-270 (1993) @No $ @ @ Piedmont R.L., A Longitudinal Analysis of Burnout in the Health Care Setting: The Role of Personal Dispositions, Journal of Personality Assessment, 61, 457-473 (1993) @No $ @ @  DeNeve K.M. and Cooper H., The Happy Personality: A Meta-analysis of 137 Personality Traits and Subjective Well-being, Psychological Bulletin, 124 (2), 197-229 (1998) @No $ @ @  Judge T.A., Heller D. and Mount M.K., Five-factor Model of Personality and Job Satisfaction: A Meta Analysis, Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(3), 530-541 (2002) @No $ @ @ Ospazuk N., Relationships between the Stress, Well-being and Personality Levels of Nursing and Psychology Students (Unpublished master’s thesis), University of Edinburgh (2006) @No $ @ @  Darensburg T., Andrew M.E., Hartley T.A., Burchfiel C.M., Fekedulegn D. and Violanti J.M., Gender and Age Differences in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Depression among Buffalo Police Officers, Traumatology, 12 (3), 220-228 (2006) @No $ @ @ Brayfield A.H. and Rothe H.F., An Index of Job Satisfaction, Journal of Applied Psychology, 35, 307-311 (1951) @No $ @ @ Karunanidhi S. and Chitra T., Development of the Occupational Stress Inventory for Women Police, Paper presented at the international conference organized by Indian Academy of Applied Psychology at Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India (2010, February) @No $ @ @ Hayman J.R., Psychometric Assessment of an Instrument Designed to Measure Work/Life Balance, Research and Practice in Human Resource Management, 13(1), 85-92 (2005) @No $ @ @  Costa P.T., Jr., and McCrae R.R., NEO-PR-I Professional Manual, Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources (1992) @No $ @ @  Goldberg D.P., The Detection of Psychiatric Illness by Questionnaire, London, Oxford University Press (1972) @No $ @ @ Abdollahi M.K., Understanding Police Stress Research, Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice, 2, 1-24 (2002) @No $ @ @  Biggam F.H., Power G.K., Macdonald R.R., Carcary W.B. and Moodie, E., Self-perceived Occupational Stress and Distress in a Scottish Police Force, Work and Stress, 11(2), 118-133 (1997) @No $ @ @  Brough P., Comparative Investigation of the Predictors of Work-Related Psychological Well-Being within Police, Fire and Ambulance Workers, Journal of Psychology, 34 (2), 127-134 (2005) @No $ @ @  Liberman A.M., Best S.R., Metzler T.J., Fagar J.A., Weiss D.S. and Marmar C.R., Routine Occupational Stress and Psychological Distress In Police, Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, 25 (2), 421-441 (2002) @No $ @ @  Hughes E.L., and Parkes K.R., Work Hours and Well-Being: The Roles of Work-Time Control and Work-Family Interference, Work and Stress, 21(3), 264-278 (2007) @No $ @ @  Heller D., Judge T.A. and Watson D., The Confounding Role of Personality and Trait Affectivity in the Relationship Between Job and Life Satisfaction, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 815-835 (2002) @No $ @ @  Hart P.M., Wearing A.J. and Headey B., Perceived Quality of Life, Personality, and Work Experiences: Construct Validation of the Police Daily Hassles and Uplifts Scales, Criminal Justice and Behavior, 21, 283 (1994) @No $ @ @  Vitters� J. and Nilsen F., The Conceptual and Relational Structure of Subjective Well-Being, Neuroticism, and Extraversion: Once Again, Neuroticism is the Important Predictor of Happiness, Social Indicators Research, 57, 89-118 (2002) @No $ @ @  Garretto F., Life Satisfaction Homeostasis and The Role Of Personality, (Doctoral dissertation, Deakin University), Retrieved from http://www.deakin.edu.au/research/acqol /publications/member-theses.php (2000) @No $ @ @  @No 
<#LINE#>Child Labour: A Sociological Studu of Haryana, India<#LINE#>Meena@Kumari<#LINE#>15-18<#LINE#>3.ISCA-IRJSS-2013-110.pdf<#LINE#>  M.D. University, Rohtak, Haryana INDIA  <#LINE#>4/7/2013<#LINE#>15/7/2013<#LINE#>  The present study “Child Labour” conducted on the sample of 120 respondents from district Rohtak under objectives: (i) To study the socio-economic background and working conditions of respondents; (ii) To find out the factors responsible for child labour and consequences there after; and (iii) To suggest remedial strategy based on the information gathered. The primary as well as secondary data was used to get the data. A questionnaire was used to collect the primary data from the respondents. Analysis revealed that an overwhelming majority of respondents having insufficient parental income was most important factor which forcing them for labor work, followed by the respondents having labour as their family occupation, while a significant number of them were encouraged by parents and near-dears, about half of the respondents were not interested in acquiring education. On the other hand, for near about half of the respondents main factor was large family size. So, it can also easily be inferred that evil of child labour is born of poverty and other economic reasons.  <#LINE#> @ @  Chandra, Child labour and poverty: The nexus. Social Welfare, 43(11), 3-8 (2001) @No $ @ @  Ersadio L., Child labour and schooling decision in urban and rural areas: Compacting evidence form Nepal, Peru and Zimbabwe, World Devt. Oxford, 33, 455-480 (2005) @No $ @ @  Khadria Binod, Child Labour, reform though a fiscal instrument, Economic and Political weekly, 30(31) (2009) @No $ @ @  ILO Child labour, Report of the Director-General, Labour Conference, 73 Session, Geneva, (1995) @No $ @ @  Anonymous, Profile of the street children, implications for Planning Educational Programme. Monthly Public Opinion Surveys, 46(12), 10-13 (2000) @No $ @ @  Sharma C., Socio-economic dynamic of child labour in Hisar city, Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, CCS HAU, Hisar, (1980) @No $ @ @  Kaur S. and Dhillon M.K., Working children in Faridkot, Social Welfare, 25(3), 9 and 36. (1987) @No $ @ @  Ahuja Daman, Child labour, The economics of nimble fingers–A myth, Social Welfare, 42(1), 18 and 23-24 (1996) @No $ @ @  Anadharaj kumar P., Child labour, A contemporary social evil. Social Welfare, 48(1), 7-18 (1998) @No $ @ @  @No 
<#LINE#>Hydro Power Development and the Lepchas: A case study of the Dzongu in Sikkim, India<#LINE#>Subrata@Purkayastha<#LINE#>19-24<#LINE#>4.ISCA-IRJSS-2013-111.pdf<#LINE#> Department of Geography, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong. Meghalaya, INDIA  <#LINE#>5/7/2013<#LINE#>23/7/2013<#LINE#>  The Teesta hydro power projects in Sikkim promises development prospects for the people living in the remote and backward area of North Sikkim where the Dzongu the sacred land of the Lepchas (covering an area of about 78sq km) is located. The Lepchas are the original inhabitants of Sikkim but at present constitute less than 15% of the total population of the state are threatened by this development project as they fear that their unique identity and religious practices rooted in their natural surroundings will be taken away by such projects. Hence the Lepchas along with the civil society are engaged in Gandhian protests against such projects as they feel that the development of the projects here will not only take away their holy land but also lead to demographic changes besides destroying the fragile natural environment which cannot sustain heavy constructional activities associated with Hydro- power development. It is against this background that the present paper highlights on the loss of the unique culture and religious practices of the Lepchas, the environmental vulnerability and livelihood losses associated with such projects. The data source for this paper is from both secondary and primary sources generated during field investigation and the method is theoretical.  <#LINE#> @ @  Hooker J.C., Himalayan Journals: Notes of a naturalist in two Vol. Pub. 1855, John Murrey London. Reprinted 1980 Today and Tomorrow, N. Delhi, 117 (1855) @No $ @ @  White J.C., Sikkim and Bhutan: Twenty one year on the North East Frontier 1887-1908 first Pub. 1909 Edward Arnold. Reprinted 1999, Low price edition Pub., N. Delhi., 7 (1909) @No $ @ @  Risely H.H., The Gazetter of Sikkim, First Pub., Bengal Press Calcutta, Reprinted 1999 Low price edition Pub. N. Delhi, 1 (1928) @No $ @ @  Choudhury M., The Rights of indigenous tribes and threat perception of the Lepchas of Sikkim in   the book National Resource Management and sustainable development in NE India ,  N. Ali (Edt) Mittal Pub., N. Delhi, 33-44 (2007) @No $ @ @  Choudhury M.  The Rights of indigenous tribes and threat perception of the Lepchas of Sikkim in   the book National Resource Management and sustainable development in NE India ,  N. Ali (Edt) Mittal Pub., N. Delhi, 33-44 (2007) @No $ @ @  Bhasin V. Settlements and Land-Use Patterns in the Lepcha Reserve-Dzongu Zone in the Sikkim Himalaya, India J Biodiversity Univ. of Delhi, 2(1), 41-66 (2011) @No $ @ @  Kohli K. Inducing vulnerability in a fragile Landscape: Economic and Political Weekly XLVI(51), 19-21 (2011) @No $ @ @  Kohli K., Inducing vulnerability in a fragile Landscape: Economic and Political Weekly, XLVI(51) 19-21 (2011) @No $ @ @  www sanctuaryasia.com - Lepcha Tand N. Vagholikar Sikkim under attack, Sanctuary Asia June, (2011) @No $ @ @  Chowdhury. M. Carrying Capacity study of Teesta basin in Sikkim: Socio-cultural Environment; VolX Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India. 134-135 (2007) @No $ @ @  Chowdhury. M. Carrying Capacity study of Teesta basin in Sikkim: Socio-cultural Environment; Vol.X Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India. 134-135 (2007) @No $ @ @  Bhasin V., Settlements and Land-Use Patterns in the Lepcha Reserve-Dzongu Zone in the Sikkim Himalaya, India J Biodiversity Univ. of Delhi, 2(1), 41-66 (2011) @No $ @ @  Commission on Human Rights. Report of the working group on Indigenous population on its 11th session, Annex.1,23 Aug. (1993) @No $ @ @  @No 
@Research Article
<#LINE#>Alternative Perspective on Afghanistan Endgame<#LINE#>Shah@Zulfiqar<#LINE#>25-37<#LINE#>5.ISCA-IRJSS-2013-119.pdf<#LINE#> Inter-disciplinary Research, IASE Deemed University, Sardar Shahar, Rajasthan, INDIA  <#LINE#>19/7/2013<#LINE#>31/7/2013<#LINE#>  Amid politics of global interests over Afghanistan and ongoing withdrawal process of International Security Assistance Forces (ISAF), matters in Afghanistan yet need to be appropriately settled. Poverty, in its various forms, is the mother of all terrorism. The huge war expenditure in Afghanistan by the various developed and developing countries equals maximum financial requirement to downtrend poverty around the globe. Moreover, it is the difference between, and among the engaged international and regional players, which has led Afghanistan to the matrix of political, strategic and security chaos. A comparative review based on integrated set of intervention in future is needed to revisit Afghanistan intervention as well as gradual ISAF withdrawal. Until and unless an integrated approach is not adopted towards Afghanistan, the grand issue of the human interests in single country since last two centuries may not get resolved.  <#LINE#> @ @  Pawar Monika, Russia’s Afghan strategy: what are its Interests? IPCS, article 3534 India, Dec 28, (2011) @No $ @ @  Destradi, Sandra et al, The ISAF withdrawal from Afghanistan: perceptions and reactions of Regional Powers, GIGA Pub 5, (2012) @No $ @ @ Siddique Qandeel, Pakistan’s future policy towards Afghanistan: a look at strategic depth, militant movements, and the role of India and the US, DIIS report, August (2011) @No $ @ @  Shah Zulfiqar, Pakistan: What Does the Future Hold? The Descrier, UK, April 27, (2013) @No $ @ @ Akulov Andrei, ISAF Afghan Pull Out and Security Concerns, SCF, May 20, (2013) @No $ @ @  Siddique, Op. Cit. (2011) @No $ @ @ Solomon Jay, et al, Islamabad, Kabul sign pact, WSJ, 18 July (2010) @No $ @ @ Anej Atul, Kabul suspends talks with Taliban, The Hindu, Delhi June 20, (2013) @No $ @ @  Siddique, Op. Cit. (2011) @No $ @ @  Daily Awami Awaz Pakistan, front page, June 20, (2013) @No $ @ @  APP, Pakistan pursued foreign policy based on national interests, Dec. 30, (2010) @No $ @ @  Rashid A., Islamic face-off, Far East Econ Rev, Sep 17, (2008) @No $ @ @ in Amir M. Haji-Yousefi, Iran’s Foreign policy in Afghanistan: The Current Situation and Future Prospects, SAS, 27 (1), Jan-June (2012) @No $ @ @  Dehghani J., The foreign policy of the Islamic republic of Iran (Tehran: Samt), in Amir M. Haji-Yousefi, Iran’s foreign policy in Afghanistan: The current situation and future prospects, SAS, 27(1), Jan-June (2012) @No $ @ @  Haji-Yousefi Amir M., Iran’s foreign policy in Afghanistan: the current situation and future prospects, SAS, 27(1), Jan-June (2012) @No $ @ @  Mollazehi P., Afghanestan: Taqabol-e Estratejiha (in Persian) (Afghanistan: the confrontations of various strategies), 2010, in Amir M. Haji-Yousefi, Iran’s foreign policy in Afghanistan: the current situation and future prospects, SAS, 27(1), Jan-June (2012) @No $ @ @  Haji-Yousefi, Op. Cit. (2012) @No $ @ @  Siddique, Op. Cit. (2011) @No $ @ @ Sharma Ritu, India shelves proposal to setup airbase in Mongolia, Thaindian, 18 Sep (2009) @No $ @ @  Huasheng Zhau, China and Afghanistan: China’s interests, stance, and perspective, CSIS Report, March (2012) @No $ @ @ Akulov Andrei, ISAF Afghan pullout and security concerns, SCF, May 20, (2013) @No $ @ @  Stepanova Ekaterina, Does Russia want the West to succeed in Afghanistan?, PONARS Eurasia Policy Memo 61, IWEIR, Sep (2009) @No $ @ @  Pawar, Op. Cit. (2009) @No $ @ @  Stepanova, Op. Cit. (2009) @No $ @ @  Akulov, Op. Cit. (2013) @No $ @ @  Pawar,  Op. Cit. (2011) @No $ @ @  CBC Harper pledges Afghan funds after troops exit in 2014, May 21, (2012) @No $ @ @  Levitz Stephanie, Stephen Harper confirms Canada’s soldiers will be out of Afghanistan after 2014, National Post, May 21, (2012) @No $ @ @  The Afghan Study Group, A new way forward: rethinking US strategy in Afghanistan, ASG (2010) @No $ @ @   Cost of the War, Economic Cost Summary, CoW (2013) @No $ @ @   Cost of the War, Over 330000 killed, $4 trillion spent and obligated, CoW (2013) @No $ @ @   Reuters, War costs will continue after 2014, June 29, (2011) @No $ @ @   Kirkup James, Afghan war will cost British taxpayers �20 billion by time mission is complete, Daily Telegraph, May 19, (2012) @No $ @ @  Norton-Taylor, Richard, Afghanistan war has cost Britain more than �37bn, new book claims, The Guardian, UK, May 30, (2013) @No $ @ @   Wikipedia, Financial cost, Canada’s role in Afghanistan, (2013) @No $ @ @   Daily Dawn, War on terror cost Pakistan 679 billion, report by APP June 19, (2013) @No $ @ @   Tilman Bruck et al, The economic cost of German participation in Afghanistan war, JPR, Sage Pub, India May (2013) @No $ @ @   Mcphedran Ian, Each soldier in Afghanistan costs taxpayers a million dollars, News.com.au, Jan 18, (2012) @No $ @ @   Shestakov, Yevgeny, Russia’s Afghanistan conundrum, RIR, April 29, (2013) @No $ @ @   Murtazaie Shahla, Japan delivers further $117m in aid to Afghanistan, Tolonews.com, March 5, (2013) @No $ @ @   MOFA Japan official website, Japan's assistance package to Afghanistan, Feb (2011) @No $ @ @   People’s Daily Online, Why China gives huge financial aid to Afghanistan, accessed on June 5, 2013, Jan 31, (2002) @No $ @ @   Siddique, Op. Cit. (2011) @No $ @ @   Neuger G., James, NATO seeks Russian, Chinese financial aid for Afghan security, Bloomberg.com, accessed on June 7, 2013, April 19, (2012) @No $ @ @  Rediff.com, New Delhi's strategic dissonance in post-2014 Afghanistan, accessed on June 9, 2013, June 4, (2013) @No $ @ @  Wikipedia, Economy, Afghanistan-India Relations, accessed on June 18, (2013) @No $ @ @  NDTV Website, India clears $100 million aid to Afghanistan, June (2013) @No $ @ @  Norton-Taylor, Op. Cit. (2008) @No $ @ @  ILO, Global employment trends 2012, Jan (2012) @No $ @ @  World Bank Blogs, Getting to work: tackling youth unemployment in South Asia, accessed on June 18, 2013, (2013) @No $ @ @  ILO, North Africa in global employment trends for youth 2013, May 8 (2013) @No $ @ @  FAO, FAQs on hunger, The Hunger Project, thp.org accessed on June 20, 2013, (2010) @No $ @ @  MDG Report, Goal 5, The Hunger Project , thp.org accessed on June 20, 2013, (2010) @No $ @ @  Save the Children, Know your world: facts about hunger and poverty, The Hunger Project, thp.org accessed on June 20, 2013, Feb (2012) @No $ @ @  MDG Report, Goal 4, The Hunger Project, thp.org accessed on June 20, 2013, (2010) @No $ @ @  IFAD,  Rural poverty report, The Hunger Project, thp.org accessed on June 20, 2013, (2011) @No $ @ @  Human Development Report, Know your world: facts about hunger and poverty, The Hunger Project, thp.org accessed on June 20, 2013, (2007-08)  57. UNICEF, State of the World's children,  The Hunger Project website accessed on June 20, 2013, (2010) @No $ @ @  FAO, Addressing Food Insecurity, The Hunger Project website accessed on June 20, 2013, (2010) @No $ @ @  World Bank, Overview: Central Asia and Europe, April (2013) @No $ @ @ 0. ADB-UNDP, Accelerating equitable achievement of then MGDs, unescap.org accessed on June 10, 2013 (2011) @No $ @ @  IILS, World of work report 2011, October 31, (2011) @No $ @ @  Dearing, Stephanie, Poverty in Canada has increased as a result of the recession, DJ, May 5, (2010) @No $ @ @  Poverty.org, Young adult unemployment, UK, accessed on June 24, (2012) @No $ @ @  Novib, European union: unemployment and poverty, Social Watch (1995) @No $ @ @  RT, Op. Cit. 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(2013) @No $ @ @  Echech a la GUERRE, Canada's role in the occupation of Afghanistan, Echecalaguerre.org accessed on June 20, 2013, December (2006) @No $ @ @  @No 
<#LINE#>Dr. B.R. Ambedkar�s theory of State Socialism <#LINE#>Sarkar@Badal<#LINE#>38-41<#LINE#>6.ISCA-IRJSS-2013-113.pdf<#LINE#> Dept. of Political Science, University of Gour Banga, Malda PO-Mokdumpur, Dist- West Bengal, INDIA  <#LINE#>6/7/2013<#LINE#>31/7/2013<#LINE#>  This paper is made an attempt to explore the contributions of Dr. B.R.Ambedkar relating to ‘State Socialism’ in India. As an economist, he propagated that the state is the owner of the land. To him, the basic industries should be state monopolies. He thought that the state socialism can achieve by state control over land, industries, religions, caste and through an elaborate scheme of constitutional method. According to Ambedkar, caste consciousness hampers the all economic systems. He suggested nationalisation of life insurance and advocated state management and state ownership in industry for the benefit of the poor and down-trodden classes. The concept of state socialism is based on the principles of justice, liberty, equality and fraternity. To him, men are different from each other due to their birth, mental ability and faculty, hereditary and social atmosphere, but they should have right to equal opportunities through the constitutional method. To promote rapid economic development through creation and expansion of infrastructure, promote redistribution of income and wealth, to create more employment opportunities, promote financial resources, to promote small- scale industries etc. are the objectives of the public sector or state-owned industries. The state is the owner of the land. It is the duty of the state to redistribute the land to those people who are poor farmers of the society. He wanted to abolish the Zamindars system.   <#LINE#> @ @  Ambedkar B.R., State and Minorities, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Writings and Speeches, Education Department, Government of Maharashtra, compiled Vasant Moon, 1, 392-393 (1979) @No $ @ @  Narake Hari., M.L. Kasare, N.G. Kamble, Ashoke Godghate (ed), Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and His Egalitarian Revolution, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Writings and Speeches, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Source Material Publication Committee, Government of Maharashtra, Part Three, 17, 475 (2003) @No $ @ @  Ambedkar B.R., Annihilation of Caste, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Writings and Speeches, Education Department, Government of Maharashtra, compiled Vasant Moon, 1, 68-69 (1979) @No $ @ @  Ambedkar B.R., State and Minorities, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Writings and Speeches, Education Department, Government of Maharashtra, compiled Vasant Moon, 1, 402 (1979) @No $ @ @  Ambedkar B.R., Philosophy of Hinduism, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Writings and Speeches, compiled by Vasant Moon, Higher Education   Department, Government of Maharashtra, 3, 44 (1987) @No $ @ @  Ambedkar B.R., State and Minorities, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Writings and Speeches, Education Department, Government of Maharashtra, compiled Vasant Moon, 1, 97-98 (1979) @No $ @ @  Ambedkar B.R., Philosophy of Hinduism, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Writings  and Speeches, compiled by Vasant Moon, Higher Education Department, Government of Maharashtra, 3, 41 (1987) @No $ @ @  Narake Hari,  M.L. Kasare, N.G. Kamble and Ashoke Godghate (ed), Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and His Egalitarian Revolution”, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Writings and Speeches, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Source Material Publication Committee, Government of Maharashtra, 17, 550-551 (2003) @No $ @ @  Ambedkar B.R., State and Minorities, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Writings and Speeches, Education Department, Government of Maharashtra, compiled Vasant Moon, 1, 409 (1979) @No $ @ @  @No 
<#LINE#>Changing Equation between Man and Environment in India’s North East: A Sociological Analysis<#LINE#>Jhimli@Bhattacharjee<#LINE#>42-47<#LINE#>7.ISCA-IRJSS-2013-115.pdf<#LINE#> Department of Sociology, School of Social Sciences, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, INDIA  <#LINE#>12/7/2013<#LINE#>30/7/2013<#LINE#>  The paper tries to look at the disruption of man- environment relationship in north eastern part of India. A Marxist approach has been attempted to understand the reason for such kind of disruption. The region is found to come under British Empire which gradually led to the degradation of its ecological set up. The paper also expresses the perpetuation of same policy in post independence period by the independent government of India which has led to the further deterioration of the situation.   <#LINE#> @ @  Marx, Karl Capital: A Critique of Political Economy, International Publishers, 3, 812 (1967) @No $ @ @  Marx, Karl Capital: A Critique of Political Economy, International Publishers, 1, 264-65 (1967) @No $ @ @  Waters, Malcom, Globalisation, London: Routeledge (1995) @No $ @ @  Wallerstein I.,  Historical Capitalism,  London: Verso (1983) @No $ @ @  Millar Alan, Economics and the Environment in Merchant, Radical Ecology, Rawat Publications, New Delhi. (1994) @No $ @ @  Beck Ulrich, From Industrial Society to Risk Society: Questions of Survival, Social  Structure and Ecological Enlightenment, in Theory, Culture and Society, 97-123 (1992) @No $ @ @  ENVIS, ASSAM, ASTEC, October to December, (2006) @No $ @ @   Nath H., Environmental Impact of Coal Mining with  Special Reference to Water pollution in Jaintia hills, Meghalaya, in A.Gupta and D.C.Dhar (eds) Environment Conservation and Wasteland Development in Meghalaya, Meghalaya Science Society, Shillong (1992) @No $ @ @  Singha N. Memma and Hussain Zahid “The Dying Wetland of Assam: A Case Study of Silsako– Numalijalah Wetlands of Guwahati City’in Hussain (ed), Environmental Issues of North East India, Regency Publication (2003) @No $ @ @  Beck, Ulrich Risk Society: Towards a new Modernity, London :Sage (1992) @No $ @ @  Sinha A.C., Beyond the Trees, Tigers and Tribes: Historical Sociology of the Eastern Himalayan Forests, Har –Anand Publications New Delhi (1993) @No $ @ @  Guha, Amalendu, Planter Raj to Swaraj People’s Publishing House, New Delhi (1988) @No $ @ @  Menon, Manju et al, ‘Large Dams in the North East: A Bright Future’ in The Ecologist Asia, No.! January March. 11, (2003) @No $ @ @  @No 
<#LINE#>India and China: Prospects and Challenges<#LINE#>Gojree@MehrajUddin<#LINE#>48-54<#LINE#>8.ISCA-IRJSS-2013-116.pdf<#LINE#> Department of Political Science, Aligarh Muslim University, U.P., INDIA  <#LINE#>16/7/2013<#LINE#>27/7/2013<#LINE#>  This paper seeks to assess the future prospects and challenges of the relationship between the two rising giants of Asia namely China and India. As they both are rising as great powers, their mutual relationship will have a significant impact not only on Asia, but on the whole world.  At present, the nature of their relationship is something mixed i.e., growing cooperation in the field of trade and commerce along with distrust and mutual suspicions in the strategic fields whether political or geographical. For these apparent factors, the future relationship between India and China can be characterised by the cooperation in those fields whether mutual, regional or international which may be beneficial for  the peaceful rise of both these states and confrontation, competition, and even hostility in some other areas where the respective interests of both the giants clash with each other, for example, the border issue, relationship with other countries particularly US and Pakistan, their encirclement policies, competition for energy resources, nuclear arms race, etc. However, at the international level, both countries would find convergence of interests by cooperating with each other on the issues like international terrorism, climate change, restructuring of international institutions, reducing dependence of developing countries on developed countries, taking joint stand on human rights issues, promoting multipolar world order, and on some other areas also. A descriptive-comparative-analytical method has been adopted throughout the paper.  <#LINE#> @ @  Borah Rupakjyati, Compete or Cooperate? India, China and the  Asian Century, Global Asia, 7(2), (2012) @No $ @ @  Malik Mohan, India-China Relations: Giants Stir, Cooperate and Compete, in Satu P. Limaye (ed.), Special Assessment: Asia‟s Bilateral Relations, Asia Pacific Centre for Security Studies (APCSS) Hawaii, 5 (2004) @No $ @ @  Singh Swaran, Haenle Paul and Saalman Lora, China-India Relations: Friends or Foes? Carnegie Endowment for Global Peace, Beijing (2010) @No $ @ @  Bhasin Avtar Singh, India‟s Foreign Relations - 2008 Documents Part I, Public Diplomacy Division Ministry of External Affairs, Geetika Publishers, New Delhi, 1546-1549 (2008) @No $ @ @  Ministry of  External Affairs Government of India, A Shared Vision for the 21st Century of the Republic of India and the People‟s Republic of China, (2008) @No $ @ @  Scott David, Sino-Indian Security Predicaments for the Twenty-First Century, Asian Security, 4(3), (2008) @No $ @ @  Bhasin Avtar Singh, India‟s Foreign Relations- 2008 Documents Part I, Public Diplomacy Division Ministry of External Affairs, Geetika Publishers, New Delhi, 1555-1558 (2008) @No $ @ @  Hongyu Wang, Sino-Indian Relations: Present and Future,  Asian Survey 35(6), 550-551 (1995) @No $ @ @  Gordon Sandy, Sino-India Relations and the Rise of China, in Ron Huisken (ed.), Rising China : Power and Reassurance, ANU E Press, Australia, 57 (2009) @No $ @ @  Sino-India Trade Upto 25%, The Economic Times, Retrieved 10 March 2013, (2002) @No $ @ @  Das Pushpita, India-China Relations, Agreements Singed 2000-2005, in Maharaja Krishna Das Gotra (ed.), The New Asian Power Dynamic, Sage Publications, New Delhi, 180  (2007) @No $ @ @ India-China Trade Expected to Touch $100 Billion by 2015, Business Standard, Retrieved 27 July 2013, (2013) @No $ @ @ Fillingham Zachary,  China-India Relations: Cooperation and Conflict, Geopolitical Monitor, Retrieved 2 May 2013,  (2013) @No $ @ @ Malik Mohan, India-China Relations: Giants Stir, Cooperate and Compete, in Satu P. Limaye (ed.), Special Assessment: Asia‟s Bilateral Relations, Asia Pacific Centre for Security Studies (APCSS) Hawaii, 2-3 (2004) @No $ @ @  Guanxi Zhang-Yin Waijiao, India-China Relations, 1145 (2010) @No $ @ @  M. Elizabeth G. and Schaffer Teresita C., India and China: The Road Ahead, Centre for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), South Asia Monitor (No.120), 1 (2008) @No $ @ @  Gotra Maharaja Krishna Das (ed.), The New Asian Power Dynamic, Sage Publications, New Delhi, 14 (2007) @No $ @ @  Shrik Susan L., One-sided Rivalry: China‟s Perceptions and Policies towards India,  in Francine R. Frankel and Harry Harding (ed.), The India-China Relationship Rivalry and Engagement, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 95 (2004) @No $ @ @ Ganguly Sumit, India and China: Border Issues, Domestic Integration and International Security,  in Francine R. Frankel and Harry Harding (ed.), The India-China Relationship Rivalry and Engagement, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 125 (2004) @No $ @ @  Tellis Ashley J., China and India in Asia, in Francine R. Frankel and Harry Harding (ed.), The India-China Relationship Rivalry and Engagement, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 172 (2004) @No $ @ @  Malik J. Mohan, China-India Relations in the Post Soviet Era: The Continuing Rivalry in Joy Taylor, The Dragon and the Wild Goose: China and India, The China Quarterly. (142), (1995) @No $ @ @  @No 
@Short Communication
<#LINE#>Role of Biometrics in Anthropological Settings<#LINE#>Vijeta@Choudhary,A.K.@Kapoor<#LINE#>55-57<#LINE#>9.ISCA-IRJSS-2013-064.pdf<#LINE#> Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi, INDIA  <#LINE#>8/5/2013<#LINE#>25/7/2013<#LINE#>  Biometrics refers to the science concerned with the precise measurement of the characteristics of living things— “biometry”—such as dimensions and weights. Biometric techniques are used to study how individuals differ from one another. In present scenario, biometry to authenticate and identify person by their physical traits: face, hand shape (geometry), fingerprints and iris or retina pattern has emerged as a security solution. Therefore, biometrics has been a valuable tool to forensic anthropologist and scientists who can now build an accurate replica of a person‟s facial features starting with a skull. Anthropology play important dimension to see connections about historical and cultural development of biometrics in the world. In a world of new applications and constant experimentation, older biometrics such as fingerprinting and face recognition continued their central position. But Since the 1980s, technological advances have facilitated the production of high-quality devices that are relatively low in cost. For example, iris scan technology is already being piloted for bank pass machines (ATMs), and „live scan‟ Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS) are already popular with police forces throughout the world. The conclusion of the study is that consistent and rapid technological developments are centered somewhere on only a subset of the available methods of personal identification through biometrics. Some methods would be performance-specific and overall applicable for the implementation of particular applications and may be more acceptable regarding privacy, security and personal identification.  <#LINE#> @ @  http://www.eubiometricforum.com: Biometrics, (2004) @No $ @ @  Catherine J., Tilton: The Role of Biometrics in Enterprise Security, Dell Power Solutions, (2006) @No $ @ @  Mark Maguire: The Birth of Biometric Security, Anthropology Today, 25(2), 9-14 (2009) @No $ @ @  Michael Bulmer, Galton: Pioneer of Heredity and Biometry, The Journal of Heredity, 95(3), (2004) @No $ @ @  UKPS, Biometrics British Passports: http:// www.ukpa.gov.uk /identity.asp. Francis., (2012) @No $ @ @  ENN, the Australian Customs Service (ACS): http:// www.enn.ie/ (2004) @No $ @ @  http://www.eubiometricforum.com : Accessed in (2012) @No $ @ @  www.uidai.gov.in: Accessed in (2012) @No $ @ @  Reichs K.J. and Bass WM. Forensic Osteology: Advances in the Identification. of Human Remains (2nd Edition). Springfield, Illinois, U.S.A. Charles C. Thomas Pub Ltd, (1998) @No $ @ @  Adams B.J., Byrd J.E. Interobserver variation of selected postcranial skeletal remains, J Forensic Sci., 47(6), 1193-1202 (2002) @No $ @ @  Jain A., Hong L. and Pankanti S., Biometric Identification, Communications of the ACM., 43(2), (2000) @No $ @ @  Rutkowski. K.: The use of biometric technology by governments and industry www.publicservice.co.uk  (2012) @No $ @ @  The Annual Report of the Australian Customs Service (ACS). Available at http://www.customs.gov.au /webdata/resources/files/ACSannualReport0405.pdf. (2005) @No $ @ @  Scott M., An assessment of biometric identities as a standard for e-government services, Services and Standards, 1(3), 271-286 (2005) @No $ @ @  Frees R., Biometric technology improves identification security. U.S. Air Force Viewed on 3rd March 2008 at http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp/2008: (2008) @No $ @ @  Ashbourn J., Practical biometric from aspiration to implementation, London: Springer. (2004) @No $ @ @  Bolle R., Connell J., Pankanti S., Ratha N. and Senior A., Guide to Biometrics, New York: Springer (2004) @No $ @ @  @No 
<#LINE#>Growth of Higher Education in India<#LINE#>B.R.@Gaikwad,R.S.@Solunke<#LINE#>58-60<#LINE#>10.ISCA-IRJSS-2013-104.pdf<#LINE#>1Department of Economics, M.S.S.�s Arts, Com. Sci. College, Jalna, Dist. Jalna, INDIA @  Department of Economics, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Mareathwada University, Aurangabad, INDIA  <#LINE#>1/7/2013<#LINE#>22/7/2013<#LINE#>  In India the central Government and the state Governments are trying to nurture talent through focusing on the expansion of higher education. In the Year 1950-51, there were 30 universities and 695 colleges. This number has increased to 634 Universities and 33023 colleges upto December 2011. Though the number of colleges and institutions related to higher education has increased but there is disparity in the growth of higher education at the national level In India. In the process of expansion of higher education the problem of disparity has been also arised.  It is responsibility of the U.G.C. to make more effective regulation over the higher education system in India. Merely growth of higher education will not serve the basic purpose of education policy. It is necessary to see that the Universities and colleges should provide quality education to the masses. In some Universities and colleges there is poor infrastructure, lack of skilled manpower, which are barriers in providing quality education to the age group of 18 to 22. There are also malpractices and unhealthy practices in some institutions related to the higher education. The U.G.C. should made effective regulation and try to control such malpractices.  <#LINE#> @ @  Dhar B.B., Higher Education System, A.P.H. Publishing Corporation, New Delhi,1-3 (2008) @No $ @ @  Gupta Sumit and Gupta Mukta, Higher Education in 21st  Century, Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 37-38 (1997) @No $ @ @  Government of India, Economic Survey (2012-13), Ministry of Finance, New Delhi, 285 (2012) @No $ @ @  Government of India, National Sample Survey Organisation (2007-08), 61st and 64th round, New Delhi, (2007) @No $ @ @  Government of Maharashtra, Road map (2010-15), Department of Higher and Technical Education, Mumbai (April 5, 2010) (2010) @No $ @ @  Rao D.B., Higher Education in 21st Century, Discovery Publishing House, New Delhi, 10-11 (2003) @No $ @ @  University Grants Commission (2012) @No $ @ @ , Higher Education in India at a glance, New Delhi. (2012) @No $ @ @  @No