@Editorial from Editor-in-Chief
<#LINE#>Dipak Sharma ,<#LINE#>I. Res. J. Social Sci.,<#LINE#>
@Research Paper
<#LINE#>A Retrospective Study on Thyroid Disorder with Fertility Problem among Married Couples at Lucknow City, India <#LINE#>Pratibha@Mitra,Neetu@Singh<#LINE#>2-5<#LINE#>1.ISCA-JSS-2012-013.pdf<#LINE#>  Dept. HD and FS, School for Home Science, B.B.A.U., Lucknow, INDIA <#LINE#>16/7/2012 <#LINE#>24/7/2012<#LINE#>  The objective of the study was to elicit fertility problem among case and control group in study area. A retrospective study was adopted (case – control) for the study. This desired sample size of the study was computed by in study are screening method of the population. At the time of collection of information of case and control group about their thyroid disease, all pathodologiacal records examined and prescribed by registered doctor were checked. The present study showed that the fertility problem among case group majority of miscarriage respondents are 41.86% female and 35.29% male fertility problem showed that the low sperm motility in case group respondents and maximum marriage age present with outcomes of child birth are 41.66% case group and 43.33% control group are 15 to 20 years and maximum child birth readiness and duration in fertility problem and thyroid disorder are 27 respondents case group in 3 to 4 years and 37 respondents control group in 2 to 3 years. <#LINE#> @ @ Krassas G.E., Thyroid disease and female reproduction fertility and sterility, 74, 1063.70 (2004) @No $ @ @ Wang C. and Crapo L.M., The epidemiology of thyroid disease and implication for screening. Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of north America, 26, 189-218 (1992) @No $ @ @ Jones R.L., Hannan N.J. and Kaitu’u T.J., Zhang, Salamonsen LA., Identification of chemokines important for leukocyte recruitment to the human endometrial at the times of embryo implantation and menstruation. Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 89, 55-67 (2004) @No $ @ @ Agarwal G., Sudhakar M.K., Mohini S., Senthil N., and Rajendran A., The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction among south Indian women with metabolic syndrome, Original article, internal medicine section (2011) @No $ @ @ Poppe K. and Velkeniers B., Female infertility and the thyroid, Best practice and Research clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 18(2), 153-165 (2004) @No $ @ @ Wbitman-Elia G.F. and Baxley E.G., A primary care approach to the infertile couple, JABFP, 14 (2001) @No 
<#LINE#>Strategic Transfer of Soy Processing Technology among Rural Women for Enhancing the Health Status and for Encouraging the Home Economy in Rural Area<#LINE#>Sandhya@Kale<#LINE#>6-14<#LINE#>2.ISCA-JSS-2012-025.pdf<#LINE#>  Shankarlal Khandelwal College, Akola M.S. INDIA <#LINE#>14/8/2012<#LINE#>16/8/2012<#LINE#>  Cereals and pulses are the major sources of protein in India because animal protein is expensive and a large part of the population is vegetarian. The meal from this new process can also be used for protein fortification programmes, which the Indian government had traditionally favored   This type of program can have a substantial positive effect on the nutrition standards of vulnerable segments of the population. Providing credit and extension services and steering government nutrition program towards this technology will facilitate faster adoption. Today, Biotechnology and Information technology combined with traditional research and developed training programs for improving acceptability, efficiency and profitability. Present study was carried out to implore the soybean processor and the rural women to join and act together for a better tomorrow with an appropriate use of technology that can provide timely information about it. Soybean has recently occupied vital place in agriculture and edible oil economy in India and has made marked improvement in rural area economy and socioeconomic conditions of farmer.This technology could be great value to rural women. Women can gain the benefit of the technology by getting health benefits and self oriented employed life, with saving to decrease the information gap a technology transfer to research area with the objective of coordinate an organized process of technology transfer. Properly utilization of soybean can help India to alleviate protein malnutrition. Soybean production in India is substantial and economically significant suggest that. Severe protein malnutrition, the expense of animal protein, religious beliefs, and high population density necessitate an emphasis on increasing the vegetable sources of protein in India. <#LINE#> @ @ Bhatnagar P.S.,  Harnessing The Soy Potential for Health and Wealth: Indian Soy Forum, Malvia Nagar, Indor (2001) @No $ @ @ Bhoite H.S. and Nikhalji Y.S, A study of adoption of agricultural, Technology, M.S., Journal of Ext. Education,11: 97 (1998) @No $ @ @ Bhosale D.M., Opportunities of using soy products in Indian aquaculture industry, Research paper pub in harnessing the soy potential for health and wealth March 17-18 ISF2001 M.P., M.S. and Rajasthan, 220 (2000) @No $ @ @ Edwards A.L., Techniques of attitudes scale constructions Bombay Vakils Feffer and Simons, Pvt. Ltd 13-14 (1990) @No $ @ @ Henkel J., Soy health claim for soy protein, question about other component, FAD Magazine, (2000) @No $ @ @ Kaul, S.N.,  Role of Socio-economic factors in the adoption of rural practices, Journal of extension study, 14 (2009) @No $ @ @ Khemmani M., Tuning Thoughts towards Training, Manila, Philippines, Asia and Pacific programe for Development Training and Communication planning (DTCP), United Nations Development Program, Training Tips. No. (2009) @No $ @ @ Krishna M.M., Health benefits and food applications of isolated soy protein. Research paper pun in Harnessing the soy potential for health and wealth March 17-18  IS F (2001) @No $ @ @ Liu K., Expanding soybean food utilization, Food technology 54-55 (2000) @No $ @ @ Mahipal,  Impact of Training Program on Extension Personnel, M.S. Journal of Ext. Education, XVI (1997) @No $ @ @ Manchanda S.C., Soy for heart health. Research paper pub in Harnessing the soy potential for health and wealth March 17-18  ISF (2001) @No
<#LINE#>Informal Care Received by Elderly Residing in Slums of Tiruchirappalli District, Tamilnadu, India <#LINE#>Udhayakumar1@Palaniswamy,Ilango@Ponnuswamy<#LINE#>15-18<#LINE#>3.ISCA-JSS-2012-010.pdf<#LINE#> Department of Social Work, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu – 620023, INDIA <#LINE#>03/07/2012<#LINE#>14/7/2012 <#LINE#> The purpose of this research paper is to examine the concept of informal care among elderly residing in slums. Population aging is a global phenomenon. Though it is commonly  agreed that caring for an increasing older population is the responsibility of the government, the private sector and individuals themselves, it is till assumed the families should take up the major role in caring for the elderly. India is poised to become home to the second largest member of older persons in the world. The traditional norms and values of Indian society laid stress on showing respect and providing care for the elderly. The advents of modernization, industrialization, urbanization, occupational differentiation and growth of individual philosophy have eroded the traditional values the vested authority with elderly. These have led to defiance and decline of informal care for elder’s mong members of younger generation. Although family support and care of the elderly are unlikely to disappear in the near future, informal care of the elderly seems likely to decrease at the nations develop economically and modernize in other respect. Hence, this study has focused on the quality of informal care received by the elderly residing in slums in Tiruchirappalli district, Tamilnadu.<#LINE#> @ @ Bureau H.T., The Security of Senior Citizens: An Unhealthy Trend, Human Touch, 1(4), 14-18 (2004) @No $ @ @ Dean M., Britain to debate how to plain for an ageing population, The Lancet, 351(9105), 811 (1998) @No $ @ @ Aday L.A., At risk in America: The health and health care needs of vulnerable populations in the United States, 2nd  Ed. San Francisco, (2002) @No $ @ @ Abrams P., Neighbourhood Care and Social Policy. Berkhamsted: Volunteer Centre, (1978) @No $ @ @ Qureshi H., Boundaries between formal and informal care-giving work. In Ungerson, C. (Eds) Gender and Careing: Work and Welfare in Britain and Scandinavia. Hertfordshire: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 59-79 (1990) @No $ @ @ Ara S., Old age among slum dwellers. New Delhi South Asian  Publishers, (1996) @No $ @ @ World Health Organization. Healthy Ageing. A WHO publication, Geneva, (2001) @No $ @ @ United Nations Population Division. The Ageing of the World’s Population. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Secretariat (2002) @No $ @ @ Litwin H. and Auslander G.K., Evaluating informal support,  Evaluation Review, 14(1), 42-56 (1990) @No $ @ @ Chappel N., and Blandford A., Informal and formal care: exploring the   complementarity, Ageing and Society, 11, 299-317, (1991) @No $ @ @ Tennsted S.L., McKinlay J.B., and Sullivan L.M., Informal care for frail elders: the role of secondary caregivers. Gerontologist, 29(5), 677-683(1989) @No $ @ @ Qureshi H., and Walker A., The Caring Relationship: Elderly People and Their Families. London: Macmillan, (1989) @No $ @ @ Cantor M.H., Neighbours and Friends: An Overlooked Resource in the Informal Support System, Research on Ageing, , 434-463(1979) @No $ @ @ Hekkinen E., Lifestyle and life satisfaction. In Waters, W.E., Heikkinen, E. & Dontas, A.S. (Eds), Health, Lifestyles and Services for the Elderly, Public Health in Europe, Denmark: World Health Organization, 39 -74 (1989) @No $ @ @ Asharaf  A., "Declining Informal Care: A Threat to Ageing", Vll National Conference of Alzheimer's and Related Disorders Society of India, held between  3-4 November, Kottayam, Kerala (2001) @No
<#LINE#>Community Radio (CR) - Participatory Communication Tool for Rural Women Development - A Study <#LINE#>K.C.Siva@Balan1,SelvinJebaraj@Norman <#LINE#>19-22<#LINE#>4.ISCA-JSS-2012-014.pdf<#LINE#>Agrl.Extension, Thanthai Roever Institute of Agriculture and Rural Development, Perambalur, Tamil Nadu, INDIA @ Future Studies, Gandhi Gram Rural University, Gandhi Gram, Tamil Nadu, INDIA. <#LINE#>17/7/2012<#LINE#>27/7/2012<#LINE#>  Radio was identified as the most accessible mass communication tool for grass root people. The radio as a medium, can easily reach the rural mass in short span of time. The technology is simple and easy to use. The advantage of radio is literacy is not needed for the users, while incurring lower investment cost. The concept of community radio (CR) is gaining momentum in recent period. Community radio is a process. It is not simply about producing radio programme, to put on air. CR is by the community and for the community. CR is giving opportunity for the people representation for different ethnic, social and religious backgrounds and gender. The community participation in all aspects of the radio station from establishment to management, from administration to financing. The modern concept of development gives emphasis to human and social development does not end with economic development only. For social development, empowering the Women at grassroots and their capacity building is the major concerns. Community radio (CR) can emerge as a future tool for rural women development. CR is a platform for bringing accountability of the development process, ultimately making the system more transparent and ensuring good governance. CR ensures the participation of the community, along with community ownership and control. Thus speedy transfer of technology is need of the hour for second green revolution. The research for finding future tools for rural women development is inevitable. CR will play a major role in identifying and addressing local infrastructure needs, grass root development by means of participatory communication. <#LINE#> @ @ Buxi LS., Status of women in India, Yojana, 3312), 6-7 1989) @No $ @ @ Sahu Basanta K., Challenges for Inclusive Growth in Orissa: Performance of Agriculture and Poverty, International J. of Development Studies, 2(4), 60-70(2010) @No $ @ @ Pruthi, Raj Kumar; Rameshwari Devi and Romila Pruthi., Status and Position of Women: In Ancient, Medieval and Modern India, Vedam books: Chennai, (2001) @No $ @ @  Bora Abhijit,Science Communication through Mass Media, Res. J. Recent Sci. Res.1(1), 10-15 (2012) @No $ @ @ Akila Sivaraman., Media for Women’s Education, TR Publications Private Limited: Chennai, (2007) @No $ @ @ Kaptan, Sanjay and Subramanian V.P., Women in Advertising, Vedam Books: Chennai, (2001) @No $ @ @ .V.S. Ganesamurthy, Empowerment of Women in India: Social, Economic and Political, New Century Publication: New Delhi, (2008) @No $ @ @ Arundhati Chattopadhyay., Women's Empowerment across Indian States, Yojana, Yojana Bhavan, Sansad Marg, New Delhi, (2012) @No $ @ @ Sharma Kalpa., Health IT in Indian Healthcare System: A New Initiative, Res.J.Recent Sci. 1(6), 83-86 (2012) @No $ @ @ http://www.communityradio.in/pdf, (2012) @No $ @ @ http://www.chillibreeze.com/articles_various/community-radio.asp (2012) @No $ @ @ Government of India, Ministry of Labour and employment, Labour Bureau Chandigarh, Report on Socio-economic Conditions of Women Workers in Plantation Industry , 2008 @No 
@Research Article
<#LINE#>A Picturesque Study of Internet Media Tools Leveraging Global Social Changes <#LINE#>Rooble@Verma,Priyanka@Verma,Vibha@Shrivastava<#LINE#>23-28<#LINE#>5.ISCA-JSS-2012-004.pdf<#LINE#>School of Studies in English, Vikram University, Ujjain, MP, INDIA  @ Department of Management Studies, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, MP, INDIA @ Christu Jyoti Higher Secondary School, Ujjain, MP, INDIA  <#LINE#>16/4/2012<#LINE#>26/4/2012<#LINE#>  Today it is almost impossible to imagine a life without media. Media has developed a very unique position for itself in our lives. If we just look around then we would find that there is no aspect of our life which is not touched and affected by media. Be it our work, relationships, education or entertainment, media is seen everywhere. And there is no denial that we can not live without media. There is no doubt that media is playing a very significant role in making the world smaller. Through various mediums of media whether it is radio, television, newspaper or internet, today we are able to connect with large number of people around us. Especially internet has truly become the need of every individual both for our work and to connect with our friends and well wishers. Twitter, Blog, Facebook, My Space and You Tube have occupied such special place in our lives that if we are not a part of it, then there is something really important that we are missing .Media not only connects with our friends but it also informs us about the events in the world. In this way media is like a mirror of the society which reflect each and everything about the society to us. Media is not just confined to informing us about the happenings and serving a means to connect with people, in fact it also affects out thinking patterns and compel us to think on various matters. The way we think and perceive various issues about the world is also shaped up by media. Today everyone especially youth is growing so aware about his responsibilities towards society is because of media. Campaign such as Teach India and Jaago Grahak Jaago helps in spreading awareness about human rights and duties. In this way the changes that we see in the society is largely due to the wide range of concerns that media is able to cover in the society.<#LINE#> @ @ Alia, Valerie, Media, Ethics and Social ChangeRoutledge, New York (2004) @No $ @ @ Abhijit, Bora, Science Communication Through Mass Media Research Journal of Recent Sciences15 (2012) @No $ @ @ Demers, David and Vishwanath K.Control and Social Change A Macro Social Perspective. Iowa State Press, Iowa @No $ @ @ Gillmor, Dan, We the Media: Grassroots Journalism by the People, for the People.  O'Reilly Media, California (2006) @No $ @ @ Stone, Biz, Who Let The Blogs OutHyperconnected Peek At The World Of Weblogs. St. Martin's Griffin, San Francisco (2004) @No $ @ @Rowse, Darren and Garrett,for Blogging Your Way to a SixWiley and Sons, Indianapolis, Indiana (2008) @No $ @ @ Kirkpatrick David, The Facebook Effect: The Inside Story of the Company That Is Connecting the World.Simon and Schuster, New York @No $ @ @ Magid, Larry and Collier, Anne. MySpace Unraveled: A Parent's Guide to Teen Social Networking from the Directors of BlogSafety.com. Peachpit Press, Berkeley, Calif. (2007) @No $ @ @ Kelsey, Candice. M. and Helping Your Teen Survive OnlMarlowe and Company, New York (2007)  @No $ @ @ Jarboe Greg,YouTube and Video Marketing: An Hour a Day,John Wiley and Sons, Indianapolis, Indiana (2012) @No $ @ @ Miller, Michael, YouTube for Business: Online Marketing for Any Busines,(2009) @No $ @ @ Arora, SK Ushering in Radio revolution through FM Radio The Employment News, September(2005) @No $ @ @ Dutta Choudhury, Anindita, Easy listening, Time, October 8, 25 (2005) @No $ @ @ Jopsephine Joseph, and Gopalakrishnan TR, P., Training Communications for the Digital EraChallenges and OpportunitiesCommunication, Karnataka University, December, 63, (2003)@No $ @ @ Sarma KS. Public Service Broadcasting, November issue, 45, (2005) @No 
<#LINE#>District Development Plan: Methods and Focus <#LINE#>R.@Arunajayamani<#LINE#>29-34<#LINE#>6.ISCA-JSS-2012-006.pdf<#LINE#> School of Governance and Public Policy, Rajiv Gandhi National Institute of Youth Development, Beemanthangal, Chennai - Bangalore Highway, Sriperumbudur – 602 105, Tamil Nadu, INDIA <#LINE#>18/6/2012<#LINE#>29/6/2012<#LINE#>District planning process in India has gained importance through the 74th constitutional act. Unfortunately the entire process of planning process is centrally biased and focused on macro issues.  The concept of grass root level planning is a recent addition to the strategies of micro planning for development. It might be considered as a logical extension of the national planning scheme promoted by most countries. The local self-government institutions having an effective strategy for preparing micro planning, with focus on mobilization of target people for effective participation in the process of planning at the grass root level, to attain greater success in the field of rural development.<#LINE#> @ @ Government of India, State and District Administration, Second Administrative Reforms Commission, Fifteenth Report, New Delhi, (2009) @No $ @ @ Government of India, Manual for Integrated District Planning, Planning Commission, Government of India , (2008) @No $ @ @ Purnandur Sekher Das, Decentralized Planning and Participatory Development,Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi, (2005) @No $ @ @ Jain S.P., Emerging Institutions for Decentralized Rural Development Vol I & Vol IINational Institute of Rural Development, Hyderabad, (2001) @No $ @ @ Mohanan B., Decentralized Governance and Participatory Development, Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi, (2005) @No $ @ @ Gill Mandip, Green HRM: People Management Commitment to Environmental Sustainability, Research Journal of. Recent Sciences.,1(ISC-2011), 244-252 (2012) @No $ @ @ Qaiyum, Abdul, “The constitution 73rd and 74th Amendment Acts, 1992 and District Planning”, Spatial- Economic Development Record, Vol. 10, No1. Jan-Feb, New Delhi, (2003) @No $ @ @ Sundaram V., Decentralized Multilevel Planning Principles and Practices, Asian and African Experiences, Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi, (1997) @No $ @ @ Aggarwal Vijender, Aggarwal Rachna and Khanna Parul., Micro Finance and Risk Management for Poor in India, Research Journal of Recent Sciences., 1(2), 104-107 (2012) @No $ @ @ Kittur Parveen and Hundekar S.G., NGOs and their Role in Development of Science-In Development of Rural Women Entrepreneurship, Res. J. Recent Sciences., 1(ISC-2011) , 410-414 (2012) @No $ @ @ Hiremath Deepa B. and Shiyani R.L., Adapting Gujarat to Climatic Vulnerabilities: The Road A head, Research Journal of. Recent Sciences., 1(5) 38-45 (2012) @No $ @ @ Jain S.P., Emerging Institutions for Decentralized Rural Development Vol I & Vol II,National Institute of Rural Development, Hyderabad, (2001) @No $ @ @ Goel S.L, Shalini Rajneesh., Panchayat Raj in India – Theory and Practice,Deep and Deep, New Delhi, (2003) @No $ @ @ Sundar Ram D.S, Panchayat Raj Reforms in India, Kanishka Publishers, New Delhi, (2001) @No $ @ @ Sharma Kalpa, Health IT in Indian Healthcare System: A New Initiative, Research Journal of. Recent Sciences., 1(6),83-86 (2012) @No $ @ @ Venkatesan V., Institutionalizing Panchayati Raj in India, Institute of Social Sciences, (2005) @No $ @ @ Blanchard Ken, The 3 Keys to Empowerment, Magna, New Delhi, (2000) @No 
<#LINE#>Dominance of English in the Global market and the First Generation Learners (FGL) <#LINE#> Vinod@Bhatt,Dipti@Joshi<#LINE#>35-38<#LINE#>7.ISCA-JSS-2012-018.pdf<#LINE#>Amity University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, INDIA <#LINE#>19/7/2012 <#LINE#>4/8/2012<#LINE#>The significance of English cannot be denied in the present scenario. It has emerged as the most widely used language of the world. Almost all the scientific studies in most of the universities of the world are carried out in English medium. It not only helps us to be updated with the recent developments around the world but also plays an important role in the enhancement of our personality. Fluency in English language is a must for getting jobs in multinational companies. EIL (English as International Language) is dramatically challenging the ELT profession and further research can help practitioners better appreciate the contribution of EIL to language teaching and intercultural communication all over the world.With the emergence of new age economies like the software development and call centers the significance of the language has increased further. In order to sustain oneself and find a livelihood a good knowledge of English is compulsory. The dominance of English therefore becomes significant to the first generation learners. This influence of English can be seen in all the engineering and professional colleges who have made the learning of English mandatory for all the students. This paper is an attempt to illustrate the dominance of English language for the first generation learners.<#LINE#> @ @ F. Sharifian, English as an International Language: Perspectives and pedagogical issues (2009) @No $ @ @ Anne Kaanranta, Business English Lingua Francea in intercultural (Business) communication (2009) @No $ @ @ Du Hui, The Globalization of the English language: reflections on the teaching of English in China, International Education Journal , 2, @No $ @ @ Francis  J., Norman Helping EFL students improve their spoken English, Easton Area school district  @No $ @ @ Bojan Rajesgh, is Cooprative learning Cooprative?, Language in India, 11 (2011) @No $ @ @ Pornpimon Hart, Rawung and Lynne Li, Globalization and business communication: English communication Skills for Thai Outomative Engineers Books Referred  @No $ @ @ Yadav Shalini, Communication Techniques, University Science Press, New Delhi (2010) @No $ @ @ Rai Urmila and Rai S. M., Business Communication, Himalaya Publishing House PVT.LTD. Mumbai ( 2009) @No $ @ @ Rao, Nageshwar, Communication Skills. Mumbai, Himalaya Publishing House PVT.LTD (2009) @No $ @ @ Ashraf Rizvi M, , effective Technical Communication, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing  Company Limited, New Delhi, (2008) @No $ @ @Koneru Aruna, Effective Technical Communication, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing  Company Limited, New Delhi, 2008) @No $ @ @ Sinha K.K., Business Communication, Galgotia Publishing Company, New Delhi (2008) @No $ @ @ Barbara Johnstone (Ed.), Language and Society. Cambridge University Press, USA (2007) @No $ @ @ Raman, Meenakshi and Singh Prakash., Business Communication,1st edition, Oxford University Press, New Delhi (2006) @No $ @ @ Gupta N and Mahajan P.,  Business Communication, sahitya Bhavan Publication, Agra (2005) @No $ @ @ Summers J. and Smith B., Communication skills handbook, Wiley and Sons, Milton, Qld (2004) @No $ @ @ Malouf D., How to Create and Deliver a Dynamic Presentation, 2nd ed., Business and Publishing, Warriewood, NSW (2001) @No $ @ @ Comfort J. and Utley D., Effective Presentations, Oxford University Press, Oxford (Book and Video) (1995) @No $ @ @ Beisler F., Scheeres H. and Pinner D.,  Communication skills, 2nd edn, Longman Cheshire, Melbourne (1993) @No 
<#LINE#>The Role of Endowments in the Scientific Prosperity of Maqdis in Ayyubid Age<#LINE#>AmalH.@Zayan<#LINE#>39-48<#LINE#>8.ISCA-JSS-2012-019.pdf<#LINE#> History Department, Faculty of Arts, Cairo University, Giza, EGYPT <#LINE#>17/1/2012<#LINE#>17/3/2012<#LINE#>The endowments of the students of science are one of the aspects of piety. According to the jurists, it is an equivalent to jihad for the sake of God. The endowments or El-Ahbas were considered one of the most important aspects of charity. Also, they were considered by many jurists as a continuous charity to obtain its owner reward.  The profits of endowments became the primary resource for expenditure on the scientific institutions, from the Sheikh of school to the servants. So, sons of Ayyub were interested in endowments. The expenditure on the scientific institutions was achieved by endowment authority according to the conditions stipulated by the endower in his document. In an accurate reading of the texts of these documents, we find that the endower determines the way of spending and how much is spent on all employees in this scientific institution as well as precise determining for the endowed places. As a result of the availability of funds from the proceeds of these endowments, these schools played its scientific role, where they accepted many delegations of scientists, scholars and students from the different countries of the Islamic world. In this way, the scientific prosperity has increased in Jerusalem in the Ayyubid age, because of these endowments, which have been endowed to various scientific centers. Thus, the endowments were the main source of spending on these scientific centers in Maqdis, and what necessary to meet their different needs. The returns of these funds were spent on the employees in the school, where the salaries were paid to the employers in the schools. Some funds were allocated to spend on the restoration of these schools and reform what was destroyed. Besides, some returns were spent on providing the libraries in those school with the necessary books, papers, and ink pens. Also, buying the necessary rugs, carpets, mats, lamps, oil, etc to these schools.<#LINE#> @ @ Sultan Nur El-Din Mahmoud is the son of the Sultan Imad El-Din bin Ak-sanqr El-Hajeb, was born in 511AH/ 1117 AD, The Ruler of Aleppo after the death of his father, Imad El-Din in 541 AH/ 1146 AD, then he Could unify the Kingdom of his father, Mosul and Aleppo, and Combine the most of Levant countries, Aljezera and Egypt, and his property has expended to include Mosul, Diyr-Bakr, Aljezera, the Levant and Yemen, and sermon to him in two Holy Mosques of Mecca and Medina. He has been described in history that he was just, following of the good ancestors, and he loved science and scientists, died in 569 AH/ 1173 AD. See: Ibn El-Atheer: El-Kamel fi El-Tarikh, Beirut ,v.11,   402 (1966, Abu Shama: raudatain fi akbar El-Dawaltain, BeirutVI, 229, ( n. d)  @No $ @ @ El-Mawiz Weliettbar Bezikr Alkhetat Wellathar, Bulaq 1,V2,   362 (1270) @No $ @ @ El- Imad El-Isfahani: El-Fath El-Qusi Fi El-Fath El-Qudsi, Cairo,   141(2003); Ibn El-Atheer: El-Kamil Fi El-Tarikh, XI,   551-552, Sibt Ben El-Jauzi: Miraat El-Zaman Fi Tarich El-Aian, Hyderabad, VI, 397 (1951) @No $ @ @ Ibn-Wasil: Mufarrij El-Kurub Fi Akbar Bani Ayyub, Cairo V.2,   229 (1957) @No $ @ @ Ibn Abidin: Red El-Mukhtar Ala El-Durr El-Mukhtar, Boulak,  3,   387, El-Ghazali: Ehiaa Oloum El-Din,   5 (1323) @No $ @ @ Ibn Hajar El-Asklani: Fath El-Barii Fi Sharh Sahih El-Bukhari, Egypt, ,   246(1319) AH El-Ahbas: they are endowments, and the term derived as Jurists have permitted "Habs the place and benefaction with its income", thus defined the endowment as a: "Habs the place not be dispelled by sale or mortgage, gift, is not transmitted by inheritance. The benefit or revenue be spent on the places of charity according to the terms of endowment. See: Ibn hajar El-asklani: Fath El-Barii,  5,   246; see also: Mohamed Mohamed Amin: Endowments and social life in Egypt, Cairo    22(1980) @No $ @ @ Ibn Mamatii: Quanin El-Dawawin, Cairo,   356(1991) @No $ @ @ Lumaa El-Quawanin El-Mudiyaa Fi Dawawin El-Diyar El-Misriyya, Cairo ,   26(N. d) @No $ @ @ el-Nabulsi: Lumaa El-Qawawin,   26; see also: Mohamed Mohamed Amin: Endowments and Social life in Egypt,   56. @No $ @ @ See the written text at the entrance to the Badriyah School in Maqdis, Abdul-Jail Hassan Abdul-Mahdi: Schools in Jerusalem, Jordon ,  1,   359 (1981) @No $ @ @ Ibn Khallikan: WaFiat El-Aian Waanbai Abnaa El-Zaman, Beirut ,  7,   84-100; (1978) Mogeer El-Din El-Hanbali: El-Uns El-Galil bi Tarikh El-qudis well Khalel, ,  2,   102 ( N. d) @No $ @ @ Ibn-Wasil: Mufarrij El-Kurub, V4, 219. @No $ @ @ Mogeer El-Din El-Hanbali: El-uns El-Galil, 2,   144, see also: Abdul-Jalil Hassan Abdul-Mahdi: schools in Jerusalem, 1,   183. It should be noted that Saladin had no money of his own, and did not have the properties to buy this school, or endow from its endowments, so he ordered the agent of the House of money (Biet El-Mall) to dispose of purchasing it from House of money, and asserts that when Saladin died , there was not found in his own treasury except "forty seven silver dirhams, and one gold dinar, and did not leave property , house , garden , farm , ceiling or visible thing, not taking advantage any type of property". See: Abu Shama: er-raudhatain fi akbbar El-Dawaltain, 2, 217. @No $ @ @ Ahmed Ben Ibrahim El-Hanbali mentioned that, the number of scientists who had accompanied Saladin as he entered Jerusalem "were approximately ten thousand men". See: Shifaa El-Klou Fi Manakeb Bani Ayyub, Iraq, 129 (1978) @No $ @ @ Imad El-Isfahni: El-Fath El-Qussi,   145, Ibn Wasil: Mufarrij El-Kurub, 2, 230, Hanbali: Shifaa El-Kloup,   178. Abu El-Feda mentioned that Muslims have established a school in this place, and following  the seizure of the crusaders to Jerusalem in 492 AH/ 1099 AD it turned into a church, and then returned Saladin a school. See: El-Moukhtaser Fi Akbar El-Bashar,  3,   83. The Door of Assbatt: this door is attributed to Assbatt of Bani Israel. See: Mogeer El-Din El-Hanbli: El-Uns El-Galil, 2,   28. @No $ @ @ Mogeer El-Din El-Hanbli: El-Uns El-Galil, 2,   144. @No $ @ @ Mufarij El-Kurub, 2,   230. @No $ @ @ Wafiat El-Aian, ,   207.  @No $ @ @ Noueiri: Nihaiat El-Arab Fi Fonoun El-Adab, Cairo, 28,   437 (1992) @No $ @ @ Runciman: History of the crusades, Beirut , , 138-141, (1968) Stevenson: The Cusaders in the East, Cambridge,(1968) @No $ @ @ El-Mokhtaser Fi Akbar El-Basher, Press Husseini in Cairo,  ,  83, (n. d) @No $ @ @ Baha El-Din ibn Shaddad is Yusuf Ben Rafi Ben Tamim Bin OttBa Ben Mohammed Ben Attab El-Asadi, born in Mosul in the Tenth of Ramadan in 539 AH/ 15 February in 1145 AD, was educated in Mosul, where he studied by the number of its scientists, and then later turned to Baghdad following the complete qualification, where he joined with El-Nizamia School as a demonstrator , and stayed in this school as a demonstrator for four years, until the year 566 AH/ 1170 AD, then he went to Mosul in 569 AH/ where he worked as a teacher at the school of Justice Kamal El-Din El-Shahrzari, and in 583 AH , he made the pilgrimage to Biet Allah El-Haram, following performing pilgrimage, he wanted to visit Jerusalem and El-Khalil (Hebron), then he went first to Damscus, Sultan Saladin was in Damascus in this time, he heard of him, and when the fame of Ben shaddad preceded him to Damascus, so Saladin wanted to meet him, called him, and Greatly honored him, and asked him to hear a part of Hadith, Ibn Shaddad did so, which led to Saladin\92s admiring with his knowledge and wisdom, so following Ibn Shaddad left Saladin, Saladin sent Imad El-Din El-Katib to follow him, and telling him that the Sultan wants to meet him at the end of his visit to Jerusalem. Ibn Shaddad already returned, then Saladin made him in his service at the beginning of the month of jumada Awwal 584 AH/ 28 june 1138 AD, where Saladin appointed him as a governor of Kaddaa El-Asker and ruling of Jerusalem, and since that date Ibn Shaddad has become "one of the best friends to Saladin " and a accompanied him until the death of Saladin. See: Ibn khallikan: Wafiat El-Aian, 7,   84-88, Ibn Wasil: Mufarrij El-Kurrub, 5, 89.@No $ @ @ Ziel er-raudatian, 163.@No $ @ @ Wafiat El-Aian, 7, 87. @No $ @ @ Mogeer El-Din El-Hanbabi: El-Uns El-Gallil, ,   102. @No $ @ @ El-Dawii Allami Fi Aian El-Karn El-Tasii, Beirut., 8,   151-154, (n. d) @No $ @ @ About the sciences that studied in this school. See: Abdul-Jallil Hassan Abdul-Mahdi: Schools in Jerusalem,   I, 189-195. @No $ @ @ Ibn Aybak El-Dwadarii: El-Durr El-Mattlube Fi Akhbar Bani Ayyub, Cairo,   117 (1972) @No $ @ @ Muhammad Kurd Ali: Khittat El-Shamm, Damascus,  6,   123 (1928) @No $ @ @ Mogeer El-Din El-Hanbali: El-Uns El-Galil, 2, 41 @No $ @ @ Rashad El-Imam: The City of Jerusalem in the Middle Ages, Tunisia, 106 (1976) @No $ @ @ Mogeer El-Din El- Hanbali: El-Uns El-Galil, , 34.El-Khotnee attributed to Khuttn, one of Turkish countries. See: El- Maqrizi: El-Mukafii El-Kapeer, Beirut, 7,   92(1991) @No $ @ @ Bimarstan, a Persian word composed of two syllables: the word Pimar means patient and stan means place, then the word means place of patients, or patients house see: Ahmed Issa: the History of El-Bimarstanat in Islam, Damascus,   4 (1939) @No $ @ @ Nihaiat El-Arab, 28, 437. @No $ @ @ Ahmed Issa: El-Bimarstant in Islam, 231-232. @No $ @ @ El-Khanqah: the plural of Khanqah or Khankah, a Persian word means house, and it said that it was originally Khounqah i.e., the place in which the king eats; since the fifth century AH the word means houses of Sufism. See: El-Maqrizi: El-Mwaiz Weliettbar Bizikr El-Khettat Wellathar, , 413. @No $ @ @ It was known that were seized by the crusaders in Jerusalem, and these places had been recovered by Saladin from their hands, and Saladin bought some of these places as he did in the church "Sind Hannah". See: Mogeer El-Din El-Hanbali: El-Auns El-Galil, , 144.@No $ @ @ See text of the document in the record number 95 of the records of the shariaa count (Mahkma El-Shariaa) in Jerusalem,   424-428, See: Kamel Osaily: Historical Documents of Jerusalem, Amman,  1, 81-104 (1983) @No $ @ @ Sheikh Ghanem was born in village of Burin, one of countries of Nablus in 562 AH/ 1166 AD, and lived in Palestine, where he resided in Jerusalem since its restoration by Saladin from the hands of crusades in 583 AH/ 1187 AD. He was described by El-Zahbii in his saying: "He was an ascetic worshiper submissive for God". See: El-Zahbi; Tarikh El-Islam and Wafiat El- Mashaheer and Alaalam, Beirut, 13, 527(2005) @No $ @ @ Mogeer El-Din El-Hanbli: Auns El-Galil, , 146.@No $ @ @ Mogeer El- Din El-Hanbli: El-Auns El-Galil, 2, 196. Sheikh Ghanem died in Damascus in Rajab in 632 AH. @No $ @ @ El-Shaarani: El-Anwar El-Qudsia Fi Bian Adab El-oubdia, Egypt, 12 (1317 AH) @No $ @ @ Abul Ghani Mahmoud Abdu Aaty: Education in Egypt, During the Age of Ayyubids and Mamlukes, Cairo,   238-239(1984) @No $ @ @ See what mentioned by Dr. Abdullatif Ibrahim in his study " Mamlukia Library ", Cairo,  27 (1962) @No $ @ @ El- Murtada El-Zubaidi: Taruihh El-Quloo Fi Zikr Bani Ayyub, Damascus,   89 (1971) @No $ @ @ Miraat El-Zaman:  2,   637, Ziel Miraat El-Zaman,   145. @No $ @ @ Ibn Khallikan: Wafiat El-Aian, 8, 419. @No $ @ @ Mogeer El-Din El-Hanbali: El-Auns El-Galil, V2,   46. @No $ @ @ El-Auns El-Galil, 2, 46. @No $ @ @ It was known that the Maliki Doctrine Widespread in Maghreb and moved with them to the Levant, so, the Maliki Magrabii had a major role, especially in the Afdallia school and in Jerusalem in a general. See: Mogeer El-Din El-Hanbali: El-Auns El-Galil, , 243-256. @No $ @ @ Mogeer El-Din El-Hanbli: El-Auns El-Galil, 2, 244-245.@No $ @ @ King El-Addel, following his stability in Government, divided his property among his sons, El-Zuhbi says: " following the countries had paved to him, he divided the countries among his sons", See: Tarikh El-Islam, 13,   133-134, and the share of his son Muazam Issa Damascus and its countries, and Jerusalem was sticked to Damascus. See: Ibn wasil: Mufarrij El-Kurrub, 4, 208-212. @No $ @ @ Sibt Ben El-Jawzi: Mirrat El-Zaman,   2, 644-645. @No $ @ @ Wafiat El-Aian, 2,   494, See also, Ibn Wasil: Mufarrij El-Kurub,  4, 211. @No $ @ @ Ibn Khallikan: Wafiat El-Aian, 3,   495, El-Qalqashandi: Subh El-Asha,  1, 468-470. @No $ @ @ Sheikh Taj El-Din El-Kendi who Zayd Ibn-Al-Hassan Ibn Zayd Ibn El-Hassan Ibn-Zayd Ibn El-Hassan tripartite, Ibn Said Ibn Issma Ibn Khier Ibn El-Harith Ibn El-Asghar Taj El-Din Abu El-Ymen El-Kendi, was born in Baghdad in year 520 AH, and died in Damascus in year 613 AH. see: El-Naiemi: El-Daris, 1,  485-486. @No $ @ @ Miraat El-Zaman, ,   577, see also: Abu-Shama: Ziel Er-raudatien, 97-98, El-Naimi: El-Daris, ,   486 @No $ @ @ One of his most famous books, El-Sahm El-Musseb Fi El-Radd Ala El-Khatib", in it responds to criticisim of El-Khatib El-Baghdadi Ali Abu Hanifa. Ibn Wasil mentioned that he read" this book in Jerusalem, and completely read it, and I found it very good". see: Mufarrij El-Kurub,  4,   211-212 @No $ @ @ Mogeer El-Din Hanbli: El-Auns El-Galil, 2,   270 @No $ @ @ Ibn Wasil: Mufarij El-Kurub, 4, 212, see also: Muhammad Kurd Ali: Khittat El-Sham, 6,   119, Abdul Jalil Hassan Abdul-Mahdi: Schools in Jerusalem, ,   351. @No $ @ @ Massalik El-Abssar Fi Mamalik El-Amsar, Abu Dhabi ,  1,   139, (2008) @No $ @ @ Abdul Jalil Hassan Abdul Mahdi: Schools in Jerusalem, ,   352.@No $ @ @ Aloumary: Massalik El-Abssar, , 139-140. @No $ @ @ Mogeer El-Din: El-Auns El-Galil, 2, 270. @No $ @ @ El-oumary: Massalik El-Abssar, 1, 139-140. @No $ @ @ El-Sakhaawi: El-Dawii Allami Fi Aian El-Karn El-Tasii, XI,   65,   206, Almohebby: Khulasett El-Athar Fi Aian El-Karn El-Hadi Ashar, Beirut ,  4, 427 (n. d), see also: Abdul Jalil Hassan Abdul-Mahdi: Schools in Jerusalem, ,   354-355. @No $ @ @ Abdul Jalil Hassan Abdul-Mahdi: Schools in Jerusalem, I,361. @No $ @ @ Ibn wasil mentioned that the king El-Adell, the father of El-Muazam Issa talked with him about his embracing of the Hanfi Doctrine, and blamed him, by saying to him: "How did you embrace the Hanifi Doctrine, and all your family embracing Shafii, he said to his father for foreplay: "Hey Khound, are you happy because there is a Muslim in your family". see: Mufarij El-Kurub, 4,   211.  @No $ @ @ El-Auns El-Galil, 2,   42, see also: Muhammad Kurd Ali: Khittat El-Sham, 6, 123.@No $ @ @ following the Mamluk\92s extension for their influence in the Levant, the king El-Qahir Bahaa El-Din Abdul Malik took side with El-Zahir Baybars, and Continued in his residency in Damascus until his death early the year 676 AH/ 1277 AD, and El-Zahbi mentioned that he died by poison on the hand of Sultan El-Zahir Baybars, see: Tarikh El-Islam, 19, 125-126.@No $ @ @ El-Zahbi: Tarikh El-Islam,  14,   442. @No $ @ @ Mogeer El-Din El-Hanbali: El-Auns El-Galil, 2, 218.  @No $ @ @ Mogeer El-Din El-Hanbli: El-Auns El-Galil, 2, 219. @No $ @ @ King El-Amjad Hassan was King Muazam Issa\92s brother, He died in the life of his father, King El-Addell, and was buried in Jerusalem. see: Ibn El-Furaat:  His Tarikh, Baghdad, 233 (1970) @No $ @ @ Ibn Wasil: Mufarij El-Kurub, 3,   274  @No $ @ @ Ibn Wasil: Mufarij El-Kurub, , 211. @No $ @ @ Mufarij El-Kurub, ,   212.  @No $ @ @ Who is the King Shihab El-Din Ghazi Ben the Al Addell King Ayubid. Owner of Miafarqin and Khallat, and mansour\92s fort, He died in 645 AH/ 1247 AD. see: Ibn Khalikan: Wafiat El-Aian,  5, 333, Sibt Ibn El-Jawzi: Miraat El-Zaman,  2, 768-770, El-Zahbi: Tarikh El-Islam, 13,  834, Ibn Wasil: Mufarij El-Kurub,  3,  274.@No $ @ @ Mogeer El-Din El-Hanbali: El-Auns El-Gallil, 2, 47 @No $ @ @ Abdul Jalil Hassan Abdul Mahdi: Schools in Jerusalem, 1,   397 @No $ @ @ El-Zahby: Tarikh El-Islam, 13, 356. @No $ @ @ Mogeer El-Din El-Hanbali: El-Auns El-Gallil, 2, 47. St. Helana worked  at the beginning of her work in one of the Petheinae bars, then became an illegal wife to costantinos who fathered  her,  his son, Constantine, When Constantinos became Caeser for Gala at the time of Diocletian who asked him to divorce her and marry theodara's daughter of wife maximan, and Helena at that period had converted to Christianity, following her son Constantine occupying the throne of the Roman Empire in 323 AD, and he embraced Christian religion within the Empire, and his determination following  that in 325 AD to establish a church above  the Tomb of Christ in  Maqdis, Helena traveled by the order of her son to Jerusalem, where supervised the demolition of the structure of the temple Avrodety, which was built  in that place, and was replaced by building the church of resurrection, and also she established another small church in Biet-Lahm in the place that witnessed the birth of Jesus Christ. see: well Durant: the story of civilization, Cairo, 12,   382-401(2001), Raafat Abdul-Hamid: Church and State, Cairo,   117-118(1982), Cambridge Medieval History, I,   15-22, Rostovtzeff: History of the ancient world,  2,   317. Hospitalleres: Teams of monks appeared in the late twelve century AD in the Levant. Templars and Titoun were the famous teams of the Haspitallers. The aims of these teams were charitable and humanitarian, to protect and treat the Christian poor pilgrims, Then the matter developed and its role became political and military. Hospitalleres became an important part in the crusader army in the Levant at the time of the crusades. see: King: The Knights Haspitalleres in the Holy land, London; (1931), Nabila Ibrahim Maqami: Knights teams monks in the Levant, Master of Arts Cairo University,   2-14(1975) @No $ @ @ 3.Mogeer El-Din El-Hanbali: El-Auns El-Galil, 2, 48 @No $ @ @ Khazindar: A compound word of two syllables, the first is Arab syllable that means Khazin, the man who stores and dispenses grain, the second syllable, Dar is Persian that means constipated, so the person who took care of the treasury with its funds and yields, see: El-Qalqashandi; subh El-Ashaa,  5,   462-463. @No $ @ @ Ibn El-Athir El-Kamel Fi El-Tarikh,  12,  109-145, Ibn Wasil: Mufarij El-Kurub,  3, 14-38. @No $ @ @ Abdul Jalil Hassan Abdul-Mahdi: Schools in Jerusalem,   , 340-342.@No $ @ @ Izz El-Din Aybak El-Muazami, is owned by King Muazam Issa, and took the job of Istadar El-Muazam, a person who was supervising the affairs of the house of Sultan, he has the right to absolute disposal in every needs of house alike expenses and clothes, and supervises the kitchen and the place of drinking (Sharab Khanah) ,the retinue and the boys, then El-Muazam Issa gave him Sarkhadd following its seizuring it in the year 644 AH/ 1246 AD, and Izz El-Din Aybak continued in Sarkhadd,  Following the death of El-Muazam, he worked in the service of his son Nasser Dawood, and Sarkhad continued in his hands, until it was taken from him by King Salih Najm El-Din Ayyub Ben King El-Kamil in 644 AH/ 1246 AD. Izz El-Din Aybak was captured and drove to Cairo, where he was arrested. Ibn Wasil: Mufarij Al Kurub, 4,   224.  @No $ @ @ El-Naimi: El-Daris Fi Tarikh El-Madaris,   I, 557. @No $ @ @ El-Naimi: El-Daris Fi Tarikh El-Mudaris, 1, 557-558, see also: Abdul Jalil Hassan Abdul Mahdi: Schools in Jerusalem, I, 396 @No $ @ @ Abu Shama: Ziel er-raudatian,   108 @No $ @ @ El-Zahby: Tarikh El-Islam,   13,   111. @No $ @ @ Abdul Jalil Hassan Abdul Mahdi: Schools in Jerusalem, , 359. @No $ @ @ Abu Shama: Ziel Er-raudatian, 108.@No $ @ @ Ibn Kathir: El-Bedia Wel-Nahaia, Beirut,  13, 78 (1985) @No $ @ @ 5.The intermediary dictionary, Cairo, 1, 359. @No $ @ @ Abdul Jalil Hassan Abdul Mahdi: Schools in Jerusalem,  1,   399. The King El-Auhad Died in 4 Ze El-Hega in 698 AH/ 1298 AD, and was buried in Rabatt in the north Mosque Jerusalem, with the age of seventy years. see: El-Zahbi: Tarikh El-Islam   14,   883, Ibn Taghrii Bardii. ElNaujaum El-Zahra, Cairo,  8,   189( n. d),, Ibn El-Imad El-Hanbali: Shzratt El-Zahab  Fi Akhbar men Zahab, Beirut, 5, 443 (N. d) @No $ @ @ To take care of Jerusalem and Khalil (Hebron) or the consideration of the two Holy Mosques, from his duties to consider what needs to Haram El-Sharief  in Jerusalem, Hebron, he spent on the reformations and paid the Salaries of its employees, as well as , the disposition of the of its endowments. see: Ibn Hajar El-Askalani: Enbaa El-Ghoumer, Cairo,  1,   158, see also: Rushad El-Imam: the city of Jerusalem in the Middle Ages,  104-105. @No $ @ @ Tarikh El-Islam,   14,   883. @No $ @ @ Abdullatif Ibrahim: Mamluki Library, Cairo,   80( 1962) @No $ @ @ In many times, the documents provided for that, see: Abdullatif Ibrahim: Mamluki Library, 80-81, and margins. @No 
<#LINE#>Kukari ki rasam: Women Body, assigned meaning and the Violence <#LINE#>Shatabdi@Bagchi<#LINE#>49-54<#LINE#>9.ISCA-JSS-2012-022.pdf<#LINE#><#LINE#>28/3/2012<#LINE#>21/1/2012<#LINE#>In this article a gloomy picture had been depicted upon centuries-old custom of "Kukari ki Rasam" (thread ritual), which being a curse for the women, where a skein of thread is used to detect the presence of an intact hymen of the newlywed bride. The custom had its birth in troubled times in Rajasthan when the state was ravaged by the foreign intruders and marauding armies who indulged in mass rape. Even the Rajputs conducted virginity tests for a while. Now it isn't just used to torture women, but is often used so that the groom's family can make money. "Impure" brides are beaten to reveal the names of their "lovers" and then these lovers are forced to pay large amounts of money to the bride's family. In ‘Sansi’ tribal community this practice still exists and receiving a menacing position among the women of the society. The government even failed to interfere in this ‘culturing’ violence as Sansi people feel that whatever happens within the home between husband and wife is private, so education is probably the best route to invoke any change in the cultural practice. The matter of conflict ‘traditionality and modernity’ also gives a rise in Gender Based Violence in the Society, which need to be ameliorated.<#LINE#> @ @ Mandal S.K. and Chandra Ramesh., People of India: Rajasthan. In K.S.Singh (Ed.), 866-872 (1998) @No $ @ @ Mathur K., Countering Gender Violence - Initiatives Towards Collective Action in Rajasthan , Jaipur, Sage Publications, 98–105 (2008) @No $ @ @ Banerji Rita. , Sex and Power: Defining History, Shaping Societies, New Delhi, Penguin Books, 22-35 (2008) @No $ @ @ Sharma Arpita. Women Empowerment: Milestones and Challenges. Kurukshetra  59, 10-15 (2011) @No $ @ @ Eberhard Christoph and Gupta Nidhi., Towards a Pluralist and Intercultural Approach to Law: Tackling the Challenge of Women's Rights in India in Arend Soeteman (Ed.) ‘Pluralism and Law ‘Proceedings of 20th IVR World Congress, Amsterdam,  2001: Vol 3 Global Problems Publisher: Wiesbaden : Franz Steiner, 95 – 99 (2003) @No $ @ @ Nigam S, Silent Enemy in the Home. Social Welfare, 49 (4) 12 – 16 (2002) @No $ @ @ Faris, R. E. L., Social Disorganization, 2nd edition. New York: The Ronald Press Company, (1955) @No $ @ @ Thomas, W. I. and Znaniecki, F. The Polish Peasant in Europe and America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, (1918) @No $ @ @ Khare R.S., Elusive Social Justice, Distant Human Rights: Untouchable Women’s Struggles and Dilemmas in Changing India, Cultural Diversity and Social Discontent. Anthropological Studies on Contemporary India, New Delhi, Sage Publications, 172-199 (1998) @No $ @ @ Bhatia Manjit, Violence: A norm against women in South Asia: gender concerns in South Asia; Some perspectives, In Manjit Bhatia, Deepali Bhanot, Nirmalya Samanta (Ed.), Jaipur: Rawat Publications, 107–123 (2008) @No $ @ @ A Javeed, India. Living with modernity, India, Oxford University Press, 241 (1999) @No $ @ @ Bauman Zygmunt, Legislators and Interpreters - On Modernity, Post-modernity and Intellectuals, Great Britain, Polity Press, 209 (1987) @No $ @ @ Mahdi Hauwa, (Ed), Proceedings on ‘A World in Transition: New Challenges for Gender Justice.’ A Biannual Gender and Development Network (GADNET) Conference,’ 06. New Delhi, India, (2006) @No $ @ @ Yusufjai Safiqur Rahman Khan, Retrieved From:http: //bringtoanend.blogspot.com/2009/04/sansi-virginitytrap.html (2009) @No $ @ @ Kumar Ankur, Domestic Violence in India: Causes, Consequences and Remedies. ‘Youth Ki Awaaz’, in Editor's Picks, February 7, 2010, (An article written on Domestic Violence in India with a special focus on domestic Violence upon men and the consequences) Retrieved from: http://www.youthkiawaaz.com-/2010/02/domestic-violence-in-india-causes-consequences-and-remedies-2/ (2010) @No $ @ @ Virginity and HIV Tests Before Marriage, from News From Africa, Virginity and HIV Tests Before Marriage, from News From Africa, Accessed March 4 (2009) @No $ @ @ Watchdog: Egypt Army Acknowledges 'Virginity Tests'Fox News. Associated Press (Cairo). 27 June 2011, "Amnesty International said Monday that Egypt's military rulers have acknowledged carrying out so-called 'virginity tests' on female protesters -- the first time the army has admitted to the much-criticized practice, Retrieved from: http://www.foxnews.com/world/2011/06/27/watchdog-egypt-army-acknowledges-virginity-tests/ (2011) @No $ @ @ This  information  was  collected  from  a  website  compares and  contrasts  national  numeric  reporting  with  data,  local evidence,  local  research,  audio  and  film  files  to  show  what the  MDGs  mean  to  the  people  they  are  meant  to  serve , Retrieved, http://www.mdg5watch.org/index.php?   Option=com_contentandview=articleandid=94andItemid=156 @No 
@Short Communication
<#LINE#>Inclusion of Women in Military Issues and Concerns <#LINE#>Varsha@Kapoor<#LINE#>55-57<#LINE#>10.ISCA-JSS-2012-011.pdf<#LINE#>Govt. Boys Higher Secondary School, Nowabad, Jammu (J and K), INDIA <#LINE#>12/7/2012<#LINE#>16/7/2012<#LINE#>  In the present era, gender equality has become a buzz word and the issue of equality of opportunity to the women in all fields of social and professional life is the need of the hour. Contrary to this, it is a universally accepted fact that militaries are not created to generate employment and hence have nothing to do with gender equality. They are tasked to ensure national defence. They need only the fittest – men or women. In this regard this paper endeavours to explore an important issue of inclusion of women in military. The paper highlights various issues related to entry and service of women in military, especially the combat forces. <#LINE#> @ @ General Douglas A. MacArthur to the West Point Graduating Class of 1962. Cited inBrian, P. Mitchel, Women in the Military: Flirting With Disaster, Regnery Publishing, Washing D.C (1998) @No $ @ @ D’Amico, Francine and Weinstein, Laurie (eds.), Gender Camouflage: Women and the U.S. Military, UniversityPress, New York, 4, (1999) @No $ @ @ Loy, Alex, Tan, Tuan, Women in Combat: An Indispensable Army 21 Component or a Simple Case ofEqual Opportunity? JOSAF, 27, ( 2001) @No $ @ @ Brown, Mclissa, Gender, Military Recruiting and The Iraq War, Paper presented at the annual meeting of the APSAAnnual Meeting, Boston, MASS Cited at www.allacademic.com/meta/p279662_index.html, (2008) @No $ @ @ Buckley, William. F, On the Right Column, the National Review, Cited at www.nationalreview.com/author/79808/bio, (1991) @No $ @ @ Harrell, Margaret, C., Invisible Women, Junior Enlisted Army Wives Santa Monica CA: RAND , 105, (2000) @No $ @ @ Davis, Karen D. (ed.), Women and Leadership in the Canadian Forces: Perspectives and Experience. Winnipeg: Canadian Defense Academy Press, Canada, 80 (2000) @No $ @ @ Herbert, Melissa, S., Camouflage Isn't Only for Combat: Gender, Sexuality, and Women in the Military, New York University Press, New York, 200-205, (1998) @No $ @ @ Universal Military Abstracts, , 67 (1992-93) 10.Bridges, Donna and Horsfall, Debbie, Increasing Operations Effectiveness in UN Peacekeeping: Toward a Gender-Balanced Force, Armed Forces and Society, New York, 36 (1), 120-130 (2009) @No