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	<Journal> 

	<PublisherName>International Science Community Association</PublisherName>

	<JournalTitle>International Research Journal of Environmental Sciences</JournalTitle> 

	<Issn>2319-1414</Issn>

	<Volume>10</Volume>

	<Issue>1</Issue>

	<PubDate PubStatus="ppublish"> 

	<Year>2021</Year> 

	<Month>01</Month> 

	<Day>22</Day> 

	</PubDate>

	</Journal>



	<ArticleTitle>Study, manufacture and testing of a hybrid Solar domestic water heater for a sustainable approach in West African climatic conditions</ArticleTitle> 


	<FirstPage>55</FirstPage>

	<LastPage>61</LastPage>



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		<Author> 

		<FirstName>Tripti</FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>Kumari </LastName>

		<Suffix>1</Suffix>

		<Affiliation>Laboratory of Environment and Biotechnology, Department of Botany, Patna Science College, Patna University, Patna 800005, India</Affiliation>

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		<Author> 

		<FirstName>. </FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>Shardendu</LastName>

		<Suffix>2</Suffix>

		<Affiliation>Laboratory of Environment and Biotechnology, Department of Botany, Patna Science College, Patna University, Patna 800005, India</Affiliation>

		</Author>
		<Author> 

		<FirstName>Aguilar </FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>Mark Gabriel Wagan </LastName>

		<Suffix>1</Suffix>

		<Affiliation>ABE International Business College-Quezon City, Philippines</Affiliation>

		</Author>
		<Author> 

		<FirstName>Acharya</FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>Bishwa B. </LastName>

		<Suffix>1</Suffix>

		<Affiliation>Department of Mechanical Engineering, IOE Pulchowk Campus, TU, Nepal</Affiliation>

		</Author>
		<Author> 

		<FirstName>Shrestha</FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>Yugal K. </LastName>

		<Suffix>2</Suffix>

		<Affiliation>Department of Mechanical Engineering, IOE Pulchowk Campus, TU, Nepal</Affiliation>

		</Author>
		<Author> 

		<FirstName>Dhakal</FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>Sandeep </LastName>

		<Suffix>3</Suffix>

		<Affiliation>Department of Mechanical Engineering, IOE Pulchowk Campus, TU, Nepal</Affiliation>

		</Author>
		<Author> 

		<FirstName>Joshi</FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>Usha </LastName>

		<Suffix>4</Suffix>

		<Affiliation>Department of Physics, Patan Multiple Campus, TU, Nepal</Affiliation>

		</Author>
		<Author> 

		<FirstName>Poudyal </FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>Khem N. </LastName>

		<Suffix>5</Suffix>

		<Affiliation>Department of Applied Sciences and Chemical Engineering, IOE Pulchowk Campus, TU, Nepal</Affiliation>

		</Author>
		<Author> 

		<FirstName>Topale</FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>Sanket </LastName>

		<Suffix>1</Suffix>

		<Affiliation>Department of Environmental Engineering, K.I.T.s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur, India</Affiliation>

		</Author>
		<Author> 

		<FirstName>Ingavale </FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>Bharat </LastName>

		<Suffix>2</Suffix>

		<Affiliation>Department of Environmental Engineering, K.I.T.s College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur, India</Affiliation>

		</Author>
		<Author> 

		<FirstName>Radha</FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>K.V. </LastName>

		<Suffix>1</Suffix>

		<Affiliation>Bioproducts Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, A.C.Tech., Anna University, Chennai 600025, India</Affiliation>

		</Author>
		<Author> 

		<FirstName>Gopalakrishnan</FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>V. </LastName>

		<Suffix>2</Suffix>

		<Affiliation>Bioproducts Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, A.C.Tech., Anna University, Chennai 600025, India</Affiliation>

		</Author>
		<Author> 

		<FirstName>Vijayalakshmi </FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>B. </LastName>

		<Suffix>3</Suffix>

		<Affiliation>Bioproducts Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, A.C.Tech., Anna University, Chennai 600025, India</Affiliation>

		</Author>
		<Author> 

		<FirstName>Kowenje</FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>Chrispin O. </LastName>

		<Suffix>1</Suffix>

		<Affiliation>Maseno University, P.O. Box 333 - 40105, Maseno, Kenya</Affiliation>

		</Author>
		<Author> 

		<FirstName>Onyango</FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>David M. </LastName>

		<Suffix>2</Suffix>

		<Affiliation>Maseno University, P.O. Box 333 - 40105, Maseno, Kenya</Affiliation>

		</Author>
		<Author> 

		<FirstName>Okwiri</FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>Luciana </LastName>

		<Suffix>3</Suffix>

		<Affiliation>Maseno University, P.O. Box 333 - 40105, Maseno, Kenya</Affiliation>

		</Author>
		<Author> 

		<FirstName>Shikuku</FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>Victor O. </LastName>

		<Suffix>4</Suffix>

		<Affiliation>Kaimosi Friends University College, P.O.Box 385-50309, Kaimosi, Kenya</Affiliation>

		</Author>
		<Author> 

		<FirstName>Sifuna</FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>Anthony </LastName>

		<Suffix>5</Suffix>

		<Affiliation>Maseno University, P.O. Box 333 - 40105, Maseno, Kenya and Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 190-50100, Kakamega, Kenya</Affiliation>

		</Author>
		<Author> 

		<FirstName>Omondi</FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>Erick </LastName>

		<Suffix>6</Suffix>

		<Affiliation>Maseno University, P.O. Box 333 - 40105, Maseno, Kenya</Affiliation>

		</Author>
		<Author> 

		<FirstName>Barasa</FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>David </LastName>

		<Suffix>7</Suffix>

		<Affiliation>Maseno University, P.O. Box 333 - 40105, Maseno, Kenya</Affiliation>

		</Author>
		<Author> 

		<FirstName>Oduor</FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>Andrew </LastName>

		<Suffix>8</Suffix>

		<Affiliation>Maseno University, P.O. Box 333 - 40105, Maseno, Kenya</Affiliation>

		</Author>
		<Author> 

		<FirstName>Lungayia</FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>Henry B.O. </LastName>

		<Suffix>9</Suffix>

		<Affiliation>Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 190-50100, Kakamega, Kenya</Affiliation>

		</Author>
		<Author> 

		<FirstName>Owigar</FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>Rosemary </LastName>

		<Suffix>10</Suffix>

		<Affiliation>Maseno University, P.O. Box 333 - 40105, Maseno, Kenya</Affiliation>

		</Author>
		<Author> 

		<FirstName>Otuya </FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>Petronila </LastName>

		<Suffix>11</Suffix>

		<Affiliation>St. Pauls University, P.O. Box Private Bag 00217, Limuru, Kenya</Affiliation>

		</Author>
		<Author> 

		<FirstName>Dhananjay</FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>Pande Shruti </LastName>

		<Suffix>1</Suffix>

		<Affiliation>Department of Environmental Science, Fergusson College (Autonomous), Pune, India</Affiliation>

		</Author>
		<Author> 

		<FirstName>Tejal</FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>Vedanti </LastName>

		<Suffix>2</Suffix>

		<Affiliation>Department of Environmental Science, Fergusson College (Autonomous), Pune, India</Affiliation>

		</Author>
		<Author> 

		<FirstName>Vilas</FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>Mane Ashish </LastName>

		<Suffix>3</Suffix>

		<Affiliation>Department of Environmental Science, Fergusson College (Autonomous), Pune, India</Affiliation>

		</Author>
		<Author> 

		<FirstName>Ashwini </FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>Supekar </LastName>

		<Suffix>4</Suffix>

		<Affiliation>Department of Geology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India</Affiliation>

		</Author>
		<Author> 

		<FirstName>Clotilde</FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>Guidi Tognon </LastName>

		<Suffix>1</Suffix>

		<Affiliation>Laboratory of Processes and Technological Innovations, National Institute of Industrial Technology (INSTI) of Lokossa, Lokossa, Benin</Affiliation>

		</Author>
		<Author> 

		<FirstName>Constant</FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>Alihonou Agnimoan </LastName>

		<Suffix>2</Suffix>

		<Affiliation>Laboratory of Processes and Technological Innovations, National Institute of Industrial Technology (INSTI) of Lokossa, Lokossa, Benin</Affiliation>

		</Author>
		<Author> 

		<FirstName>Victorin</FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>Chegnimonhan K. </LastName>

		<Suffix>3</Suffix>

		<Affiliation>Laboratory of Processes and Technological Innovations, National Institute of Industrial Technology (INSTI) of Lokossa, Lokossa, Benin and PTAA, CRA Agonkanmey, National Institute for Agricultural Research of Benin, Cotonou, Benin</Affiliation>

		</Author>
		<Author> 

		<FirstName>Alain </FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>Adomou </LastName>

		<Suffix>4</Suffix>

		<Affiliation>Laboratory of Processes and Technological Innovations, National Institute of Industrial Technology (INSTI) of Lokossa, Lokossa, Benin</Affiliation>

		</Author>

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	<PublicationType>Research Paper</PublicationType>


	<History>  
	<PubDate PubStatus="received">
	<Year>2020</Year>
	<Month>7</Month>
	<Day>13</Day>
	</PubDate>
	<PubDate PubStatus="accepted">										
	<Year>2021</Year> 
	<Month>01</Month>									
	<Day>22</Day> 
	</PubDate>

	</History>
	<Abstract>Sanitary hot water is needed in many industrial processes but can also be found in the habitat where it contributes to household comfort. In industrial applications, hot water is used in food processing or as a heat transfer fluid.  It is sometimes used to operate machines such as absorption refrigeration systems for the production of cold for the preservation of foodstuffs, etc.  Producing hot water from energy sources that are not harmful to the environment, such as solar energy, is a challenge to limit the negative impacts of the use of fossil fuels on nature. Despite the advantages of solar hot water production and the potential of solar energy in Africa, this technique remains little used in Sub-Saharan Africa due to the lack of equipment and its high price. The objective of the project is to help design, manufacture and test a local, efficient and affordable solar water heater for the African market.  The first experimental tests on the hot water production showed that the hot water storage temperature in the equipment\'s tank can reach 80°C, on sunny days under the test conditions in Benin. On non-sunny days, the completed collector should operate with an electric booster to reach the hot water storage temperature of 80°C required for some industrial applications (absorption machines). These first tests are conclusive and this low environmental impact device can be improved and popularised for industrial and domestic applications in sub-Saharan climatic conditions.</Abstract>

	<CopyrightInformation>Copyright@ International Science Community Association</CopyrightInformation>

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