@Research Paper
<#LINE#>Headlines in Newspaper Editorials: A Contrastive Study <#LINE#>Alireza@Bonyadi,Samuel@Moses<#LINE#>1-7<#LINE#>1.ISCA-JSS-2012-001.pdf<#LINE#>English department, Islamic Azad University, Urmia  Branch, Urmia, IRAN @ Department of Language and Literacy Education, University of Malaya, MALAYSIA <#LINE#>21/5/2012<#LINE#>16/7/2012<#LINE#>Newspaper editorials constitute a part of media discourse, which is an extremely important field of research in both intercultural rhetoric analysis and EFL/ESL studies. Specifically, certain features of editorial headlines and also their important role in monitoring and directing readers' attention have made the interface between the linguistic analysis of newspaper editorial headlines and teaching of english as a foreign language as a relevant issue in language teaching. Through conducting a contrastive textual analysis of selected headlines, culled from the editorials of the english newspaper, The New York Times, and those of Persian newspaper, Tehran Times, the present study aimed at exploring the kind of textual and rhetorical strategies the two newspapers employed for propagating their preferred ideologies. The results of the study indicated that headlines in the two papers presented a subjective attitude of the writers (newspapers) towards the topic. However, based on the analysis of the data, it became clear that there were certain differences between the two sets of headlines in terms of Presupposition, and certain Rhetorical devices. <#LINE#> @ @ Abhijit B., Science communication hrough mass media. Research Journal of Recent Sceinces,  (), 10-15 (2012)  @No $ @ @ Bell A., The language of news media. Blackwell, Oxford (1991) @No $ @ @ Van Dijk T.A., News as discourse. Hillsadle, NJ.: Erlbaum (1988)@No $ @ @  Nir R. A., discourse analysis of news headlines, Hebrew Linguistics, 37, 23-31 (1993) @No $ @ @ Lindeman B., Cheap trills we live by: some notes on the poetics of tabloid headlines,  Journal of Literacy Semantics, 19 (), 46-59 (1990) @No $ @ @ Van Dijk, T.A., Discourse semantics and ideology, Discourse and Society, ), 243-289 (1995) @No $ @ @ Reah D., The language of newspapers London and New York: Routledge (2002) @No $ @ @ Hall D. R., Materials production: theory and practice. In David R. Hall and Ann Hewings (Eds.), Innovations in English language teaching, London: Routledge, 229-239 ( 2001) @No $ @ @ Dornyei Z., Research methods in Applied Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press (2007) @No $ @ @ Huckin T., Critical discourse analysis and the discourse of condescension, In Barton, E. and G. Stygall (Eds.), Discourse Studies in Composition, NJ: Hampton Press, 155-183 (2002)@No $ @ @ Yule  G.,  Pragmatics,  Oxford:  Oxford  University  Press (1996).@No $ @ @Richardson,J.E.,Analyzing  newspapers:an approach from critical discourse analysis, NY: Palgrave  Macmillan (2007)  @No 
<#LINE#>Legal Aid and Women's Access to Justice in Bangladesh: A Drizzling in the Desert<#LINE#>Jamila Chowdhury@Ahmed@<#LINE#>8-14<#LINE#>2.ISCA-JSS-2012-015.pdf<#LINE#> Department of Law, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, BANGLADESH <#LINE#>17/7/2012<#LINE#>24/7/2012<#LINE#>  Legal aid–a means to promote access to justice–still remains a far cry for the citizens of Bangladesh, especially for women. While an insufficient legal aid funding from the government and other Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) keep many of the poor justice seekers out of this aid scheme, women still remain as the most deprived section compared to their male counterpart. Based on unpublished data on legal aid collected from court and NGO registries of Bangladesh, this paper demonstrated the scarcity of legal aid funding, especially in family cases. It also explained how a scarcity of legal aid may compel women to accept more dismissal and ex parte decrees that affect the quality of justice they get from family courts. Study result implies that channelling government legal aid fund through NGOs may improve the efficiency of distribution in this sector.  <#LINE#> @ @ BeauchampT.L, Distributional Justice and the Difference Principle, in John Rawls’ Theory of Social Justice: An introduction, Ohio University Press, Athens, 132-33(1982) @No $ @ @ Hutchinson A.C,  Access to Civil Justice, Carcwell, Toronto, 181 (1990) @No $ @ @ Macdonald R.A, Study Paper on Prospects for Civil Justice, Ontario Law Reform Commission, Toronto, 298- 300 (1995) @No $ @ @ Khair S., Alternative Approaches to Justice: A Review of ADR Initiatives Under the Democracy Partnership, The Asia Foundation, Dhaka, 16 (2001) @No $ @ @ Chowdhury J.A., Women’s Access to fair Justice in Bangladesh: Is Family Mediation a Virtue or a Vice? (Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, The University of Sydney, Sydney), 219 (2011) @No $ @ @ Rhode D., Access to Justice, Fordham L. Rev., 69(5), 1785-1811 (2000-01) @No $ @ @ Mack K., Alternative Dispute Resolution and Access to Justice for Women, Adelaide L. Rev., 17(1), 123-46 (1995) @No $ @ @ Rhudy R.J., Expanding Access to Justice: Legal Aid Models for Latin America, in Justice beyond our Borders: Judicial Reforms for Latin America and the Caribbean, John Hopkins University Press, Washington D.C., 53-58 (2000) @No $ @ @ Silverstein L., Waiver of Court Costs and Appointment of Counsel for Poor Persons in Civil Cases, Valparaiso University L. Rev., 21-36 (1967-68)@No $ @ @  Blankenburg E., Lawyers’ Lobby and the Welfare State: The Political Economy of Legal Aid, in The Transformation of Legal Aid, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 113-32 (1999) @No $ @ @ Khair S., Legal Empowerment for the Poor and the Disadvantaged: Strategies Achievements and Challenges: Experiences from Bangladesh, University Press Limited, Dhaka, 236 (2008) @No $ @ @ International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, G.A. Res. 2200A (XXI), §13(3)(d) (1966) @No $ @ @ The United Nations Basic Principles on the Role of Lawyers, § 2 (1990) @No $ @ @ The constitution of Bangladesh, § 27 (1972) @No $ @ @ The Code of Civil Procedure, order XXXIII rule 1 (1908) @No $ @ @ The Code of Criminal Procedure, § 340 (1) (1898) @No $ @ @ Legal and Judicial Capacity Building Project., Final Report: Improving Mechanism for Delivering Legal Aid (Unpublished report, Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs, Dhaka) 42 (2004) @No $ @ @ The National Legal Aid and Services Act, § 2(2) (2000) @No $ @ @ BRAC., Who we are, available at http://www.brac.net/content/who-we-are-0/(2011) @No $ @ @ Vijender A., Rachna A. and Parul K., Micro Finance and Risk Management for Poor in India, Res. J. Recent Sci.,1(2), 104-7 (2012) @No $ @ @ Parveen K. and Hundekar S. H., NGOs and their Role in Development of Science-In Development of Rural Women Entrepreneurship, Res. J. Recent Sci.,1(ISC-2011) , 410-14 (2012) @No $ @ @ ChowdhuryJ.A., Women’s Access to Justice in Bangladesh through A.D.R. in Family Disputes: Present Limitations and Remedial Measures with some Lessons from Egypt, Modern Bookshop, Mansoura, 34-5 (2005) @No $ @ @ The Asia Foundation., Access to Justice: Best Practices under the Democracy Partnership, The Asia Foundation, Dhaka, 18 (2002) @No $ @ @ BNWLA., Welcome: BNWLA Profile, available at http://www.bnwlabd.org/bnwla-profile/(2011) @No $ @ @ Siddiqua B.A., The Family Courts of Bangladesh: An Appraisal of Rajshahi Sadar Family Court and the Gender Issues, Bangladesh Freedom Foundation, Dhaka, 130 (2005) @No $ @ @ Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics., Population Census-2001: National Series, Analytical Report, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Dhaka, , 12-14 (2007) @No $ @ @ UNDP., Human Security in Bangladesh: In Search of Justice and Dignity, UNDP, Dhaka, 43 (2002) @No $ @ @ Ameen N., Dispensing Justice to the Poor: The Village Court, Arbitration Council vis-a-vis NGO, The Dhaka University Studies: Part F, 16(2), 103-22 (2005) @No $ @ @ Ameen N., The Legal Aid Act, 2000: Implementation of Government Legal Aid Versus NGO Legal Aid, The Dhaka University Studies: Part F, 15(2), 63 (2004) @No $ @ @ Buzawa E.S., Buzawa C.G., and Stark E., Responding to Domestic Violence: The Integration of criminal justice and human services, SAGE Publications, Inc., London, 346 (2012) @No 
<#LINE#>A study on Frequency of Stress among Female Police Constables Reference to Tamilnadu Police Department, India<#LINE#>M.Shunmuga@Sundaram,M.Jeya@Kumaran<#LINE#>15-20<#LINE#>3.ISCA-IRJSS-2012-034.pdf<#LINE#> Department of Business Administration, Kalasalingam University, Krishnan Kovil, Tamilnadu, INDIA <#LINE#>04/9/2012<#LINE# $ @ @  @No $13/9/2012<#LINE#>  The review of literature has highlighted a variety of workplace problems, such as racial and gender bias and lack of influence over work activities, as influences on police stress. Additional explanations for police stress include community conditions, for example, high crime rates and size of the community within the police organization, and lack of family and coworker support for work-related activities. In a large-sample, descriptive study, this research examined the workplace problems that were hypothesized to predict stress. It also determined whether community conditions and lack of social support explained additional variance in police constables ’stress levels. Lack of influence over work activities and bias against one’s racial, gender. Interventions to redesign jobs to afford greater influence and to reduce within department bias are approaches that could reduce police officers’ stress. <#LINE#> @ @ Cooper C.L. and Davidson M., Sources of stress at work and their relation to stressors in non-working environments, In R. Kalimo, M.A. El-Batawi, and C.L. Cooper (Eds.), Psychological factors at work and their relation to health, Geneva: World Health Organization, 99-123 (1987) @No $ @ @ Fletcher BC., The epidemiology of occupational stress, In C.L. Cooper and R. Payne (Eds.), Causes, coping and consequences  of  stress  at  work,  Chichester,  UK:  Wiley.,12-57(1988) @No $ @ @ Kirkcaldy B., Cooper C.L. and Ruffalo P., Work stress and health in a sample of U.S. police. Psychological Reports, 76, 700-702 (1995) @No $ @ @ Wright K.N. and Saylor W.G., (1991) @No $ @ @  Male and female employees’ perceptions of prison work: Is there a difference, Justice Quarterly, 8, 508-524 (1991) @No $ @ @  Brown J., Cooper C.L. and Kirkcaldy B., Occupational stress among senior police officers, British J. Psychol., 87,31-45 (1996) @No $ @ @ Burke R.J. and Deszca E., Correlates of psychological burnout phases among police officers, Human Relations, 39, 487-502 (1986) @No $ @ @ Crank J., Regoli R. and Culbertson R., Institutional and organizational antecedents of role stress, work alienation, and anomie among police executives. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 22, 152-167 (1995) @No $ @ @ Lord V.B., An impact of community policing: Reported stressors, social support, and strain among police officers in a changing police department, J. Criminal Justice, 24,503-522 (1996) @No $ @ @ Stotland E. and Pendleton M., Workload, stress, and strain among police officers, Behavioral Medicine, 15, 5-18 (1989) @No $ @ @ Norvell N., Belles D. and Hills H., Perceived stress levels and physical symptoms in supervisory law enforcement personnel, J. Poli. Sci. Admin., 16, 75-79 (1998) @No $ @ @ Kop N., Euwema M. and Schaufeli W., Burnout, job stress, and violent behaviour among Dutch police officers, Work and Stress, 13, 326-340 (1999) @No $ @ @ Malloy T.E. and Mays L., The police stress hypothesis: A critical evaluation. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 11,197-224 (1984) @No $ @ @ Stevenson T.M., Stress among police officers: Burnout and its correlates, California School of Professional Psychology (1988) @No $ @ @ Anshel  M.H., A conceptual model and implications for coping with stressful events in police work. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 27, 375-400 (2000) @No $ @ @ Biggam F.H., Power K.G. and MacDonald R.R., Self-perceived occupational stress and distress in a Scottish police force, Work and Stress 11, 118-133 (1997) @No $ @ @ Dietrich J., Helping subordinates face stress, Police Chief, 56, 44-47 (1989) @No $ @ @ Walker M., Conceptual and methodological issues in the investigation of occupational stress: A case study of police officers deployed on body recovery duty, Policing and Society, 7, 1-17 (1997) @No $ @ @ Morash M. and Haarr R.N., Gender, workplace problems, and stress in policing, Justice Quarterly, 12(1), 113-140 (1995) @No $ @ @ Wexler J.G. and Logan D.D., Sources of stress among women police officers, J. Poli. Sci. Admin., 11, 46-53 (1983) @No $ @ @ White S.E. and Marino K.E., Job attitudes and police stress: An exploration study of causation, J. Poli. Sci. Admin., 11, 264-274 (1983) @No $ @ @ Hurrell J.J., Police work, occupational stress, and individual coping, J. Org. Behavior, 16, 27-34 (1995) @No $ @ @ Juniper D., Stress in a police force, Pol. J., 69, 61-69 (1996) @No
<#LINE#>Infrastructural Facilities for Differently Abled Students - A Comparative Study of Government and Non-Government Institutions<#LINE#>Preeti@Tripathi,U.V.@Kiran<#LINE#>21-25<#LINE#>4.ISCA-IRJSS-2012-036.pdf <#LINE#>   SHSc., BBAU, Lucknow, INDIA<#LINE#>22/8/2012<#LINE#>6/9/2012 <#LINE#>  The term “Barrier Free” indicates an environment where all users irrespective of their disabilities access the resources which they need. The students with disabilities have to face multiple challenges in the wake of unique barrier whether architectural, attitudinal or institutional which may include lack of understanding and co-operation from administration, faculty, staff and other students, inaccessibility of buildings, facilities and support barriers. The present study is conducted with an objective to identify the differences in infrastructural facilities and student’s level of satisfaction among government and non- government institutions. The study was conducted among eight universities offering higher education existing in Lucknow city to explore the infrastructural facilities for the differently abled students. From among, one university which is specially constructed for differently abled students was excluded from the study, so that exact differences among Government and non-Government institutions can be analyzed. To measure the level of satisfaction among students with regard to facilities for differently abled students, 30 students (15 Boys and 15 Girls) from each university were selected.  A self-developed inventory to identify differences in infrastructural facilities was developed. Results revealed that non- government institutions were providing more facilities for differently abled students in comparison to government institutions. It was found that 74.28% the students belonging to Government institutions had low level of satisfaction comparised to 55.71% of students belonging to non-Government institutions. Results may be used to explain suitable and barrier free environment in academic institutions for the convenience of differently abled students.  <#LINE#> @ @ Alqaryouti I.A., Inclusion the Disabled Students in Higher Education in Oman, International Journal for cross-disciplinary Subjects in Education (IJCDSE), 1(4), 216-222 (2010) @No $ @ @  Pivik K., Mccomas J. and Laflamme M., Barriers and Facilitators to Inclusive Education, Council for Exceptional Children, 69(1) 97-107(2002)  @No $ @ @ Bigde $ @ @  @No $ li Z., Services offered to Handicapped students in the Iranian Academic Libraries, ICAL., 613-618 (2009) @No $ @ @  Singh K. P.and Moirangthem E., Are Indian Libraries VIP-Friendly? Information Seeking Behavior of Visually Impaired People in Delhi Libraries, Library Palilosophy and Practice, 1-14 (2010) @No 
<#LINE#>Mainstreaming Women Employment and Human Development in Kheda District India- Sustainable Livelihood Approach to Poverty by UNDP<#LINE#>Kalpana@Satija,Mohan@Patel<#LINE#>26-35<#LINE#>5.ISCA-IRJSS-2012-039.pdf<#LINE#>Sardar Patel Institute of Economic and Social Research-Ahmedabad, INDIA @ Principal, N S Patel Art’s College-Anand, Gujrat, INDIA <#LINE#>17/9/2012 <#LINE#>19/9/2012<#LINE#>The decade after independence have seen incredible and chronological transformation in the status and position of women in Indian society.  Gujarat is the model for women employment and human development across the nation.  Employment certainly holds the key to improvement in status of women and human development and poverty reduction. In Kheda district, Gujrat, India an employed women becomes more conscious of her socio-economic position and rights. The employed women are gaining a status and influence in modeling decisions in the family. Therefore, the endorsement of family composition is converting into a democratic structure in Kheda. Further, the employment of women statistic shows in this paper that the employment status leads to education of girls and it promotes development and reduces their poverty, as seen in the positive correlation coefficient of per capita income and human development and poverty reduction. SL approach to poverty reduction by UNDP explains and illustrates how Kheda women contributing to the economic activity and building strengthen society for the district.<#LINE#> @ @ Study by planning commission (1958) @No $ @ @ Mies M., Consequences  of capitalist penetration for women’s subsistence reproduction in rural India, paper presented at a seminar on under development  and subsistence reproduction in South East Asia, April (1978) @No $ @ @ Sen and Sen (1985) @No $ @ @ Sen. A. Development as freedom. New York, Oxford University Press, and Oxford, Knopf (1999) @No $ @ @ Haq ul Mahbub¸ Reflection on  human development, Oxford University (1996) @No $ @ @ Andrew Morrison, Dhushyanth Raju,Nistha Sinha,policy research working paper 4349, Gender Equality, Poverty and Economic Growth, The World Bank  Gender and Development Group  Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network September (2007) @No $ @ @ Development in practice, towards gender equality, the role of public policy, by A World publication,18 (1995) @No $ @ @ Haq ul Mahbub, Reflections on human development, Oxford university press, Delhi (1996) @No $ @ @ Aluko S., Poverty: Its remedies in Poverty in Nigeria, Nigerian Economic Society (1975) @No $ @ @ World Bank Report, (1990) @No $ @ @ Gender mainstreaming in  poverty eradication  and millennium development goals,By Naila Kabeer, Canadian International Development Agency, Commonwealth Secretariat, International Development Research Centre (Canada) @No $ @ @ Malik K.P. and Rawal K., Law and Social transformation in India, Allahabad Law Agency, Faridabad, 195 (2002) @No $ @ @ Art.51(e) of the Constitution of India (2012) @No $ @ @ www.undp.org/sl.htm (2012) @No $ @ @ Alfred de Souza, Women in contemporary India and South Asia edited, published by Manohar publication, (1975) @No $ @ @ Annual Conference, Ibadan (2012) @No $ @ @ Committee. June, (mimeo) (1997) @No $ @ @ Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, Division for Policy and Socio-Economic Analysis (2001) @No $ @ @ Khanna Girja and Varghees  Mariamma A  , Indian Women Today, , Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi (1978) @No $ @ @ Lasse Krantz, The Sustainable Livelihood Approach to Poverty Reduction An Introduction (2012) @No $ @ @ Mitra Asok The status of women-literacy and employment –, by Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, (1979) @No $ @ @ Planning commission (1958) @No $ @ @ , Women in Employment (1901-1956), Government of India, new Delhi, (1985) @No $ @ @ Sharma Alakh N. Singh Seema, Women and Work, Changing scenario in India, edited by, Published by Indian Society of Labour Economics and B R Publishing Corporation, (1992) @No $ @ @ Socio-Economic Review, Gujarat State (2012) @No $ @ @ UNDP. Governance for Sustainable Livelihoods: Operational Issues (2012) @No $ @ @ UNDP. Participatory Assessment and Planning for Sustainable Livelihoods  (2012) @No $ @ @ UNDP. Policy Analysis and Formulation for Sustainable Livelihoods  (2012) @No $ @ @ UNDP. Sustainable Livelihoods Approaches in Operations: A Gender Perspective (2012) @No $ @ @ UNDP. Sustainable Livelihoods: Lessons learned from global programme experience (2012) @No $ @ @ www.samuha.org&#65533;Livelihood Approaches (2012) @No $ @ @ District Industrial Centre, Nadiad-Kheda (2012) @No $ @ @ District Panchayats of Kheda, Collectorate Office, Nadiad-Kheda (2012) @No $ @ @ For UNDP model: Operational scheme of the UNDP approach (Modified from: Krantz (2001) @No 
<#LINE#>Food Intake Pattern of Malnourished Preschool Children after Supplementation of Soyaladoo<#LINE#>N.S.@Ghatge<#LINE#>36-40<#LINE#>6.ISCA-IRJSS-2012-042.pdf<#LINE#> Pravara Rural Education Society’s, Home Science and BCA College, Loni, Taluka-Rahata, District-Ahamadnager, INDIA<#LINE#>18/9/2012<#LINE#>26/9/2012<#LINE#>  Malnutrition is the greatest threat to global public health. It has estimated that 178 million children are malnourished around the World. Whereas 40 per cent children are found under nourished among them 6.4 per cent are estimated severely malnourished in India. Hence supplementary feeding programmes are the emerging need in under nutrition for vulnerable segment in the population.  Supplementary feeding must be the additional nutrients which are providing for the optional growth and desirable change in health status. Hence effort had been made to formulate soyaladoo. The organoleptically high scored soyaladoo evaluated nutritionally for major nutrients such as energy(470.0kcal), proteins (20.1 g) and fats (22.0 g) content found more in soyaladoo.  The micro nutrients such as iron (6.3 mg), zinc (3.8 mg) and calcium (286.5 mg) were also observed higher range in soyaladoo.  It shown better keeping qualities upto two months when stored in a tetra package at room temperature. Such soyaladoo was given @ 50 g/ child/day. The soyaladoo supplemented group shown high significant change in major food groups i.e. cereals and legumes in group I. highly significant change was seen in fat and oil in soyaladoo supplemented group. <#LINE#> @ @ Sahay K.M. and Kachru, R.P., Preparation of soyblend snacks at domestic level, Soybean processing and utilization in Indian, Tech. Bull. No.,CIAE /SPU/1/88/53, (1988) @No $ @ @ Chandrashekhar Usha and HildoSahay Rani, W'supplementation studies, Soyprotein Isolate based food mix on 1-2 year old malnurished children improvement in the biochemical, chemical cognitive profile', The Ind, J.NutriDietet, 47, 460-466 (2004) @No $ @ @ Deshpande S.S., Mishra A. and Mistra M., Preparation and organoleptic evaluation of soyabased food products, The J. food sci. Techno, 38, 291-293 (2004) @No $ @ @ DahIya Saroj and Kapoor A.C., Diet and Nutritional assessment of selected infant and young children in rural area of Harayana, The Ind. J. Nutri and Dietet,29, 233, 239 (1992) @No $ @ @ Swaminathan N., Food Groups and Balanced Diets, Essentials of food and Nutrition volume – II: 1- 5 Malnutrition % in world(1996) @No $ @ @ Khor Geak, Importance Factors Of Protein Energy Malnutrition, The Ind. J. Nutri and Dietet, 175, 130 – 137 (2000) @No $ @ @ Ashworth A., Effect and effectiveness of community based treatments of sever malnutrition, Food Nutri Bill, 27,  24 –S48 (2006) @No $ @ @ Messina M.J., Soyafood their role in disease prevention andtreatment inLiu Keshun, Editor Soybean chemistry, Technology and utilization Chapman and Hall, New York, 443-447 (1997) @No $ @ @ Amerine M.A., Pangborn R.M. and Roessler E.B., Principles of Sensory Evaluation of Food, Academic Press, New York (1965) @No $ @ @ Gopalan C., Rama sastri B.V. and Balsubramanian S.C., Nutritive Value of Indian Foods, National Institute of Nutrition, ICMR, Hyderabad (2001) @No $ @ @ AOAC, Approved methods of analysis 14thedn association of official analytical chemist washington D.C. (1984) @No $ @ @ Gomez K.A. and Gomez A.A., Statistical procedures for agricultural research, Willey  International John Willey and Sons, New York (1984) @No 
<#LINE#>Community in Flux: Study of Patni in Cachar District of Assam <#LINE#>Mallick@Nirakar,Suranjan@Das<#LINE#>41-44<#LINE#>7.ISCA-IRJSS-2012-043.pdf <#LINE#>  Department of Sociology, School of Social Sciences, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, INDIA<#LINE#>22/9/2012<#LINE#>26/9/2012<#LINE#>  Purpose of this research paper is to examine social as well as health status of Patni community of Cachar District of Assam. Patni in Cachar Districtof Assam is beset with myth, folk and other construction. Patni is a migrated community, who are having long tradition of poverty, illiteracy, ill health and backwardness. Contemporary Patni society in Cachar District of Assam is characterized by poor socio-economic condition as well as poor health status. Genesis of their poor geo-political, socio-economic Vis-a Vis health condition is social discrimination throughout generations.  This paper highlights Patnis social, educational and cultural backwardness which reflect their poor health. <#LINE#> @ @ Duncan G. Mitchell, A New Dictionary of Sociology,(Ed), London, Routledge (1979) @No $ @ @ Nagla B.K., Indian Sociological Thought, Jaipur, Rawat Publication (2008) @No $ @ @ Nagla Madhu Sociology of medical profession, Rawat Publication, New Delhi (1980) @No $ @ @ Deb Bimal J and Lahiri Dilip K, Cosmogony of Caste and Social Mobility in Assam, Delhi, Mittal Publications (1984) @No $ @ @ Das Bhakta, A Glimpase of The Scheduled Caste and their Socio-economic Development in Assam, New Delhi, Omsons Publications (1986) @No $ @ @ Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Statistical Handbook, Govt. of Assam, Guwahati (2008) @No $ @ @ Park John E. parks Text Book of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jabalpur, Banarsidas  Bhanot publication (2009) @No $ @ @ Behera B.K. Gender Health Status and Primitive Tribes, B and B publishers, Bhubaneswar (2009) @No $ @ @ Antony G.M. and Laxmaiah A., Human Development, Poverty, health and nutrition situation in India, Ind J Med Res., 128, 198-205 (2008) @No $ @ @ Baru Rama, Acharya A, Acharya S, Shiva Kumar A K and Nagaraj K, Inequalities in Access to Health Service in India: Caste, Class and Region, EPW, 38, 49-57 (2010) @No $ @ @ Bello R.A., Determinants of Demand for Traditional method of Health Care services on Osun State, Nigeria, Ind. J. Soc. Dev., 5(2), 203-217 (2005) @No 
@Research Article
<#LINE#>E-Governance in the Government Treasuries of India - A Critical Evaluation<#LINE#>Mithun@Barua<#LINE#>45-50<#LINE#>8.ISCA-IRJSS-2012-028.pdf<#LINE#> Research Scholar and State Service Officer LM Thapar School of Mgt, Thapar University, Patiala, Punjab, INDIA <#LINE#>19/8/2012<#LINE#>25/8/2012<#LINE#>  Computerization of treasuries is one of the vital components of the e-governance initiatives in India. It started on the recommendation of the Finance Commission of India. Treasuries are the basic fiscal units, geographically spread in every administrative sub-units (districts) and district sub-units (sub-divisions) of the States of India (federal units). The assessment of the computerization of the treasuries is only conducted by the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India under the Information Technology Audit program. In this study, an attempt has been made to highlight the status of computerization based on the audit reports of CAG.  It is being found that there are many critical aspects and shortcomings of the e-governance initiatives in treasuries. After bringing out various short -comings, some measures have been suggested for meeting up these challenges. This study would make aware of the critical aspects and short-comings to not only to the government policy makers, academicians, researchers but also to the common man as the tax payers money is involved in these e-governance initiatives. <#LINE#> @ @ Finance Commission of India. Sixth Report, Ministry of Finance, Government of India (1974-79) @No $ @ @ Finance Commission of India. Seventh Report, Ministry of Finance, Government of India (1979-84) @No $ @ @ Finance Commission of India. Eighth Report, Ministry of Finance, Government of India (1984-89)@No $ @ @ Finance Commission of India. Ninth Report, Ministry of Finance, Government of India (1989-95) @No $ @ @ Finance Commission of India. Tenth Report, Ministry of Finance, Government of India (1995-2000) @No $ @ @ Finance Commission of India. Eleventh Report. Ministry of Finance, Government of India (2000-2005)@No $ @ @ Comptroller and Auditor General of India, Government of India, Information Technology Audit of Computerization of Treasuries, Government of Assam, Audit Report (Civil) (2007) @No $ @ @ Comptroller and Auditor General of India, Government of India, Information Technology Audit of e-KOSH online treasury computerization, Government of Chhattisgarh, Audit Report (Civil) (2007) @No $ @ @ Comptroller and Auditor General of India, Government of India, Information Technology Audit of Online Treasury Information System (OTIS), Government of Haryana, Audit Report (Civil) (2006) @No $ @ @ Comptroller and Auditor General of India, Government of India, Information Technology Audit of Online Treasury Information System (OTIS), Government of Himachal Pradesh, Audit Report (Civil) (2007) @No $ @ @ Comptroller and Auditor General of India, Government of India, Information Technology Audit of Computerization of Treasuries, Government of Karnataka, Audit Report (Civil) (2006) @No $ @ @ Comptroller and Auditor General of India, Government of India, Information Technology Audit of Treasury Information System, Government of Kerala, Audit Report (Civil) (2004) @No $ @ @ Comptroller and Auditor General of India, Government of India, Information Technology Audit of Integrated Treasury Computerization Project (ITCP), Government of Madhya Pradesh, Audit Report (Civil) (2007) @No $ @ @ Comptroller and Auditor General of India, Government of India, Information Technology Audit of Koshwahini System, Government of Maharashtra, Audit Report (Civil) (2005) @No $ @ @ Comptroller and Auditor General of India, Government of India, Information Technology Audit of Integrated Treasuries Information System (iTISP), Government of Punjab, Audit Report (Civil) (2007) @No $ @ @ Comptroller and Auditor General of India, Government of India, Information Technology Audit of Computerization of Treasuries, Government of Rajasthan, Audit Report (Civil) (2007) @No $ @ @ Comptroller and Auditor General of India, Government of India, Information Technology Audit of Integrated Treasury System Application (ITSANIC), Audit Report (Civil) (2007) @No $ @ @ Paikara, M.S., S.B.J. 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<#LINE#>A Study of the Agency of necessity with reference to Consensual Relation between the Agent and the Principal in Contract <#LINE#> Roshni@Duhan,Vimal@Joshi<#LINE#>51-55<#LINE#>9.ISCA-IRJSS-2012-047.pdf<#LINE#>  Department of law, B.P.S. Mahila vishwavidyalaya, Khanpur kalan, Sonipat, Haryana, INDIA <#LINE#>9/10/2012<#LINE#>17/10/2012<#LINE#>  The present paper provides an analysis of the doctrine of necessitous intervention through a legal relationship of a defendant as seen from the principle of agency of necessity’s perspective. It well focuses the agency of necessity. Also, it considers the consensual relation between the principal and his agent thoroughly. The doctrine of the principals necessitous intervention is clearly explained with the principals liability for torts in agency. Finally, it well considers an overview of the Indian and European Perspective. <#LINE#> @ @ Fridman, G.H.L., Law of Agency, 7th Ed, Butterworths, London (1996) @No $ @ @ Markesinis, B.S. and Munday, R.J.C., An Outline of the Law of Agency, 4th Edition, Butterworths, London (1998) @No $ @ @ Mechem, F.R. A Treatise on the Law of Agency, 2nd Ed. Callaghan and Co., Chicago, USA (1914) @No $ @ @ Reynolds, F.M.B. Bowstead and Reynolds on Agency 18th Ed. Sweet and Maxwell, London (2006) @No $ @ @ Stoljar, S.J. Law of Agency Sweet and Maxwell, London (1961) @No $ @ @ Trietel, G.H. The Law of Contract 9th Ed Sweet and Maxwell, London (1995) @No $ @ @ Atiyah, Vicarious Liability in the law of Torts, Chp. 9 1967)@No $ @ @ Birks, P An introduction the law of Restitution. Oxford University press. Oxford New York (2003 ) @No $ @ @ Fergus, R and Jonathan, D., Guide to the Commercial Agency Regulations. Hart publishing. Oxford (2004) @No $ @ @ Fridman G.H.L, Law of Agency, 7th. Edition, Published by Butterworths in 1996, ISBN 9780406997180 (1996) @No 
@Short Communication
<#LINE#>The Essence of Human Societies: Purpose of life, Challenges, Opportunities, limited Power of states<#LINE#>Zoltan@Gacsi<#LINE#>56-58<#LINE#>10.ISCA-IRJSS-2012-048.pdf<#LINE#>nstitute of Nuclear Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Debrecen, 4027 Bem tér 18/c, HUNGARY <#LINE#>10/10/2012<#LINE#>15/10/2012<#LINE#>A new definition of life is given, the purpose of life is stated, and then relations in the most general sense are used to define the environment and to establish groups of people ranging from families to human societies. Challenges and opportunities in human life are emphasized along with clear statement on the general and acceptable role of political forces, thus proposing the awareness of limitations governing institutions of states should respect.<#LINE#> @ @ Trifonov E.N., Definition of Life: Navigation through Uncertainties, J. of Biomolecular Structure and  Dynamics29, 647-650 (2012) @No $ @ @ Gardner M., The fantastic combinations of John Conway’s new solitaire game ‘life’, Sci. Am.,223, 120–123(1970) @No $ @ @ Le Deoux J., Rethinking the Emotional Brain, Neuron, and references therein 73, 653–676 (2012) @No $ @ @ Kashchiev D., Nucleation: Basic Theory with Applications, Butterwort-Heinemann, Oxford, (2000) @No