@Research Paper
<#LINE#>Effective Tool for Improving the Central and Eastern European Countries Attractiveness for Foreign Direct Investment: Reducing Corruption<#LINE#>O.C.@Popovici,A.C.@Calin<#LINE#>1-7<#LINE#>1.ISCA-IRJSS-2013-095.pdf<#LINE#>The Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Faculty of International Business and Economics, ROMANIA<#LINE#>12/6/2013<#LINE#>22/6/2013<#LINE#>  Improving institutions’ quality is one of the main tool at hand for governments in order to attract foreign direct investments (FDI). The present paper draws on the location decision for FDI. The analysis starts from identifying the major obstacles for doing business in five Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries as compared with the main FDI inflows recipients in the European Union (EU). Corruption appears to be one of the main problems faced by the businessmen in the CEE countries, while it is poorly detected among the obstacles for the businesses in Western European (WE) countries. Therefore, we will identify if corruption is also problematic for foreign investors. For this aim, an empirical model of the determinants of inward FDI stock is derived. Our main result is that  corruption has a strong negative impact on FDI. Hence, for CEE countries, reducing corruption level is a suitable strategy for improving business environment and attracting foreign investments.  <#LINE#> @ @ Dunning J.H., The Eclectic (OLI) Paradigm of International Production: Past, Present and Future, International Journal of the Economics of Business, 8(2), 173-190 (2001) @No $ @ @ Culahovic B., FDI, fiscal incentives and the role of development policy, OECD Conference, Foreign direct investment in South East Europe: implementing best policy practices, (2000) @No $ @ @ European Commission, Statement of the European Union and the United States on Shared Principles for International Investment, http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2012/april /tradoc_149331.pdf (2012) @No $ @ @ Ernst and Young’s  European attractiveness survey, online at http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/Attractiveness_2012_europe/$FILE/Attractiveness_2012_europe.pdf (2012) @No $ @ @ World Economic Forum, The Global Competitiveness Report 2008-2009, online at http://www.weforum.org/pdf /GCR08/GCR08.pdf (2008) @No $ @ @ World Economic Forum, The Global Competitiveness Report 2012-2013, online at http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2012-13.pdf (2012) @No $ @ @ Smarzynska B. and Wei S., Corruption and the Composition of Foreign Direct Investment: Firm-level Evidence, NBER Working Paper No. 7969, (2002) @No $ @ @ Wei S., Local Corruption and Global Capital Flows, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, , 303–46 (2000a) @No $ @ @ Habib M. and Zurawicki L., Corruption and Foreign Direct Investment, Journal of International Business Studies, 33(2), 291–307 (2002) @No $ @ @ Abed G. and Davoodi H., Corruption, Structural Reforms and Economic Performance in the Transition Economies, IMF Working Paper No. 132(2000) @No $ @ @ Wei S., How Taxing Is Corruption on International Investors, Review of Economics and Statistics,82, 1–11, (2000) @No $ @ @ Al-Sadig A., The Effects of Corruption on FDI Inflows, Cato Journal, 29(2), 267-294 (2009) @No $ @ @ Busse M. and Hefeker C., Political risk, institutions and foreign direct investment, European Journal of Political Economy, 23(2), 397–415 (2007) @No $ @ @ Goodspeed T., Martinez-Vazquez J. and Zhang L., Public Policies and FDI Location: Differences between Developing and Developed Countries, International Studies Program Working Paper, GDU paper No 0910 (2009) @No $ @ @ United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, UNCTAD database, online at http://unctadstat.unctad.org /ReportFolders/reportFolders.aspx (2012) @No $ @ @ Transparency International, Corruption Perception Index on different years, online at http://www.transparency.org /research/cpi/overview (2013) @No $ @ @ Lopez D.A., The Effects of Economic Factors in Determining the Transition Process in Europe and Central Asia, Award Winning Economics Papers, Paper No.8, (2010) @No $ @ @ Bénassy-Quéré A., Coupet M. and Maye T., Institutional Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment, The World Economy Volume, 30(5), 764–782 (2007) @No $ @ @ Jha G.M., Agrawal A., Gupta A. and Mishra A.K., Determinants of FDI in South Asia, Int. Res. J. Social Sci., 2(1), 1-6, (2013) @No $ @ @ Demekas D., Horváth B., Ribakova E. and Wu Y., Foreign direct investment in European transition economies -The role of policies, Journal of Comparative Economics,35, 369–386 (2007) @No $ @ @ European Commission, AMECO database, online at http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/ameco/user/serie/SelectSerie.cfm (2013) @No $ @ @ Bellak C., Leibrecht M. and Riedl A., Labour costs and FDI flows into Central and Eastern European Countries: A survey of the literature and  empirical evidence, Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 19, 17–37 (2008) @No $ @ @ Bellak C. and Leibrecht M., Do low corporate income tax rates attract FDI? – Evidence from Central- and East European countries, Applied Economics, 41, 2691–2703 (2009) @No $ @ @ Carstensen K. and Toubal F., Foreign direct investment in Central and Eastern European countries: a dynamic panel analysis, Journal of Comparative Economics,32, 3–22 (2004) @No $ @ @ European Union, Taxation trends in the European Union, online at http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/resources/documents/taxation/gen_info/economic_analysis/tax_structures/2013/report.pdf (2013) @No $ @ @ Bellak C. and Leibrecht M., Effective tax rates as a determinant of foreign direct investment in Central and East European countries. A panel analysis, Discussion Papers SFB International Tax Coordination, (2005) @No $ @ @ Bellak C., Leibrecht M. and Damijan J.P., Infrastructure endowment and corporate income taxes as determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Central- and Eastern European Countries,LICOS Discussion Paper 193(2007) @No $ @ @ Lahrèche-Révil A., Harmless tax competition from the New European Member States, CEPII, Working Paper No 11(2006) @No $ @ @ Baltagi B., Econometric Analysis of Panel Data, 3rd ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley(2005) @No $ @ @  @No 
<#LINE#>A Sociological Study on the Women Cancer Patients in Bangalore City, India<#LINE#>S.@Manjunatha<#LINE#>8-13<#LINE#>2.ISCA-IRJSS-2013-087.pdf<#LINE#> Dos in Sociology, University of Mysore, Mysore, INDIA <#LINE#>2/6/2013<#LINE#>22/6/2013<#LINE#>  Though, India made considerable progress in social, economic, cultural and political arenas in recent decades, while, it lagged behind in improving women health, particularly the women cancer patients. In 2010 there were 5,17,378 women cancer patients in India and it gradually increased on 2011 and 2012. But the efforts governmental agencies made to provide the desirable treatment yielded no results. In this context the present study was placed and which aimed at analyzing the conditions of women cancer patients and also to find out the causal factors for different types of cancer disease among them in Bangalore city. For the said purpose the secondary data has been collected from 25 major hospitals in Bangalore city. The major findings of the study show that the prevalence of cancer diseases among women is more comparing to men in Bangalore city. Cervix cancer (28.2%) and Breast cancer (16.4%) constitute for more number of women cancer patients among the major 10 types of cancer diseases. When the educational levels among women for particular type of cancer are considered, the percentage of illiterates were more in Oral Cavity cancer (89.1%), Pharynx cancer (65.7%), Oesophagus cancer (75.9%) compared to Breast cancer (55%) and Ovary cancer (56.3%). In general, it is also evident that the majority, 68% of the women cancer patients were illiterates and it proves that the lack of education is being the sole and major reason for the existence of cancer disease among women. The findings of the study help to understand the conditions of the women cancer patients particularly in Bangalore city and in general in the country and also help to prevent the cancer disease itself.<#LINE#> @ @ Abegunde D., Mathers C. and Strong K., The Burden and Costs of Chronic Diseases in Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries, The Lancet, 370, 29-38 (2007) @No $ @ @ Anand P., Ajaikumar B.K., Sundaram C. and Bharat B. A., Cancer is a Preventable Disease that Requires Major Lifestyle Changes, Pharm Res. 25, 2097-2116 (2008) @No $ @ @ Bobba R. and Khan Y., Cancer in India: An Overview, GOR,5, 93-96 (2003) @No $ @ @ Brayand F. and Moller B., Predicting the Future Burden of Cancer, Nat. Rev. Cancer, 6, 63–74 (2006) @No $ @ @ Das B.P., Cancer Pattern in Haryana; Twenty-One Years Experience, Health Administrator, 17, 29-49 (2005) @No $ @ @ Dinshaw K.A. and Shastri S.S., Cancer Control Programme in India: Challenges for the New Millennium, Health Administrator, 17, 10-13 7.Doll R. and Peto R., The Causes of Cancer: Quantitative Estimates of Avoidable Risks of Cancer in the United States Today, J. Natl. Cancer Inst.,66, 1191-308 (1981) @No $ @ @ Doyal Lesley, What Makes Women Sick, London, Macmillion Publications, (1995) @No $ @ @ Gajalakshmi J., Swaminathan R. and Shanta A., An Independent Survey to Assess Completeness of Registration: Population Based Cancer Registry, India. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev.,  2, 179-83, Chennai, (2001) @No $ @ @ Giddens Anthony, Sociology, Wiley India Publications,(2008) @No $ @ @  Malkan G. and Mohandas K.M., Epidemiology of Digestive Cancers in India, Indian J. Gasteroenterol, 16, 98-102 (1997) @No $ @ @ Manjunatha S., The Usage of Social Networking Sites Among the College Students in India, Int. Res. J. Social Sci., 2(5), 15-21 (2013) @No $ @ @ Manjunatha S., A Sociological Study on the Influence of Social Networking Sites on the Interpersonal Relationships of College Students in Bangalore and Mysore Cities of India, Int. Res. J. Social Sci.,2(6), 12-19 (2013) @No $ @ @ Marimuthu P., Projection of Cancer Incidence in Five Cities and Cancer Mortality in India, Indian J. Cancer, 45,4-7 (2008) @No $ @ @ Murray C.J. and Lopez A.D., Global Health Status in Developing Countries: Global Burden of Diseases and Injuries in SEARO, Harvard School of Public Health, 1 and 2, (1996) @No $ @ @ Murthy N.S. and Mathew A., Cancer Epidemiology; Prevention and Control, Curr. Sci., 4-25, (2004) @No $ @ @ Nandakumar A., Consolidated Report of the Population Based Cancer Registries; Incidence and Distribution of Cancer, National Cancer Registry Programme, Indian Council of Medical Research, 1990-96; New Delhi, India, (2001) @No $ @ @ Nettelton Sarah, The Sociology of Health and Illness, Cambridge Publications, (1995) @No $ @ @ Parkin D.M., Pisani P. and Ferlay J., Estimates of the Worldwide Incidence of Twenty-Five Major Cancers in India, Int. J. Cancer, 1990, 80, 827-841 (1999) @No $ @ @ Roa D.N., Ganesh B., Rao R.S. and Desai P.B., Risk Assessment of Tobacco, Alcohol and Diet in Oral Cancer: A Case-Control Study,  58, 469-73 (1994) @No $ @ @ Sumathi B., Ramalingam S., Navaneethan U. and Jayanthi V., Risk Factors for Gastric Cancer in South India, Singapore Med. J.,  50, 147-150 (2009) @No $ @ @ Wahi P. N., Kehar U. and Lahiri B., Factors Influencing Oral and Oropharyngeal Cancers in India, Brit. J. Cancer,19, 642-60, (1965) @No $ @ @  @No 
<#LINE#>Organic Farming and Horticulture: New Dimensions of Agriculture Development in MP, India<#LINE#>Hrideshwer@Gupta<#LINE#>14-18<#LINE#>3.ISCA-IRJSS-2013-079.pdf<#LINE#> School of Studies in Economics, Vikram University, Ujjain MP, INDIA <#LINE#>31/5/2013<#LINE#>15/6/2013<#LINE#>  Agriculture is the dominant sector of Madhya Pradesh economy; which determines the growth and sustainability.Organic farming essentially that is not only chemical free produce but also same or higher yield with lower input cost. Madhya Pradesh has 10.8 lakh acres organic cultivation area in 2009-10. Cotton has been identified as major organic produce in the state; besides that fruits, vegetables and herbal plants also contribute a lot due to large forest cover in the state. Climate and soil of Madhya Pradesh is favorable for growing of horticultural crops. Horticulture is the fastest growing sector within agriculture. Madhya Pradesh is producing about 7.69 mMT of horticulture produce from an area of 0.75 mha and accounts for 3.20 percent of the total horticulture production of the country. The major share of horticulture produce is from vegetables (48.08 %) and fruits (43.85 %). The main objective of the study is to analyze organic farming and horticulture as new dimensions of agriculture development in Madhya Pradesh. We also analyze area and production of main organic crops of Madhya Pradesh and area, production and productivity of major crops of horticulture in Madhya Pradesh. We use secondary data for this study. <#LINE#> @ @ Madhya Pradesh: New Benchmarks in Agriculture Sector for small farmers, CII, (2012) @No $ @ @ NHM, State wise Horticulture Status, Government of India, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, (2012) @No $ @ @ State of Indian Agriculture, Government of India, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, (2013) @No $ @ @ Ghatge N.S., Food Intake Pattern of Malnourished Preschool Children after Supplementation of Soyaladoo, Int. Res. J. Social Sci., 1(3), 36-40 (2012) @No $ @ @ Kale Sandhya, Strategic Transfer of Soya Processing Technology among Rural Women for Enhancing the Health Status and for Encouraging the Home Economy in Rural Area , Int. Res. J. Social Sci., 1(1), 6-14 (2012) @No $ @ @ Motegaonkar Manorama B. and Salunke Shridar D., The Ash and Iron Content of Common Vegetable Grown in Latur District, India, Res. J. Recent Sci., 1(4), 60-63 (2012) @No $ @ @ Motegaonkar Manorama B. and Salunke Shridar D., The Ash and Calcium Content of Common Fruit Grown in Latur District, MS, India, Res. J. Recent Sci., 1(5), 66-68 (2012) @No $ @ @ Patil M.M., Kalse S.B. and Jain S.K., OSMO-Convective Drying of Onion Slices, Res. J. Recent Sci., 1(1), 51-59 (2012) @No $ @ @ Gwary M.M., Gwary T.M. and Mustapha S.B., Discriminant Analysis of the Influence of Farmers’s Socio-Economic Characteristics on their Participation in Research and Extension Activities in Borno State, Nigeria, Int. Res. J. Social Sci., 1(4), 1-6 (2012) @No $ @ @ Upadhyay V.B. and Jaga P.K., Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Wheat–A Review, Innovare Journal of Agricultural Science, 1), (2013) @No $ @ @ www.agricoop.nic.in (2013) @No $ @ @ www.mpkrishi.org (2013) @No $ @ @ ’ www.mpmandiboard.gov.in (2013) @No $ @ @  @No 
<#LINE#>Impact of Indian Cinema on Adolescents:A Sociological Study of Jaipur-Rajasthan, India<#LINE#>Ruchi@Goswami,Manju@Kumari<#LINE#>19-32<#LINE#>4.ISCA-IRJSS-2013-075.pdf<#LINE#> Department of Sociology, Rajasthan University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, INDIA <#LINE#>24/5/2013<#LINE#>11/6/2013<#LINE#>  The term adolescence meaning “to emerge” or “achieve identity” is a relatively new concept, especially in development thinking. The origins of the term from the Latin word, ‘adolescere’ meaning “to grow, to mature” indicate the defining features of adolescence. A human being starts communicating as soon as he starts producing his first noise in the act of drawing his parents’ attention. Every emotion that we portray on our faces, the movement of our hands, the way we look at someone and our speech instantly communicates our ideas to others. Communication is highly necessary for our society, as it is only through exchange of ideas and co-operation that a society can grow and develop. This study is, therefore, timely as the society needs to be made aware of the influence of Cinema on the social and moral turnout of the viewers. Via this study, an attempt has been made to evaluate the social implications of Impact of Cinema on Indian Adolescents “A Sociological Study of Jaipur” Therefore the current study proves that for adolescent  Viewing Cinema as a powerful medium of information, education and entertainment results in the process of opinion building in various social groups. And cinema is the medium of cinema reciprocates in bringing a social change. And at-last it can be concluded that adolescents are very much influenced by the cinema and they inhale psychological, cultural, sociological changes along with the drastic changes in lifestyle, behavior, and so on.  <#LINE#> @ @ Hussain S., Cinema in Robinson, India International, Centre Quarterly,10(2), (1989) @No $ @ @ Raminder Kaur and Sinha Ajay J., Bollyworld, Popular Indian Cinema through a Transnational Lens/edited by, New Delhi, Sage, 2005, 343, illus., 23-33 (2007) @No $ @ @ Desai D., Erotic Sculpture of India, New Delhi, 120-28 (1976) @No $ @ @ Eugene V. Beresin M.D., The Impact of Media Violence on Children and Adolescents, Opportunities for Clinical Interventions, 23-33 (2007) @No $ @ @ CEDPA– Facts on Asia and Country Profile, Girls’ Rights: Society’s Responsibility, Taking Action Against Sexual Exploitation and Trafficking, Mumbai, (1997) @No $ @ @ Agarwal N.P., Advanced Business Statistics; RBD Publications, Jaipur (2011) @No $ @ @ Ahmed S.A., Bombay Films: The Cinema as Metaphor for Indian Society and Politics, Univ. of Cambridge, 305-14 (1992) @No $ @ @ Madan T.N., Non- Renunciation: Themes and Interpretations of Hindu Culture, OUP, New Delhi (1988) @No $ @ @ Murthy N.V., Understanding Indian Cinema, in New Quest, No. 71, September- October (1988) @No $ @ @ Burra R., Film India: Looking Back 1896-1960, The direction of film festivals, New Delhi.; ed. (1981) @No $ @ @ Central Statistical Organization – Women and Men in India 1998, Government of India, New Delhi, (1999) @No $ @ @ Chitra Nair T.N.N., Indian cinema and the global perspective (2009) @No $ @ @ Nehru Yuva Kendra Sangathan, Department of Youth Affairs and Sports, Annual Action Plan Guidelines, Government of India, New Delhi, (1999) @No $ @ @ Deepa Mehta's Elements Trilogy Films, Literature and Culture: /edited by Jasbir Jain, New Delhi, 258, 53-488 (2007) @No $ @ @ Kothari C.R., Research Methodology; Methods and Techniques; New Age International Publishers; New Delhi; India (2004) @No $ @ @ Boyd D.M. and Ellison N.B., Social Networking Sites: Definition, history, and scholarship, Journal of Computer- Mediated Communication,13(1),(2007) @No $ @ @ Charnigo L. and Barnett-Ellis P., Checking Out Facebook.com: The Impact of a Digital Trend on Academic Libraries, Information Technology and Libraries, 23-33 (2007) @No $ @ @ Dennis K., Technologies of Civil Society: Communication, Participation and Mobilization, Innovation, 20(1), 19-34 (2007) @No $ @ @ Diani M., Social Movement Networks Virtual and Real Information, Communication and Society,3(3), 386-401 (2001) @No $ @ @ Dutta-Bergman M.J., Community Participation and Internet Use after September 11: Complementarity in Channel Consumption, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication,11(2), (2006) @No $ @ @ Goodings L., Locke A. and Brown S., Social Networking Technology: Place and Identity in Mediated Communities, Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology ,17, 463-47 (2007) @No $ @ @ Knouse S. and Webb S., Virtual Networking for Women and Minorities, Career Development International, 6(4), 226-228 (2001) @No $ @ @  @No 
<#LINE#>Mitigating Problems of Destitute Children; Dropping Out from School and Involving in Under Aged Labour<#LINE#>Shikdar@Md.Kayum,AmitKumar@Biswas,Tanvir@Sezan,Tarana@Tabassum<#LINE#>33-41<#LINE#>5.ISCA-IRJSS-2013-102.pdf<#LINE#>Sociology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna,BANGLADESH <#LINE#>29/6/2013<#LINE#>5/7/2013<#LINE#>  Bangladesh is one of the third worldcountries as well as the seventh most populous country in the world. Its population is growing at an alarming rate beyond its capacity. A large portion of children are involved in various work in our country. And this rate is increasing day by day. Children in Bangladesh are deprived from the basic human needs. The study was conducted on 240 respondents through Purposive and Random sampling. Data were collected by the interviewers from 2013. The study discloses a significant relationship between poor economic condition and dropout of children from school in rural areas. It encompasses the overall socio-economic conditions of those children who have been found to be dropout from school. The finding indicates that most of the children come from extremely poor families. Most of them have to work hard to support their family in their early ages. They live in a very poor condition. This study indicates that 50.0% respondents get involve in work at 14-17 years old; from this analysis it may be said that most of the respondents are getting involve in work during early ages of their life. Most of the children are not involved with educational process.  Their educational qualification is also very low. Only 51.7% child belonged to one- five classes; 30.0% respondents belonged to six-ten classes. But a large number of respondents have no educational qualification. And 6.0% children are illiterate that means they have no educational qualification. The causes of leaving school showed that among the different causes the highest 44.2 percent of the respondents have left school due to the scarcity of money that indicates poverty is the main cause of leaving school. So, the situation is not good for the future of children in Bangladesh. This problem must be overcome by taking proper initiatives. <#LINE#> @ @ Iftekhar M. and Shafiqul Kalam, Glimpse on Child Labor: A Study on Child Labor Situation in Dhaka City Corporation Area, BRAC University Journal, Dhaka, 4(1), 19-29 (2007) @No $ @ @ UNICEF’S., Asian Child Labour Report UNICEF Asia (1999) @No $ @ @ Canals, Joseand Cristobal Ridao, The Dynamics of School and Work in Rural Bangladesh,Department of Economics, University of Colorado at Boulder (2002) @No $ @ @ ILO., Child Labour and Responses: Overview Note-Bangladesh. Dhaka: ILO (2004) @No $ @ @ Hasnat B., International Trade and Child Labour: The Hapless Fall  Guys; the Independent Jan. 12 and13, 1996, Dhaka (1996) @No $ @ @ Khair S., Child Labour in Bangladesh:  A forward looking policy study. Geneva: ILO (2005) @No $ @ @ Khanam Rasheda, Child Labour in Bangladesh: Trends, Patterns and Policy Options, University of Sydney, Australia. (2005) @No $ @ @ Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. Report on National Child Labour Survey 2002-2003.  Dhaka: BBS (2003) @No $ @ @ CREATE. Dropping Out from School. Consortium for Research on Education, Access, Transitions and Equity (CREATE), Policy Brief Number 8, UK (2009) @No $ @ @ Khair Sumaiya, Child Labour in Bangladesh: A Forward Looking Policy Study, Geneva, Switzerland: International Labor Office. (2005) @No $ @ @ Ahmed M., Ali K.S. and Khan K.K., Bangladesh: Education Sector Mapping: Dhaka, Institute of Educational Development, BRAC University (2005) @No $ @ @ Ahmed M., Ali K.S. and Khan K.K., Bangladesh: Education Sector Mapping: Dhaka, Institute of Educational Development, BRAC University (2007) @No $ @ @ DANIDA, Gender Equality in Education. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark (2008) @No $ @ @ The New Nation Online Edition, 25th November (2004) @No $ @ @ Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Baseline survey for determining hazardous child labour sectors in Bangladesh.Dhaka: BBS (2005) @No $ @ @  @No 
<#LINE#>Urban Renewal and Redevlopment: Identification of Appropriate Planning Intervention for Indian Cities<#LINE#>K.K.@Dhote,R.K.@Silakri,P.@Onkar<#LINE#>42-48<#LINE#>6.ISCA-IRJSS-2013-101.pdf<#LINE#> Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, M.P, INDIA <#LINE#>21/9/2012<#LINE#>17/1/2013<#LINE#>Unlike their western counterparts, Indian cities didn’t have the fortune or misfortune of being demolished in the world war. Most of the Indian cities are built in layers bearing testimony to various rulers during different periods of time and amalgamated to give the present shape. The term Urban renewal and redevelopment which are often used as synonyms have definite meaning and application depending upon the context. The term renewal was defined as fashionable American term of the 1950s, which really meant large-scale destructive redevelopment of urban area, often it was adopted in the United Kingdom to mean the re-planning of towns or urban centers, to modernize them and provide access for traffic, whereas, redevelopment refers to demolition of blighted areas and development on the same site. It is seen as solution to existing problems of congestion and poor design which sometimes results in wasteful of resources, destroying communities, and creating urban deserts until building takes place. In India after independence in 1947 the earlier focus of development was agrarian base. It was only in the 1990’s, the era of economic liberalization and globalization it was realized that the cities are the engines of economic growth. This resulted in shifting of focus on urban development. In 2005, the government of India launched Urban renewal mission specifically for the metro Politian regions and million plus cities. It is necessary to understand the complex phenomenon of urban renewal and urban redevelopment either for the degrading inner city or the blighted areas of the newly developed areas in Indian context before adopting any intervention. A clear understanding of physical and social infrastructure and the community participation for the localities in question has to be ascertained before going through with the planning interventions in terms of renewal/ redevelopment or none. What are the factors responsible for renewal or redevelopment and their interrelationship is the prime concern of the planners. In this research paper it has been tried to find the answer for above questions and in the process has emerged with a logical framework that tries to answer the perpetual dilemma of the planners. The logical framework that can (produce consistent results, and hence) help decide on the Urban Health and the remedial approach best suited for the given case, while maintaining a disadvantaged friendly perspective. It tries to help in prioritization of the above-mentioned methods and attempts to develop an appropriate tool open for duplication in similar Urban Scenarios. <#LINE#> @ @ Onkar P., Dhote K.K. and Sharma, Exploring The Concept Of Urban Renewal in The Indian Context, Journal of ITPI, New Delhi, 5(2), 42–46 (2008) @No $ @ @ Benjamin R.B, The Death of Communal Liberty, A History of Freedom in a Swiss Mountain Canton (1974) @No $ @ @ Nair P., Historical Analysis of Relationships between the State and the Non-Governmental Sector in India, International Development Department (2007) @No $ @ @ Theodore K., Urban Redevelopment, Displacement and the Future of the American City, Ph.D. Center for Housing Research Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University(1996) @No $ @ @ William R.K., Discriminant Analysis, sage university paper (1980) @No $ @ @ Lorens P., Urban regeneration vs. urban sprawl, 44thISOCARP Congress Urban regeneration vs. urban  sprawl– problems and prospects in the post-socialistic cities(2008) @No $ @ @ Naomi C., Three generations of urban renewal policies: analysis and policy implications, Geoforum, 30(2), 145–158 (1999) @No $ @ @ Andrew C.H., Understanding gentrification: an empirical analysis of thedeterminants of urban housing renovation, Journal of Urban Economics, 54(3), 474–498 (2003) @No $ @ @ Fulong W. and Anthony G., Changing Spatial Distribution and Determinants of Land Development in Chinese Cities in the Transition from a Centrally Planned Economy to a Socialist Market Economy: A Case Study of Guangzhou, Journal of urban studies (1997) @No $ @ @ Grace K. L. L. and Edwin H. W., Factors Affecting Urban Renewal in High-Density City: Case Study of Hong Kong, American Society of Civil Engineers(2012) @No $ @ @ Segregation in the Second Ghetto: Racial and Ethnic Segregation in American Public Housing, 1977 Adam Bickford Doug las S. Massey, Social Forces,69 (1991) @No $ @ @  @No 
@Research Article
<#LINE#>Learning through genesis and development of Rasas (emotional flavors)<#LINE#>Khosa@Pallavi<#LINE#>49-52<#LINE#>7.ISCA-IRJSS-2013-109.pdf<#LINE#>  The codified value of cultural development dwells upon the essence of historical evidences. The science of drama and aesthetic viability of expressions propounded in historic texts lays a foundation to the process of learning and formation of cultural identities. Cultural existence has quite often come across the idea behind an art work and the term, ‘Expression’. In this Research paper I attempt to explore the role of term, ‘expression ‘at gross and subtle levels of communication and human interactions. In the present context of study, how is expression related to universal concept of visualizing aesthetics? My endeavor is to dwell in the subject- matter, as to how human evolution rests upon the idea of ‘aesthetically valid artistic expressions’? And the way visual aesthetics in terms of expression plays a matured and significant role in the evolution of mankind.  <#LINE#>4/7/2013<#LINE#>8/7/2013<#LINE#>  The codified value of cultural development dwells upon the essence of historical evidences. The science of drama and aesthetic viability of expressions propounded in historic texts lays a foundation to the process of learning and formation of cultural identities. Cultural existence has quite often come across the idea behind an art work and the term, ‘Expression’. In this Research paper I attempt to explore the role of term, ‘expression ‘at gross and subtle levels of communication and human interactions. In the present context of study, how is expression related to universal concept of visualizing aesthetics? My endeavor is to dwell in the subject- matter, as to how human evolution rests upon the idea of ‘aesthetically valid artistic expressions’? And the way visual aesthetics in terms of expression plays a matured and significant role in the evolution of mankind.  <#LINE#> @ @  B. Arthur Llewellyn, The wonder that was India, PicadorIndia, Replika Press Pvt. Ltd. (2004) @No $ @ @ V. Kapila, Bharata, The Natyasastra. Page 6, Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi (1996) @No $ @ @ B. Arthur Llewellyn, The wonder that was India, PicadorIndia, Replika Press Pvt. Ltd (2004) @No $ @ @ Belifiore, S. Elizabeth, Tragic Pleasures: Aristotle on Plot and Emotion, page 300.Princeton UP. It is the human soul that is purged of its excessive passions Lucas, F.L.Tragedy in Relation to Aristotle's Poetics, page 24, (1992)@No $ @ @ B. Aparna. Theatres of independence: drama, theory, andurban performance in India since 1947. University of IowaPress (2005) 
<#LINE#>Development of Minorities’ Rights and Critical Analysis of Contemporary Comparative International Human Rights Law for their Protection<#LINE#>Rehman@Hidayat,Muhammad@Zubair<#LINE#>53-58<#LINE#>8.ISCA-IRJSS-2013-086.pdf<#LINE#> Department of Law at Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, PAKISTAN <#LINE#>2/6/2013<#LINE#>28/6/2013<#LINE#>  Minorities have been a controversial issue throughout human’s history; their legal protection has been even more problematic. It took hundreds of years to define the term ‘minority’ but even the definition is problematic. The paper traces the development of minorities’ protection in international law, its definition and the contemporary comparative regional and international human rights law on the issue. <#LINE#> @ @ Thornberry P., International Law and the Rights of Minorities, 1,(1991)  Also Andre L., Minority as inferiority: minority rights in historical perspective, Rev. of Int. St, 34, 243(2008) @No $ @ @ Geoff G., Religio-nationalist minorities and development of minority law, Rev. of Int. St, 25, 389 (1999) @No $ @ @ Study of the Legal Validity of the Undertakings Concerning Minorities UN Doc E/CN.4/367(2010) @No $ @ @ Rehman J., International Human Right Law , 434 (2010) @No $ @ @ Fact Sheet No. 18 (Rev.), Minority Rights, 7, accessed via http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/pdfid/4794773e0.pdf on Dec, 08, (2011) @No $ @ @ Schutter O.D., International Human Rights Law, 713 (2010) @No $ @ @ EU Network of Independent Experts on Fundamental Rights, Thematic Comment No. 3, The Protection of Minorities in the European Union (2005) @No $ @ @ F. Capotorti, Special Rapporteur, Study on the Rights of Persons Belonging to Ethnic, Religious, and Linguistic Minorities (New York: United Nations, 1979) E/CN4/Sub 2/384/Rev 1, UN Sales No E91XIV2 at (1996) @No $ @ @ Article 1of Recommendation 1201 on an additional protocol on the rights of national minorities to the European Convention of Human Rights (1993) @No $ @ @ Dr. Iris B., Class Lecture, Brunel Law School London, 10/10/2011 (2011) @No $ @ @ Minority Rights: International Standards and Guidance for Implementation, United Nations, New York and Geneva, (2010) @No $ @ @ Such a short term view of minority rights ignores, says Geoff G., their long history, a history which shapes modern methods of upholding present day minority rights guarantees. (Religio-nationalist minorities and development of minority law) (1999) @No $ @ @ See, for example, the provisions of Austro-Ottoman Treaty (1615)   Treaties of Osnabruck and Musnter and some other documents, known collectively as the Peace of Westphalia (1648)    Treaty of Oliva (1650)   Treaty of Peace between France and Great Britain (1713)   and a number of other treaties of the age; it was so, can be argued that, “religion defined people before the nation-state” (Geoff G., (Religio-nationalist minorities and development of minority law) (1999) @No $ @ @ Henry Kissinger, A World Restored: Metternich, Castlereagh and the Problems of Peace, referenced by Andre L. (Minority as inferiority: minority rights in historical perspective) (2008) @No $ @ @ Claude, National Minorities: An International Problem (1955) @No $ @ @ Advisory Opinion of Permanent Court of International Justice on Minority Schools in Albania (1935) Ser. A/B, No 64, 17, also see Geoff G Religio-nationalist minorities and development of minority law also see (Thornberry P., International Law and the Rights of Minorities) (1999) @No $ @ @ Study of the Legal Validity of the Undertakings Concerning Minorities UN Doc E/CN.4/367 (1997) @No $ @ @ Adopted at New York, 16 December, 1966; entered into force (23 March 1976), GA Res. 2200A (XXI) UN Doc A/6316 (1966) @No $ 999 U.N.T.S. 171; 6 I.L.M. 368 (1967) @No $ @ @ General Comment No. 23: The rights of minorities (Art 27): 08/04/1994 CCPR/C/21/Rev./Add. 5, General Comment No. 23 accessed through http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/fb7fb12c2fb8bb21c12563ed004df111?Opendocument  on (12/12/2011) (2011) @No $ @ @ Sandra Lovelace v. Canada, Communication No. 24/1977 CCPR /C/OP/ 1, 10 (1985) @No $ @ @ Hilpold P., UN Standard Setting in the Field of Minority Rights, Int. J of Minority and Group Rights14, 181 (2007) @No $ @ @ General Assembly Resolution 47/135 December  (1992) @No $ @ @ Article 1(1) of the Declaration on Minorities (1992) @No $ @ @ Article 1(2) of the Declaration on Minorities (1992) @No $ @ @ General Assembly resolution 49/192 (1993) @No $ @ @ It was replaced by Forum on Minority Issues in 2007(2007) @No $ @ @ Julie R., Minority Rights in a Time of Multiculturalism, The evolving Scope of the Framework Convention on the Protection of Minorities,  HRLR10, 99 (2010) @No $ @ @ Advisory Committee’s opinion on Norway, 12 September 2002, ACFC/INF/OP/I (2002)  003; also HRC Comment No 23 on Article 27 of ICCPR (2002) @No $ @ @ 29.Dr. Londono P., Class Lecture, Brunel Law School, London (2011) @No $ @ @ See, for example,  Baczkowski v Poland, 48 E.H.R.R. 19 (2009) @No $ @ @  World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples (http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=30) accessed on 14/12/2011 @No $ @ @ Article  of African Charter on Human and People’s Right; adopted by the assembly of Head of States and Governments of the Organization of the African Union in 1981 and entered into force in 1986 @No $ @ @ Article 17(2) of African Charter on Human and People’s Right (1981) @No $ @ @ Article 19of African Charter on Human and People’s Right (1981) @No $ @ @ Article 20(1)-(3) of African Charter on Human and People’s Right (1981) @No $ @ @ Pamphlet No. 6 of the UN Guide for Minorities accessed through http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/GuideMinorities6en.pdf on 14/12/201137.Communication No. 211/98 (2001) @No $ @ @ Article  of the American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man, 1948 @No $ @ @ Article 3 and 4 respectively of the American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man (1948) @No $ @ @ Article 5 of the American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man (1948) @No $ @ @ Article 12 of the American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man (1948) @No $ @ @ Article 13 of the American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man (1948) @No $ @ @ Article 20 of the American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man (1948) @No $ @ @ Pamphlet No.5 of the UN Guide for Minorities accessed through http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/GuideMinorities5en.pdf on 14/12/201145.Inter-American Court H.R., (Ser. C) No. 130 (2005) @No $ @ @  @No 
<#LINE#>Electoral Politics in Punjab, India:A case study of Panchayat Samiti and Zila Parishad Elections of 2013<#LINE#>Seema@Kumari<#LINE#>59-61<#LINE#>9.ISCA-IRJSS-2013-098.pdf<#LINE#> Dept of political science, GGDSD College, Chandigarh, INDIA <#LINE#>22/6/2013<#LINE#>30/6/2013<#LINE#>  Panchayati raj is an integral part of democratic system in India. It represents the dynamism of democratic forces at the grassroots in the polity. The process of panchayat election is in miniature, the electoral process of the national and state level-representative bodies. The electorate participate in the process of these elections with a sense of involvement which they display in the electoral process of the Parliament and the State Assemblies. Therefore the study of the electoral process of the Panchayati Raj institutions is as much indicative of the mood and temper of the electorate as that of the higher level legislative bodies. The May 2013 Panchayat elections were the democratic elections in which voters participated with a sense of involvement. The level of their participation and their voting behaviour could indicate the emerging trends in the people political thinking and their perception of the emerging realities. <#LINE#> @ @ Maheshwari S., Local Govt. in India, Educational Publishers, Agra, 16 (1990) @No $ @ @ Sharma S., Grassroot Politics and Panchayati Raj, Deep and Deep Publications, New Delhi, 111(1973) @No $ @ @ Reports in the working of Panchayats in Punjab,1 (1925-26) 4.Sharma Vidya Sagar, Panchayati Raj, quoted in Shakuntla Sharma, Grassroot Politics and Panchayati Raj, Deep and Deep Publication, New Delhi, 21 (1973) @No $ @ @ Maheshwari S., Local Govt. in India, Educational Publishers, Agra, 16 (1990) @No $ @ @ Sharma S, Grassroot Politics and Panchayati Raj, Deep and Deep Publications, New Delhi,111 (1973) @No $ @ @ Narang A.S., Indian Government and Politics, Gitanjali Publishing House, 169 (1985) @No $ @ @ 8.Mishra S.N., Chaitli. Lokesh Kumar, New Panchayati Raj in Action, Mittal Publicationsp, 13 (1996) @No $ @ @ Reports in the working of Panchayats in Punjab1 (1925-26) 10.Khanna R.L., Panchayat Raj in Punjab and Haryana, Mohindra Capital Publishers, Chandigarh 62 (1971) @No $ @ @ Singh Sansar, Working of ZIla Parishad in Patiala District, an unpublished dissertation submitted to Punjabi University, Patiala 86,89,91 (1986) @No $ @ @ Report Issued by Punjab Rural Development And Panchayat Department. Mohali (2008) @No $ @ @  @No 
<#LINE#>Understanding the Psyche of the Indian Hijra:A Woman’s Soul in a Man’s Body<#LINE#>H.S.@Kodad,S.A.@Kazi<#LINE#>62-64<#LINE#>10.ISCA-IRJSS-2013-099.pdf<#LINE#>Karnataka State Women’s University, Bijapur, INDIA @ Dept. of Social Work, Dean of Social Sciences and Registrar, Karnataka State Women’s University, Bijapur, INDIA <#LINE#>22/6/2013<#LINE#>29/6/2013<#LINE#>  A masculine physique, feminine clothes, garish make – up, a coquettish walk, loud attitude, the trademark clap, that is the HIJRA put in a nutshell. The overtly sexual language, sometimes bordering on vulgarity, an incessant demand for money and teasing comments   all constitute the public behavior of the hijras. It is but natural that the behavior of the hijras is met with disgust by the average onlooker, curiousity by a few and fear by many as there is every chance that the  pestering for money may culminate in a lifting of the saree to show a flash of the mutilated genitals.  However, it is essential to look beyond the obvious. The human being that exists behind this rough and vulgar persona needs to be explored. Like the mask worn by actors on a stage, the hijras have donned this role from time immemorial. Behind this mask is an individual, as unique as every individual born on this earth is, with likes, dislikes, strengths, weaknesses, feelings, sentiments , moments of fear, moments of joy and a desire for a life with family and friends. Of course, the so called sexual deviance touches every aspect of life of the hijras. Every small wish seems like a big dream, impossible to achieve, every dream is questioned by the norms of the society. This article tries to delve into the heart, the mind, the psyche of the hijras and understand the human being hidden behind the public image.  <#LINE#> @ @ Revathi, A Hijra’s own story, Because I have a voice: Queer politics in India, 225 (2005) @No $ @ @ Nanda S., Life on the margins: A hijra story, Everyday life in South Asia, 124, (2010) @No $ @ @ Nanda S., The Hijras of India: Cultural and individual dimensions of an institutionalized third gender  role, Anthropology and Homosexual Behaviour, 124 (2010) @No $ @ @  Narrain S., Being A Eunuch, Frontline, the Peoples Union of Civil Liberties (Karnataka) Report on Human Rights Violations Against the Transgender Community, http://www.countercurrents.org/gen-narrain141003.htm (2003) @No $ @ @ Feminine essence concept of transsexuality, Wikipedia, the web encyclopaedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Feminine_essence_concept_of_transsexuality (2013) @No $ @ @ Ganguli D., Negotiating Sexual ‘Otherness’: An Exploratory Study of  Harassment on Male Homosexuals in Metropolitan Kolkata, India, IRJSS, 2(3), 27 (2013) @No $ @ @  @No