<#LINE#>Isolation, characterization and antibiotic resistance profile of bacteria from the Gut of African Catfish; Clarias garieprinus<#LINE#>Akaniro Ifunanya @R,Anumudu Obinna @H,Ofonegbu Mercy @N,Nebo Aisha @P <#LINE#>1-6<#LINE#>1.ISCA-IRJBS-2019-110.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria@Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria@Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria@Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria<#LINE#>3/10/2019<#LINE#>26/5/2020<#LINE#>Clarias garieprinus gut is not a sterile environment as it contains hosts of microbial flora. Though beneficial, some of these microorganisms can be pathogenic and resistant to therapeutic agents which increase fish mortality with unpredicted long term effect on public health. This study was conducted to determine if bacterial species can be isolated from the gut of African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus and also to determine the antibiotic resistance pattern of the isolates. Five fish farms were selected for this study and a total of 22 samples (composite samples) were obtained; catfish guts were used as test samples while fishpond water served as control. Standard APHA methods were used to isolate and characterize the bacterial isolates present in the samples. Also, Kirby- Bauer disc diffusion method was used to determine their antibiotic resistance pattern. Results indicated that all the samples (test and control) contained bacterial species, though the test samples had less microflora than control. In all, 126 isolates were obtained and through series of biochemical characterization, 50 isolates belonging to six bacteria genera; Escherichia, Bacillus, Salmonella, Shigella, Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas were identified. Bacillus spp were the most occurring isolate (2% occurrence) while Shigella spp were the least with only 8% occurrence. The isolates showed varying degree of resistance to the test antibiotics. However, with the exception of Shigella spp, all the isolates were highly resistant to trimethoprim/sulfamthoxazole but highly susceptible to roceptrin, ciprofloxacin and pefloxacin. From this study, it can be concluded that Clarias garieprinus gut harbours microorganisms some of which are antibiotic resistant and can pose serious problems in the management of fish diseases.<#LINE#>Osungbemiro, N.R., Sanni, R.O., Olaniyan, R.F., and Olajuyigbe, A.O. (2014).@Bacteria flora in the gut and respiratory organs of Clarias gariepinus in fresh and brakish water habitat of ondo State, south/west Nigeria.@WASET lnt. J. Biol. Vet. Agric. Food Eng., 8, 558-561.@Yes$Kato, C.D., Mugaanyi, M.B., Majalija, S., Tamale, A., Musisi, N.L., and Sengooba, A. (2016).@Isolation and Identification of Potential Probiotics Bacteria from the Gut of Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus in Uganda.@Br Microbiol Res J., 17(5), 1-8.@Yes$Austin, B. (2002).@The Bacterial Microflora of Fish.@Sci World J., 2, 558-572. doi: 10.1100/tsw.2002.137@Yes$Latha, N., and Ramachandra M. M. (2013).@The bacterial Microflora in the Fish Organs: A Public Health Aspect.@Indian J Adv Chem Sci., 1(3), 139-143.@Yes$Done, H. Y., Venkatesan, A. K., & Halden, R. U. (2015).@Does the Recent Growth of Aquaculture Create Antibiotic Resistance Threats Different from those Associated with Land Animal Production in Agriculture?@The AAPS Journal. 17(3), 513-524. http://doi.org/10.1208/s12248-015-9722-z.@Yes$Miranda, C.D., Tello, A., and Keen, P.L. (2013).@Machanisms of antimicrobial resistance in finfish aquaculture environments.@Front Microbiol., 4, 233.@Yes$Spellberg, B., Hansen, G. R., Kar, A., Cordova, C. D., Price, L. B. and Johnson, J. R. (2016).@Antibiotic resistance in humans and animals. Discussion Paper.@National Academy of Medicine, Washington, DC. http://www.nam.edu/antibiotic-resistance-in-humans-and-animals.@Yes$American Public Health Association (APHA). (2012).@Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater.@22nd ed. American Water Works Association (AWWA) & Water Environment Federation (WEF).@Yes$Slaby, B.M., Martin, R.E., Ramsdell, G.E. (1981).@Reproducibility of microbiological counts on frozen cod: A collaborative study.@J Food Sci., 46(3), 716 719.@Yes$Krieg, N.R., and Holt, J.G. (1994).@Bergeys manual of systematic Bacteriology.@William and Wikins, Baltimore Ltd.@Yes$Bauer A.W., Kirby W.M., Sherris J.C. and Jurck M. (2000).@Antibiotic sensitivity testing by a standard single disk method.@American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 451, 493-496.@Yes$Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) (2014).@Analysis and Presentation of Cumulative Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test Data: Approved Guideline-Fourth Edition.@CLSI document m39-A4. Wayne, PA. pp 216-218.@No$Uddin, N. and Al-Harbi, A.H. (2012).@Bacterial flora of polycultured common carp (Cyrinus carpio) and African catfish (Clarias gariepinus).@International Aquatic resource, 4, 1-9.@Yes$Olaniyi, F.O., Akaniro, I.R., Oguh, C.E., Fashina, C.D., Ahmed,I., and Ezeh,C.C. (2019).@Characterization and Antimicrobial profile of Pathogenic Bacteria isolated from freshly sold Amaranthus viridis in Ile-Ife, Southwest Nigeria.@Journal of Advances in Microbiology, 18(1), 1-8.@Yes$Petronillah, R. S., Robert, K. Gono., John, M., and Willard, M. (2014).@Isolation and identification of pathogenic bacteria in edible fish: A case study of rural aquaculture projects feeding livestock manure to fish in Zimbabwe.@Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci., 3(11), 897-904.@Yes$Elsaidy, N., Abouelenien, F., and Kirrella, G.A. (2015).@Impact of using raw or fermented manure as fish feed on microbial quality of water and fish.@Egypt Aquatic Resources, 41, 93-100.@Yes$Wamala, S.P., Mugimba, K.K., Mutoloki, S., Evensens O, Mdegela, R., Byarugaba, D.K., and Sorum, H. (2018).@Occurrence and antibiotic susceptibility of fish bacteria isolated from Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia) and Clarias garieprinus (African catfish) in Uganda.@Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 21, 6.@Yes$Shah, S.Q., Colquhoun, D.J., Nikuli, H.L., and Sorum, H. (2012).@Prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes in the bacterial flora of integrated fish farming environments of Pakistan and Tanzania.@Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 8672-8679.@Yes$Magioraskos, A.P., Srinivasan, A., Carey, R., Carmieli, Y., Falagas, M., Giske, C., Olsson-Lilijequist, B. (2012).@Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance.@Clin Microbiol Infect, 18, 263-28.@Yes <#LINE#>Water quality monitoring of the river Mahananda near a sewage disposal point at Malda, West Bengal, India<#LINE#>Astom @Mondal,Sankar Narayan @Sinha <#LINE#>7-13<#LINE#>2.ISCA-IRJBS-2020-002.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Botany, University of Kalyani, Kalyani-741235, West Bengal, India@Department of Botany, University of Kalyani, Kalyani-741235, West Bengal, India<#LINE#>20/1/2020<#LINE#>15/6/2020<#LINE#>The Mahananda river is a vital river in India and Bangladesh, because the people of both the countries use the river water continuously and other people of Malda are highly captivated with this river water. But, at this point being the river Mahananda is facing a heavy as well as microbial pollution problem thanks to several reasons. The aim of this study is to gauge that the water quality of the river and mainly to analyse the suitability for various purposes like drinking, agricultural and industrial uses. This can be why this study on the Mahananda River is extremely more important for this area. In this study, samples from disposition sampling stations of north bank of the river Mahanada near Mahananda bridge were collected in Feb. 2019 to July 2019 and evaluate the various water quality of this river. The physicochemical evaluated values of these sampling stations continuously exceeded the upper permissible limit. The bacteriological parameters are within the river Mahananda showed that the coliform organisms and a few pathogenic bacteria is extensively high within the river water which indicates that the unsuitable to use of direct water for any domestic activities by the municipality areas of Malda town.<#LINE#>Shil1 S, Singh UK and Mehta P, (2019).@Water quality assessment of a tropical river using water quality index (WQI), multivariate statistical techniques and GIS.@Applied Water Science, 9, 168.@Yes$Shelford, V.E. (1917).@An experimental study of the effects of gas wastes upon fishes with special reference to stream pollution.@Ball.111. Lab. Nat. Hist, 11, 381-412.@Yes$Chiba, and Takahashi, K. (1997) Studies on heavy metal pollution in agricultural land (2) Absorption of cadmium and growth retardation in forage crops.@Bull. Shikoku. Agri. Exp. Station, 30, 49-73.@undefined@Yes$Singh UK and Kumar B (2017).@Pathways of heavy metals contamination and associated human health risk in Ajay River basin, India.@Chemosphere, 174, 183-199.@Yes$Sugmar R and Anandharaj B. (2016).@Assessment of Bacterial Load in the Fresh water Lake System of Tamil.@@Yes$Misaghi F, Delgosha F, Razzaghmanesh M, Myers B (2017).@Introducing a water quality index for assessing water for irrigation purposes: a case study of the Ghezel Ozan River.@Sci Total Environ, 589, 107-116.@Yes$Jason , B. Cullen, P. Dixon, G. and P emberton M. (1995)@Monitoring and management of stream bank erosion and natural vegetation on the lower Gordon river Jasmanianwiderness world heritage area, Australia.@Environmental management, 19(2) 259-272.@Yes$Janakiram. K. (1974).@Studies on systematics and on some aspects of Ecology of fresh water, esturine and terrestrial molluscs of Guntur.@247 (Unpublished).@Yes$Ranee, S. J., and Vasantha S., (2010).@Physico Chemical Analysis of Bore Well Water Samples of Anaiyur Area In Madurai District, Tamilnadu, Indua.@J. Curr. Sci., 15(2), 403-408.@Yes$Agrawal, D.K. Gaur, S.D. Tiwari, T.C., Narayanaswami, M. S. aid and Marwah, S. M. (1976).@Physico-chemical characteristics of the Ganges at Varanasi, India.@J. Env. Health, 18, 201-206.@Yes$Bhade Andr, D. L. E. Khadsan (2014).@Physico-Chemical Analysis of Ground Water in Sangrampur Tehsil of Buldana District, Maharastra.@Am. Int. J. Res. Formal, Appl. Natural Sci., 6(1), 70-72.@No$Reddy, K.R. (1981).@Diel variation of certain physico - chemical Parameters of Water in selected aquatic systems.@Hydrobiol, 85, 201-207.@Yes$Kataria H.C. and Ambhore S. (2012).@Pre-and post-monsoon physico-chemical assessment of drinking water quality of Gandinagar Area of Bhopal.@Current World Environment, 7(2), 309-311.@Yes$Sahoo, M., M. Mahananda and Prabhati Seth (2016)@Physico-Chemical Analysis of Surface and Ground Water Around Talcher Coal Field, District Angul, Odisha, India.@J. Geoscience Environ. Protect., 4, 26-37.@Yes$Mazumder M, Pramanik S, Mondal SK, and Rohatgi S (2015).@Assessment of water quality of river Mahananda, West Bengal, India.@International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 11(2), 22-26.@Yes$APHA (2005).@Standard method for examination of water and waste water.@21st Edition, Washington D.C.@No$Boelee, S. R., and E. Matsuno (2006).@Evaluation of Thermotolerant Coliform and Salinity in the four Available Water Sources of an Irrigated Region of Southern Sri Lanka Irrigation and Drainage.@133-146.@Yes$Erikson, E. (1977).@Water Chemistry and water quality.@Ambio., 6(1), 7, 27-30.@No$Trivedi, R.K. and Goel, P.K. (1984).@Current Publication Researches in India (Edited).@Environmental Publication, India.@No$Kumar, R., A. Chauhan and L. Rawat (2017).@Physico-Chemical Analysis of Surface Water and Ground Water in Selected Sites of Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.@J. Environ Anol Toxicol., 6, 420.@Yes$Verma, N.K. (1993).@Studies on the drinking water and irrigation water resources of industrial state of Manideep.@Ph. D. Thesis in Zoology, Barkatuliah University, Bhopal.@No$Kumar B and Singh UK (2018).@Source apportionment of heavy metals and their ecological risk in a tropical river basin system.@Environ Sci Pollut Res., https ://doi.org/10.1007/s1135 6-018-2480-6@No$Mishra, S. (1993).@Water quality, primary productivity of macrophytes and heavy metal toxicity to aquatic ecosystem.@Ph. D. Thesis in Botany, B.H.U.@No$Trusdale, G.A. and Wellings, R.A. (1983).@Organisation of sewage and Industrial sludge utilization.@Agrochemica., 27(1), 79-93.@Yes <#LINE#>Effect of packaging on the microbial and physicochemical composition of UGBA (Macrophylla Pentaclethra Benth)<#LINE#>Omorodion @Nnenna,Philomena @ijuo <#LINE#>14-24<#LINE#>3.ISCA-IRJBS-2020-008.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Microbiology University of Port Harcourt P.M.B 5323 Port Harcourt Rivers State, Nigeria@Department of Microbiology University of Port Harcourt P.M.B 5323 Port Harcourt Rivers State, Nigeria<#LINE#>16/2/2020<#LINE#>9/5/2020<#LINE#>The concept of packaging dates back to the early times where traditional methods were used. Packaging material such as plantain leaves, polyethene bags and other variety of local leaves are used to package the fermented ugba (macrophylla pentaclethra Benth) seeds. Fermentation impacts various desirable qualities on the organoleptic properties of ugba. The production process involves boiling of seeds, dehulling, slicing and the final process of natural fermentation. The ugba samples used for this study was obtained from various markets in Port Harcourt metropolly, samples were accessed for microbial contamination by culturing, serial dilution, characterization of isolates, biochemical testing for identification and physicochemical parameters such as proximate composition, pH and temperature were accessed. The toal heterotrophic count of the samples from the different markets showed a high count of 2.57×108cfu/g (Choba market) to 2.67×108cfu/g recorded for the leaf wrapped compared to that of nylon wrapped with the least count of 1.92×108cfu/g. the total fungi count also yielded the highest value for the leaf wrapped with counts of 5.15×104cfu/g to 9.7×104cfu/g. All these counts tend to be higher than the microbial standard specified by W.H.O. which states that microbial counts for fermented foods should not exceed 5.0×105 colonies per gram. Microorganisms isolated were Pseudomonas eruginosa, Staphylococcusaureus, Lactobaccillus, sp, Proteus sp, Escherichia coli, Baccillus sp, Micrococcus sp, and Salmonella. Fungal isolates include Saccharomyces sp, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, penicillium sp, Candida sp, and Fusarium. The need for consumption of food product safe from microbial contamination cannot be over emphasized. Packaging materials which encourage less microbial contamination should be encouraged, and production and packaging processes should be evaluated.<#LINE#>Odunfa, S.A. and G.F. Oyeyiola (1985).@Microbiological study of the fermentation of ugba, a nigerian indigenous fermented food flavour.@Journal of Plant Foods, 6, 155-163.@Yes$Okechukwu R.I., Ewelike N., Ukaoma A.A., Emejulu A.A. and Azuwike C.O. (2012).@Changes in the nutrient composition of the African oil bean meal “ugba (Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth) subjected to solid state natural fermentation.@Journal of Applied Bioscience, 51, 3591-3595.@Yes$Subramaniyam, R. and Vimala, R (2016).@Solid state and submerged fermentation for the production of bioactive substances: a comparative study.@Journal of Life Science, 26(4), 496-502.@Yes$Mbata, T. and M.U. Orji (2008).@Process optimization in the production and preservation of Ugba, a Nigerian fermented food.@International Journal of Microbiology, 4, 2-6.@Yes$Chelule, P.K, Mokoena, M.P and Gqaleni, N (2010).@Advantages of traditional lactic acid bacteria fermentation of food.@Africa Current Research, Technology and Education Topics in Applied Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Méndez-Vilas (Ed.)@Yes$Njoku, H. O., Ogbulie, J. N. and N Nubia, C. (1990).@Microbiological study of the traditional processing of African oil bean (Pentaclethra marcrophylla) for ugba production.@Food Microbiology, 7, 13-26.@Yes$Okorie, C. P. and Olasup, N. A. (2013).@Growth and extracellular enzyme production by microorganisms isolated from ugba- an indigenous Nigerian fermented condiment.@African Journal of Biotechnology, 12(26), 4158-4167.@Yes$Oboh. G and Ekperigin, M.M (2004).@Nutritional evaluation of some Nigerian wild seeds.@Nahrung Food, 48; 85-87.@Yes$Cheesbrough, M (2005).@District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries.@Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 137-150.@Yes$Ogiehor, I.S and Ikenebomeh, M.J (2005).@Extension of shelf life of garri by hygienic handling and sodium benzoate.@Africn Journal of Biotechnology and Microbiology, 47, 744-748.@Yes$Eze, V.C; Onwuakor, C.E and Ukeka. E (2019).@Proximate Composition, Biochemical and Microbiological changes associated with fomenting Africa oil bean (Pentacleethra Macrophylla Benth) seeds.@African Journal of Microbiological Research, 2(5),138-142.@Yes$Ike, C.C. and Andemeka - Ike P.C. (2016).@Microbilogical Quality of Processed African Oil Bean (Pentaclethra Macrophylla) Seed Ugba Sold in Umuolo and Ihube Commmuninty in Okigwe Imo State Nigeria.@International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Applied Science, 2(5).@Yes$Anyanwu, N.C.J., Okonkwo, O.L., Iheanacho C.N and Ajide, B (2016).@Microbiological and Nutritional Qualities of Fermented Ugba (Pentaclethra macrophylla, Bentham) Sold in Mbaise, Imo State, Nigeria.@Annual Research & Review in Biology, 9(4), 1-8.@Yes$Isu, N. R. and Njoku, H. O. (1997).@An evaluation of the microflora associated with fermented African oil bean (Pentaclethra marcrophylla) seeds during ugba production.@Plants Food Nutrition, 51, 145-157.@Yes$Obetta, J. A. N. (1983).@A note on the microorganisms associated with fermentation of seeds the African oil bean tree (Pentaclethra marcrophylla).@Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 54, 433-433.@Yes$Enujigha, V. N. (2009).@Major fermentative organisms in some Nigerian soup condiments.@Pakistain Journal of Nutrition, 8, 279-283@Yes$Oguntoyinbo F. A., Huch M., Cho G. S., Schillinger U., Holzapfel W.H. and Sanni I.A. (2010).@Diversity of Bacillus species isolated from okpehe, a traditional fermented soup condiment from Nigeria.@Journal of Food Protection, 73, 870-878.@Yes$Prescott, L.M., Harlet J.P. and Klein O.A. (2005).@Microbiology.@Sixth International Edition, Mcgeaw-Hill Publishing Company UK.@Yes$Swartz, M. N. (1994).@Hospital acquired infections: diseases with increasing limited therapies.@Proceeding of national academy society, USA. 91, 2420-2427.@Yes$Bannerman, T. L. (2003).@Staphylococus, Micrococcus and other Catalase-positive cocci that grow aerobically.@Manual of clinical microbiology, 384-404.@Yes$Ogueke C. C., Nwosu J. N., Owuamanam C.I. and Iwouno J. N. (2010).@Ugba, the fermented African oil bean seeds; its production, chemical composition, preservation, safety and health benefits.@Pakistan Journal Biological Sciences, 13, 489-496.@Yes$Mbadiwe, E. L. (1978). Nutritional evaluation of seeds of Pentaclethra marcrophylla. Plant Food Human Nutrition. 28: 261-269.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Odoemelam, S. A. (2005).@Proximate composition and selected physiochemical properties of the seeds of African oil bean (Pentaclethra marcrophylla).@Pakistain Journal of Nutrition, 4, 382-383.@Yes @Short Communication <#LINE#>Antagonistic profiling and phytochemical analysis of roots of Curculigo orchioides and Curcuma angustifolia against UTI bacterial isolates<#LINE#>Divya @P.V.,Sukesh @K. <#LINE#>25-28<#LINE#>4.ISCA-IRJBS-2020-001.pdf<#LINE#>Dept. in Microbiology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli Rd, Abishekapatti, Tamil Nadu@Dept. in Microbiology, Malankara Catholic College, Mariagiri, Tamil Nadu, India<#LINE#>12/6/2020<#LINE#>6/7/2020<#LINE#>The present study was performed with an aim of determining the phytochemical constituents and antagonistic effect of roots of Curculigo orchioides (family Amaryllidaceae) and Curcuma angustifolia (family Zingiberaceae). Antagonistic effect was evaluated against four UTI causing bacterial isolates by well diffusion method. The results of the study showed, in comparison with Curcuma angustifolia, the root extracts of Curculigo orchioides exhibited higher antagonistic activity against the tested isolates. Also the phytochemical investigation of Curculigo orchioides indicated the presence of phenols, amino acids, glycosides, alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids and coumarins. This study derives in a conclusion that root extracts of Curculigo orchioides can be used to develop antagonistic agents against bacterial isolates causing UTI.<#LINE#>Stamm, W.E. and Norrby, S.R. (2001).@Urinary tract infections: disease panorama and challenges.@The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 183, 1-4.@Yes$Nicolle, L.E. (2008).@Uncomplicated urinary tract infection in adults including uncomplicated pyelonephritis.@Urol. Clin. North Am., 35, 1-12.@Yes$Lane, D.R. and Takhar, S.S. (2011).@Diagnosis and management of urinary tract infection and pyelonephritis.@Emergency medicine clinics of North America, 29, 539-552.@Yes$Hancock, R.E.W. (2005).@Mechanisms of action of newer antibiotics for Gram-positive pathogens.@Lancet. Infect. Dis., 5(4), 209-218.@Yes$Noumedem, J.A.K., Mihasan, M., Lacmata, S.T., Stefan, M., Kuiateand, J.R. and Kuete, V. (2013).@Antibacterial activities of the methanol extracts of ten Cameroonian vegetables against Gram-negative multidrug-resistant bacteria.@BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 13(1), 26.@Yes$Middleton, J.R., Fales, W.H. and Luby, C.D. (2005).@Surveillance of Staphylococcus aureus in veterinary teaching hospitals.@J. Clin. Microbiol., 43(6), 2916-2919.@Yes$Mahmood, A.M., Doughari, J.H. and Ladan, N. (2008).@Antimicrobial screening of stem bark extracts of Vitellaria paradoxa against some enteric pathogenic microorganisms.@Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 2(5), 089-094.@Yes$Eisenberg, D.M., Kessler, R.C., Foster, C., Norlock, F.E., Calkins, D.R. and Delbanco, T.L. (1993).@Unconventional medicine in the United States.@N. Engl. J. Med., 328(4), 246-252.@Yes$Dhar, M.L., Dhar, B.N., Dhawan, D.N. and Mehrota, C.R. (1968).@Screening of Indian plants for biological activity part 1.@Indian J. Expt. Biol., 6(6), 232-249.@No$Raghunathan, S. and Mitra, R. (1982).@Pharmacognosy of Indigenous drugs.@Vol.I, New Delhi.@No$Dhenuka, S., Balakrishna, P. and Anand, A. (1999).@Indirect organogenesis from the leaf explants of medicinally important plant Curculigo orchioides Gaertn.@J Plant Biochem Biotech, 8, 113- 115.@Yes$Joy, P.P., Thomas, J., Samuel, M. and Skaria, B.P. (2004).@Curculigo orchioides: A plant for health care.@Indian J. Areca nut, Spices & Med Plants, 6(4), 131-134.@Yes$Chopra, R.N., Nayar, S.L. and Chopra, I.C. (1956).@Glossary of medicinal plants.@CSIR, New Delhi, pp 84.@No$Santapou, H. and Henery, A.N. (1976).@A dictionary of the flowering plants in India.@New Delhi, CSIR.@No$Srivastava, A.K., Srivastava, S.K. and Syamsundar, K.V. (2006).@Volatile composition of Curcuma angustifolia Roxb. rhizome from central and southern India.@Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 21, 423-426.@Yes$Sharma, A. (2012).@Traditional processing of Shotti (Curcuma augustifolia Roxb.)-a rhizome based ethnic weaning food.@Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 11(1), 154-155.@Yes$Nadkarni, A.K. (1976).@Indian Materia Medica.@3rd edn, Popular Prakashan Pvt. Ltd, I, pp 413.@Yes$Bapalal, G. (1985).@Nighantu Adarsha.@Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Varanasi, pp 579.@Yes$Doble, B., Dwivedi, S., Dubey, K. and Joshi, H. (2011).@Pharmacognostical and antimicrobial activity of leaf of Curcuma angustifolia Roxb.@International Journal of Drug Discovery and Herbal Research, 1(2), 46-49.@Yes$Elias, L., Pradeep, Harini, A. and Hegde, P.L. (2015).@Curcuma angustifolia Roxb (Tavaksheeri): A Review.@Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 4(2), 241-243.@Yes$Nayak, S., Jena, A.K. and Sucharita, S. (2013).@In vitro bioactivity studies of wild Curcuma angustifolia rhizome extract against (Hela) Human Cervical Carcinoma cells.@World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2(6), 4972 - 4986.@Yes$Shukla, A.C., Pandey, K.P., Mishra, R.K., Dikshit, A. and Shukla, N. (2011).@Broad spectrum antimycotic plant as a potential source of therapeutic agent.@Natural Product Journal, 4, 42-50.@Yes$Quamar, M.F. and Bera, S.K. (2014).@Ethno-medico-botanical studies of plant resources of Hoshangabad district, Madhya Pradesh, India: Retrospect and Prospects.@Journal of Plant Science & Research, 1(1), 101.@Yes$Parez, C. (1990).@An antibiotic assay by agar well diffusion method.@Acta Biol Med Exp., 15, 113-115.@Yes$Yadav, M., Chatterji, S., Gupta, S.K. and Watal, G. (2014).@Preliminary phytochemical screening of six medicinal plants used in traditional medicine.@Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci, 6, 539-542.@Yes$Dey, B. and Raman, S.M.V. (1957).@Laboratory Manual of Organic Chemistry.@S. Viswanathan publication, Madras.@Yes$Ashok, K.K., Narayani, Subanthini and Jayakumar, (2011).@Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Analysis of Citrus Fruit Peels -Utilization of Fruit Waste.@International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 3, 5414-5421.@Yes$Dey, P.M. and Harborne, J. B. (1987).@Methods in Plant Biochemistry.@Academic Press; London.@No <#LINE#>Notes on food and feeding habits of oriental magpie robin (copsychus saularis)<#LINE#>Ashitha @T.,Seedikkoya @K. <#LINE#>29-32<#LINE#>5.ISCA-IRJBS-2020-003.pdf<#LINE#>Research and Development Centre, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore-641 046, Tamil Nadu, India@M.E.S. Mampad College, Malappuram District-676 542, Kerala, India<#LINE#>25/1/2020<#LINE#>8/6/2020<#LINE#>Magpie Robin is a very common bird found in a variety of habitats like open woodlands, electric cables on roadside, cultivated lands and paddy fields close to human dwellings. It is a variety feeder. The food composition varies from insects to reptiles. The present study is conducted in eight locations during the period from 2016 to-2018. The study shows that the above bird is acting as a pest since it preys upon the larvae of soldier flies, Hermetia spp, which are highly useful for the decomposition of house hold wastes.<#LINE#>Ali S. and Repley S.D. (2001).@Hand book of the Birds of India and Pakisthan.@Oxford University Press, New Delhi.@Yes$Ali S. and Ripley S.D. (1973).@Hand book of the Birds of India and Pakistan.@Warblers to Redstarts (Vol-8), Oxford University press.@Yes$Ali S. and Ripley S.D. (2001).@Hand book of Birds of India and Pakistan.@Warblers to Redstarts, Oxford University press.@No$Ali S. and Ripley S.D. (2002).@Hand book of Birds of India and Pakistan.@Warblers to Redstarts, Oxford University press.@No$Bhatt D., Kumar A., Singh Y. and Pagne R.B. (2000).@Terrestrial songs and calls of the Oriental Magpie Robin Copsychus saularis.@Current science, 78, 722-728.@Yes$Bhatt D, Sethi V K, Kumar A and Sing A (2014).@Some notes on the breeding behavior of the oriental Magpie Robin (Copsychus saularis) from Uttarakhand, India.@Journal of Sustainability Science and Management, 9(1), 112-119.@Yes$Aguon, C. F and Conant S. (1994).@Breeding Biology of the white-rumped Shama on Oahu Hawaii.@Wilson Bulletin, 106, 311-328.@Yes$Walter Reeves (2009).@The Georgia Gardener. Drone fly, rat tailed maggot Eristalis tenax (Linnaeus)-UF Entomology and Nematology.@www.entnemdept.ufl.edu. 5 February 2009.@No$R.J. Douthwaite and C.H. Fry (1982).@Food and feeding behavior of the little beef eater Meropspusillus in relation to Tsetse fly control by insecticides.@Biological conservation, 23(1982), 71-78@Yes$Oliarnyk, C. J., and Robertson, R. J. (1996).@Breeding Behavior and Reproductive Success of Cerulean Warblers in Southern Ontario.@Wilson Bulletin, 108, 673-684.@Yes$Kumar, A. (2010).@Breeding Biology of Pied Bush Chat Saxicola caprata with Reference to the Contextual Analysis of its Acoustic Signals, Ph. D., Dissertation. Gurukula Kangri University, Haridwar, India@undefined@Yes$George J.C. (1961).@Parental cooperation in the feeding of nestlings in the Indian robin, Saxicooidesfulicata.@J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 56, 4.@Yes$Kumar A (2003).@Acoustic communication in birds: Differences in songs and calls, their production and biological significance.@Resonance, 8, 44-55@Yes$Ashitha T. and Seedikkoya K. (2017).@Observations on the breeding biology of the Oriental magpie robin (Copsychussaularis) from malappuram district, Kerala.@Global journal of multidisciplinary studies, 6(8).@No$Anilkumar (2011).@Breeding Biology of Indian Robin Saxicoloidesfulicata in Northern India.@J. Exp. Zool. India, 15(1), 5761,2012.@Yes$Daniel Bardsley (2018).@Meet the black soldier fly: The new weapon in the war against food waste.@https//www.thenational.ae/uae/science.18August, 2018.@No$James Castner (2009).@Hermetiaillucens-UF/IFAS entomology.@University of Florida (Figure 4-Pupa of Black soldier fly). www.entnemdept.ufl.edu.14July, 2009.@No$Komdeur J. (1996).@Breeding of the Seychelles magpie robin Copsychussechellarum and implications for its conservation.@Indian Birds, 138, 485-498@Yes$Sreekar R. (2010).@A Study on the habits of Oriental Magpie-Robin Copsychus saularis.@Indian Birds, 5(5).@Yes <#LINE#>Evaluation of the effect of feeding commercial synbiotic and diet-acidifiers on histological and gut morphometric of Arbor-Acre broiler chickens<#LINE#>Arogbodo @J.O.,Adebayo @I.A.,Adesida @J.A. <#LINE#>33-37<#LINE#>6.ISCA-IRJBS-2020-015.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria@Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria@Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria<#LINE#>11/3/2020<#LINE#>22/6/2020<#LINE#>The desire to shift attention from synthetic drugs/growth promoter utilization in livestock feed calls for the exploration of alternative feed additives having less harmful effects on the health of food animals and human consumers. To study the effects of some of these other potential feed additives on broiler production, one hundred and forty four day old broiler chickens were sourced and divided into four groups in a Completely Randomised Design (CRD) experiment and reared for 8 weeks. Four diets were prepared to constitute four experimental groups. Group I was the control with the absence of synbiotic or acidifier. Synbiotic was included in Group II diet while Group III had buffered feed acidifier. Group IV diet was the only one in which Synbiotic and acidifiers were pulled together. Duodenal sections for gut morphometry were taken at the starter and finisher phases of the rearing period while that of histology were done at termination of the experiment. Microscopic examination of the sections revealed no observable lesions in all the duodenal villi from the various groups. However, the villi width as observed in Group IV (at the starter phase) had the longest measurement of 53.33± ± ±6.67µm while Group II had the deepest cryptal measurement of 66.67± ± ±12.02 µm. At the finisher phase, there was significant difference in the villi width. Group II had a relatively higher villi length (261.67± ± ±30.60µm) and deeper cryptal depth (66.67± ± ±8.82 µm) when compared with other experimental groups. The length and width of a villus are known to have a direct bearing on the digestion and absorption of nutrients by an animal. From these results, diet-acidifier and synbiotic had no deleterious effects on gut morphology of the experimental broiler chickens and as such could be used to replace antibiotics and anabolic steroids as growth promoters in the rearing of broiler chickens.<#LINE#>ACP (2013).@American College of Physicians. International Medicine/Doctors for Adults.@190 North Independence mall west, Philadelphia, 1-5.@No$Adetokunbo, O. L. and Hebert, M. G. (2003).@Short Text Book of Public Health Medicine for the Tropics.@4th edition. Printed and Bound in Malta by Gutenberg Press Ltd. 40-45.@Yes$Herbs 200.com (2002).@Use and Misuse of Antibiotics.@2002-2013, herbs 200.com. 1-4. http:www.whatarebacteria.com./streptococcus-faecalis (2014). 1-4.@No$World Health Organization (2011).@Tackling antibiotic resistance from a food safety perspective in Europe.@Regional office for Europe scherfigsvej 8, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.@Yes$Yusrizal, Y. and Chen, T. C. (2003).@Effect of Adding Chicory Fructans in Feed on Broiler Growth Performance, Serum Cholesterol and Intestinal Length.@Int. J. Poult. Sci., 2003, 2(3), 214-219.@Yes$Rahmani, H.R. and Speer, W. (2005).@Natural Additives influence the Performance and Humoral Immunity of Broilers.@Int. J. Poult. Sci., 2005, 4(9), 713-717.@Yes$Fuller, R. (1992).@Probiotics. The Scientific basis.@Ed. Fuller, R. Champman and Hall. London. Proceedings of 33rd Annual Conference, Nigerian Society for Animal Production. 90-92.@No$Banerjee, G. C. (2012).@A Text Book of Animal Husbandry.@Eighth Edition. Oxford and IBH Publishing Company Pvt. Ltd. 113-B Shahpur Jat. Asian Games Village Side New Delhi 110049, India. 927-930.@Yes$Awad, W. A., Ghareeb, K., Abdel-Rahhem, S. and Bohm, J. (2009).@Effects of Dietary Inclusion of Probiotic and Synbiotic on growth Performance, Organ Weights, and Intestinal Histomorphology of Broiler Chickens.@Poult. Sci., 88(1), 49-56.@Yes$Gallaher, D. D. and Khil, J. (1999).@The Effect of Synbiotic on Colon Carcinogenesis in Rats.@J. Nutr., 129 (Suppl. 7), 1483S-1487S.@Yes$Martins, F.S., Nardi, R.M., Arantes, R.M., Rosa, C.A., Neves, M.J. and Nicoli, J.R. (2005). Journal of Genetics and Applied Microbiology, 51, 83-89.@undefined@undefined@No$Corne, Van der Ejik (2002).@Acidifiers and Antibiotic growth Promoters Compared.@Feed mix, 10(6), 34-36. www.AgriWorld.nl.@No$Lamb, G. B. (1981).@Manual of Veterinary Techniques in Kenya.@Published by CIBA-GEGY. 127-147.@No$Yu, B., Tsai, CC., Hsu, J. C., and Chiou, P W S (1998).@Effect of Different Sources of Dietary Fibre on Growth Performance, Intestinal Morphology and Caecal carbohydrate of Domestic Geese.@Br Poultry Science, 39, 560-567.@Yes$SAS Institute (2009).@Statistical Analysis System (SAS), users Guide.@Release 9.2 Ed. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC.@Yes$Kim, B. (2020).@Duodenum: Anatomy, histology, composition, functions.@www.kenhub.com. Acessed on 10/03/2020.@No$Ivana, P., Maja, M., Mirela, P., Ksenija, M., Valerija, B., Ivan, M and Matija, D. (2019).@Intestinal Morphology in Broiler Chickens Supplemented with Propolis and Bee Pollen.@Animals MDPI 9, 301; doi: 10.3390/ani9060301.@Yes$Mounia, M., Nadir, A and Omar, B. (2018).@Effects of phytogenic products on gut morpho-histology of broiler chickens.@Int . J. Vet Sci Res, 4(1), 009-0011.@Yes$Yang, Y., Iji, P. A. and Choct, M. (2009).@Dietary modulation of gut microflora in broiler chickens: A review of the role of six kinds of alternatives to in-feed antibiotics.@Worlds Poult. Sci. J., 65, 97-114.@Yes$Biswas, A., Junaid, N., Kumawat, M., Qureshi, S. and mandal, A B. (2018).@Influence of Dietary Supplementaion of Probiotics on Intestinal Histomorphometry, Blood Chemistry and Gut Health Status of Broiler Chickens.@South African Journal of Animal Science, 48(5), 967-976.@Yes$Widya, P. L., Teguh, B. P., Anam, A., Soeharsono, S., Sri, H., Nenny, H., Rifqy, N., Khoirul, H., Hana, C. P. W., Nabil, F. N. R and Andreas, B. Y. (2019).@Potency of probiotics Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus casei to improve growth performance and business analysis in organic laying hens.@Veterinary World, 12(6), 860-867.@Yes$Agboola, A. F., Aroniyo, I., Suberu, S. A and Adeyemi, W. T. (2014).@Dietary supplementation of probiotics and synbiotics on intestinal microbial populations and gut morphology of turkey poults.@African Journal of Livestock Extension, 14, 13-20.@Yes$Omidiwura, B. R. O., Agboola, A. F., Olaleye, O. O and Iyayi, E. A. (2018).@Influence of Prebiotics, Probiotics or Synbiotics on Performance, Intestinal Mucosal Integrity and Gut Microbiota of Turkey Poults.@Nigerian J. Anim. Sci., 20(2), 64-75.@Yes$Garcia, V., Catala-Gregory, P., Hermandaz, F., Megias, M.D. and Madrid, J. (2007).@Effect of formic acid and plant extracts on growth, nutrient digestibility, intestinal mucosa morphology and meat yield of broilers.@Journal of Applied Poultry Research Winter, 16(4), 555-562.@Yes$Seeley, R. R., Stephens, T. D., and Tate, P. (2008).@In Anatomy and Physiology.@8th Ed., Pub McGraw Hill, New York. USA pg 874-876@No$Mescher, A L. (2010).@In Junqueiras Basic Histology (Text and Atlas).@Int. Ed. McGraw Hill Pub. Singapore. Pg 271.@Yes <#LINE#>Satureja thymbra aqueous and ethanol extracts antibacterial activity<#LINE#>Lubna @Abdallah,Ghadeer @Omar <#LINE#>38-42<#LINE#>7.ISCA-IRJBS-2020-016.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Biology & Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, An-Najah National University, Nablus, P.O. Box 7, Palestine@Department of Biology & Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, An-Najah National University, Nablus, P.O. Box 7, Palestine<#LINE#>15/3/2020<#LINE#>17/7/2020<#LINE#>The concern toward using herbs around the world for the treatment of infectious diseases is increased during this century. Based on that, the following conducted experiment was performed to detect the effectiveness of using ethanol and aqueous extracts from Satureja thymbra L. (Lamiaceae) that is growing wild in Palestine. The bioactivity of both aqueous and ethanol extracts was tested against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and other two clinical isolates which are Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis. Well susceptibility method and micro-broth dilution method were utilized to examine the antibacterial potential for both extract types under investigation. The obtained results showed that S. thymbra ethanol extract was better than aqueous one as it produced (10, 30, 16 and 12 mm) inhibition zones against K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus respectively. Meanwhile, S. thymbra aqueous extract had an impact on P. mirabilis with 20 mm zone of inhibition. The MIC results of the running experiment showed that ethanol extract exhibited a powerful inhibitory behavior as it prevented the growth of all tested microorganisms in a concentration range between 6.25 mg/ml and 25 mg/ml. Moreover, S. thymbra aqueous extract showed a moderate inhibition potential at 50 mg/ml MIC values to all examined bacterial isolates expect for K. pneumoniae clinical isolate. In conclusion, the acquired results confirmed the possibility of employing S. thymbra extracts in medicine and pharmaceutical industry of new drugs against some pathogenic bacteria.<#LINE#>Imelouane, B., Amhamdi, H., Wathelet, J.P., Ankit, M., Khedid, K. and El Bachiri, A. (2009).@Chemical composition of the essential oil of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) from Eastern Morocco.@Int. J. Agric. Biol., 11, 205-208.@Yes$Sampathkumar, S. and Ramakrishnan, N. (2011).@Chromatographic finger print analysis of Naringi crenulata by HPTLC Technique.@Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed., 1, S 195-S198.@Yes$Santos, A.L., Chierice, G.O., Alexander, K.S., Riga, A. and Matthews, E. (2009).@Characterization of the raw essential oil eugenol extracted from Syzygium aromaticum L.@J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 96, 821-825.@Yes$Giweli, A., Džamić, A.M., Soković, M., Ristić, M.S. and Marin, P.D. (2012).@Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of essential oils of Satureja thymbra growing wild in Libya.@Molecules, 17, 4836-4850.@Yes$Chater, A. O., & Webb, D. A. (1972).@Orobanche.@Flora Europaea, 3, 286-293.@Yes$Simon, J. E., Chadwick, A. F. and Craker, L. E. (1984).@Herbs: an indexed bibliography, 1971-1980. The scientific literature on selected herbs and medicinal plants of the temperate zone.@Hamden, Connecticut, Archon Books, pp 770.@Yes$Griffin, S.G., Wyllie, S.G., Markham, J.L. and Leach, D.N. (1999).@The role of structure and molecular properties of terpenoids in determining their antimicrobial activity.@Flavour. Fragr J., 14, 322-332.@Yes$Dorman, H.J.D. and Deans, S.G. (2000).@Antimicrobial agents from plants: antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils.@J. Appl. Microbiol., 88, 308-316.@Yes$GÖren, A.C., Topçu, G., Bilsel, G., Bilsel, M., Wilkinson, J.M. and Cavanagh, H. (2004).@Analysis of essential oil of Satureja thymbra by hydrodistillation, thermal desorber, and headspace GC/MS techniques and its antimicrobial activity.@Nat. Product. Res., 18, 189-195.@Yes$Sarac, N. and Ugur, A. (2008).@Antimicrobial activities of the essential oils of Origanum onites L, Origanum vulgare L. subspecies hirtum (Link) Ietswaart, Satureja thymbra L and Thymus cilicicus Boiss and Bal growing wild in Turkey.@J. Med. Food., 11, 568-573.@Yes$Azaz, A.D., KÜrkcÜoglu, M., Satil, F., Baser, C.K.H. and TÜmen, G. (2005).@In vitro antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of some Satureja essential oils.@J. Flav. Fragr., 20, 587-591.@Yes$Omar, G., Abdallah, L.A., Ismail, S. and Almasri, M.Y. (2013).@Screening of selected medicinal wild plant extracts antibacterial effect as natural alternatives.@Int. J. Indig. Med. Plants., 46, 1299-1304.@Yes$Villanova, P.A. (1999).@NCCLS - National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility tests: Approved standards.@(NCCLS Publication M2-A5).@No$Wayne, P.A. (2000).@NCCLS - National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards NCCLS. Methods for Dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically: Approved standards.@5 ed, (NCCLS document M7-A5).@Yes$Balkan, C.E., Kordali, S. and BozhÜyÜk, A.U. (2018).@Antimicrobial Effect of Plant Oils against Some Bacterias Izolated from Patients Samples.@J. Mol. Genet. Med., 12, 318.@Yes$Ali-Shtayeh, M.S., Al-Assali, A.A. and Jamous, R.M. (2013).@Antimicrobial activity of Palestinian medicinal plants against acne-inducing bacteria.@Afr. J. Microbiol. Res., 7(21), 2560-2573.@Yes$Khoury, M., Stien, D., Eparvier, V., Ouaini, N. and El Beyrouthy, M. (2016).@Report on the Medicinal Use of Eleven Lamiaceae Species in Lebanon and Rationalization of Their Antimicrobial Potential by Examination of the Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Their Essential Oils.@Evid. Based. Complement. Alternat. Med., 2016, 1-17.@Yes$Kizil, S., Hasimi, N. and Tolan, V. (2014).@Biological Activities of Origanum, Satureja, Thymbra and Thymus Species Grown in Turkey.@J. Essent. Oil-Bear. Plants., 17(3), 460-468.@Yes$Marković, T., Chatzopoulou, P., Siljegović, J., Nikolic, M., Glamočlija, J., Ćirić, A. and Soković, M.D. (2011).@Chemical analysis and antimicrobial activities of the essential oils of Satureja thymbra L. and Thymbra spicata L. and their main components.@Molecules., 17(5), 4836-4850.@Yes$Chorianopoulos, N., Kalpoutzakis, E., Aligiannis, N., Mitaku, S., Nychas, G.-J. E. and Haroutounian, S. A. (2004).@Essential oils of Satureja, Origanum and Thymus species: chemical composition and antibacterial activities against foodborne pathogens.@J. Agric. Food. Chem., 52, 8261-8267.@Yes$Kizil, S., Hasimi, N., Tolan, V. and Kilic, E. (2010).@Mineral Content, Essential Oil Components and Biological Activity of Two Mentha Species (M. piperita L., M. spicata L.).@Turk. J. Field. Crops., 15, 148-153.@Yes$Ravid, U. and Putievsky, E. (1985).@Composition of essential oils of Thymbra spicata and Satureja thymbra chemotypes.@Planta. Med., 51, 337-338.@Yes$Baser, K.H.C. (2002).@Aromatic biodiversity among the flowering plant taxa of Turkey.@Pure Appl. Chem., 74, 527-525.@Yes$Abdallah, L. and Omar, G. (2019).@Antibacterial effect of some wild medicinal plants in Palestine against multidrug resistant Escherichia coli clinical isolate.@Braz. J. Biol. Sci., 6(12), 103-113.@Yes <#LINE#>Histological study, phytochemical screening and TLC studies of Sesbania grandiflora<#LINE#>Sumit K. @Arora,Prakash R. @Itankar,Subhash R. @Yende <#LINE#>43-47<#LINE#>8.ISCA-IRJBS-2020-018.pdf<#LINE#>Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry Department, Gurunanak College of Pharmacy, Nari, Nagpur- 440 026, Maharashtra, India@University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Amravati Road, Nagpur- 440 033, Maharashtra, India@Pharmacology Department, Gurunanak College of Pharmacy, Nari, Nagpur- 440 026, Maharashtra, India<#LINE#>26/3/2020<#LINE#>11/7/2020<#LINE#>Sesbania grandiflora (S. grandiflora), folklore medicinal plant is used in various parts of world. Leaves were used as alexeteric, for epilepsy, nyctalopia, gout, anthelmintic, itch, leprosy and ophthalmia. The plant possesses various therapeutic properties such as antiphlogistic, mildly laxative, anthelmintic, odontalgic properties and antirheumatic. The flowers were used as aperitif and refrigerant, for bronchitis, biliousness (abhorrence), gout, nyctalopia (night blindness), ozoena and quartan fever. Roots and barks were used in inflammation and as astringent respectively. In the present investigation phytochemical screening, histological examination and thin layer chromatographic identification of bark and extracts has been studied extensively and provided diagnostic key to spot adulterant. It is concluded that our research data helps to isolate and characterize the different phytochemicals responsible for medicinal potential of the S. grandiflora as anticancer, antiinflammatory, antibacterial, anxiolytic and anticonvulsant.<#LINE#>Kasture VS, Deshmukh VK and Chopde CT (2002).@Anxiolytic and anticonvulsive activity of Sesbania grandiflora leaves in experimental animals.@Phyther Res.; 16(5), 455-460. doi:10.1002/ptr.971@Yes$Doddola S., Pasupulati H., Koganti B. and Prasad KVSRG (2008).@Evaluation of Sesbania grandiflora for antiurolithiatic and antioxidant properties.@J Nat Med.; 62(3), 300-307. doi:10.1007/s11418-008-0235-2@Yes$Saravanakumar A., Vanitha S., Ganesh M., JayaPrakash J., and Ramaswamy N. (2010).@Hypolipidemic activity of Sesbania grandiflora in triton wr-1339 induced hyperlipidemic rats.@JIPM., 2, 52-58. doi:10.5138/ijpm.2010.0975.0185.02010@Yes$Ramesh T, Mohaideen V and Vava Mohideen H. (2006).@Hypolipidemic effect of Sesbania grandiflora on cigarette smoke exposed rats.@Pharmacologyonline., 3.@No$Afrin S, Sohrab H and Ahsan M (2019).@Terpenoids and steroids from the stem bark of Sesbania grandiflora and biological studies of the plant extracts.@Pharm Pharmacol Int J., 7(6), 307-313. doi:10.15406/ppij.2019.07.00269@No$Hasan N, Osman H, Mohamad S, Chong WK, Awang K, and Zahariluddin ASM. (2012).@The chemical components of Sesbania grandiflora root and their antituberculosis activity.@Pharmaceuticals., 5(8), 882-889. doi:10.3390/ph5080882@Yes$Bhargava VV, Saluja AK and Dholwani KK (2013).@Detection of Heavy Metal Contents and Proximate Analysis of roots of Anogeissus latifolia.@J Pharmacogn Phytochem., 1(6), 61-65.@Yes$Richardson PM and Harborne JB. (1990).@Phytochemical Methods: A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis.@Second Edition. Brittonia., 42(2), 115. doi:10.2307/2807624@Yes$Itankar PR, Lokhande SJ, Verma PR, Arora SK, Sahu RA, Patil AT. (2011).@Antidiabetic potential of unripe Carissa carandas Linn. fruit extract.@J Ethnopharmacol., 135(2), 430-433. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2011.03.036@Yes$Verma PR, Itankar PR and Arora SK (2013).@Evaluation of antidiabetic antihyperlipidemic and pancreatic regeneration, potential of aerial parts of Clitoria ternatea.@Rev Bras Farmacogn., 23(5), 819-829. doi:https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-695X2013000500015@Yes$Yende S, Arora S, Pande V and Harle U. (2018).@Phytochemical screening and anticonvulsant activity of Sargassum ilicifolium (brown algae) in mice.@J Phytopharm., 7(1), 25-28.@Yes$Chandel HS, Pathak AK and Tailang M (2011).@Standardization of some herbal antidiabetic drugs in polyherbal formulation.@Pharmacognosy Res., 3(1), 49-56. doi:10.4103/0974-8490.79116@Yes$Rashid R, Hajam GN, Wani MH and Sharma M. (2017).@Organoleptic evaluation of the plant Solanum nigrum L . of the family Solanaceae., 3(11), 142-145.@undefined@No$Agrawal M, Agrawal Y, Itankar P, Patil A, Vyas J and Kelkar A. (2012).@Phytochemical and HPTLC Studies of Various Extracts of Annona squamosa (Annonaceae).@Int J Pharm Tech Res., 4(1), 364-368.@Yes @Short Case Study <#LINE#>Infanticidal behaviour in Hanuman Langur, Semnopithecus entellus in and around Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India<#LINE#>Goutam @Sharma <#LINE#>48-51<#LINE#>9.ISCA-IRJBS-2019-115.pdf<#LINE#>Animal Behaviour Unit, Department of Zoology, J.N.V. University, Jodhpur, India<#LINE#>27/10/2019<#LINE#>29/5/2020<#LINE#>The Hanuman langur populace in Jodhpur city is very much concentrated in most recent multi year. During present investigation one abrupt occupant male substitution in a unimale indiscriminate troop at Mandore (B-8), Jodhpur (India) has been recorded. Troop having around 65 individuals including a grown-up male; 38 grown-up females, and others (newborn children of both the genders). The inhabitant male was there for last around two years. There are some 15-18 guys taking all things together male band (AMB-4) close by used to move toward the Mandore troop as often as possible. On April 4, 2018, there were three attacking guys moved toward the central troop. Be that as it may, the alpha male attempted to chase these trespassers however was not fruitful. Also, in four hours of vicious battles, the alpha male of androgynous troop\'s was encompassed by more abnormal guys. The occupant male was not found again in the following morning on fifth April. Three instances of newborn child assaults were seen after male substitution in a central troop by new alpha male. The most youthful baby, around three weeks assaulted by the new occupant male on April seventh, 2018. The dark coat baby discovered kicked the bucket following day. The new Alpha male was progressively forceful a considerable lot of the time after these assaults.<#LINE#>Hrdy, S.B. (1979).@Infanticide among animals: A review, classification, and examination of the implication s for the reproductive strategies of females.@Ethol. Sociobiol., 1, 13-40@Yes$Struhsaker, T.T., Leland, L., Smuts, B.B., Cheney, D.L., Sayfarth, R.M., Wrangham, R.W., Struhsaker, T.T. (1987).@Colobines: Infanticide by Adult Males.@Primate Societies Chicago, USA: The University of Chicago Press. 83-97.@Yes$Kirchhoff, C.A., Wilson, M.L., Mjungu, D.C. (2018).@Infanticide in chimpanzees: taphonomic case studies from Gombe.@Am J Phys Anthropol, 165, 108-122.@Yes$Hausfater, G. & Hrdy, S. (1984).@Infanticide: Comparative and evolutionary perspective. New York: Aldine@undefined@Yes$Sugiyama, Y. (1965).@The Social Change of Hanuman Langurs (Presbytis entellus) In Their Natural Condition.@Primates, 6, 213-247.@Yes$Mohnot, S.M. (1971).@Some aspects of social change and infant-killing in Hanuman langur, Presbytis entellus (Primates: Cercopithecidae) in western India.@Mammalia., 35(2), 175-198.@Yes$Makwana, S.C. 1979.@Infanticide and social change in two groups of Hanuman langur, Semnopithecus entellusat Jodhpur.@Primates, 20(2), 293-300.@Yes$Agoramoorthy, G. and Mohnot, S.M. (1988).@Infanticide and juvenilicide in Hanuman Langurs (Presbytis entellus) around Jodhpur.@India. Hum Evol 3, 275-296.@Yes$Rajpurohit, L.S. and Chhangani, A.K. (2003).@Resident male change and infanticide in free ranging unimale bisexual troop of Hanuman langurs (Semnopithecus entellus) around Jodhpur (India).@Abstract of papers-73rd Annual Session of the National Academy of Sciences, India, October 2003, held at Ahmadabad, 72-73.@Yes$Sharma, G., Chena, Ram and Rajpurohit, L.S. (2010).@A Case Study of Infanticide after Resident Male Replacement in Semnopithecus entellus around Jodhpur (India).@Proc. of Zoological Society., 63(2), 93-98.@Yes$Sommer, V. And Mohnot, S.M. (1985).@New Observations on Infanticide Among Hanuman Langurs (Presbytis entellus) Near Jodhpur (Rajasthan, India).@Behaviour, Ecology and Sociobiology, 16, 245-248.@Yes$Rajpurohit, L.S. (1987).@Male Social Organization of Hanuman Langurs (Presbytis entellus).@Ph.D. Thesis, University of Jodhpur, Jodhpur.@Yes$Sharma, G., Swami, B., Ram, C. and Rajpurohit L. S. (2011).@Dead Infant Carrying in the Hanuman Langur (Semnopithecus entellus) Around Jodhpur (Rajasthan).@Laboratory Primate Newsletter; 50(1), 1-5.@Yes$Rajpurohit, L.S.; Chhangani, A.K.; Rajpurohit, R.S. and Mohnot, S.M. (2003).@Observation on abrupt resident male replacements in a unimale bisexual troop of Hanuman langur, Semnopithecus entellus around Jodhpur.@Folia Primatol., 74, 85-87.@Yes$Arjun Singh,Goutam Sharma and L.S. Rajpurohit. (2018).@Mail Bias Infanticide after Resident Male Replacement in Semnopithecus entellus Around Jodhpur (India).@International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews, 5(4), 2348 -1269.@Yes$Hrdy, S.B. (1974). Male-male competition and infanticide among the langurs (Presbytis entellus) of Abu, Rajasthan.@Folia Primatol., 22, 19-58.@undefined@Yes$Newton, P.N. (1986).@Infanticide In An Undisturbed Population of Forest Hanuman Langurs (Presbytis entellus).@Animal Behaviour, 34, 785-789.@Yes$Borries, C. (1997).@Infanticide in seasonally breeding multimale groups of Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus) in Ramnagar (South Nepal).@Behav Ecol Sociobiol, 41, 139-150@Yes$Ross, C. (1993).@Take-over and infanticide in South Indian Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus).@Am J Primatol; 30, 75-82.@Yes$Rudran, R. (1979).@The demography and social mobility of a red howler (Alouatta seniculus) population in Venezuela. Vertebrate ecology in the northern neotropics.@J. F. eisenberg, editors. washington, d.c.: smithsonian institution press., 107-126.@Yes$Dufresne, P. (1797).@Sur une nouvelle espece de singe, park. Dufresne (Description dune nauvelle spece de guenon, sous le nom dantelle).@Bulleten de societies d philo mathique (Paris), 1(7), 49.@Yes$Mohnot, S.M., Agoromoorthy, G., Rajpurohit, L.S. and Srivastava, A. (1987).@Ecobehavioural Studies Of Hanuman Langur, Presbytis entellus.@Technical Report (1983-86) pp. IV +89. Mab Project, Department of Environment, Govt. of India, New Delhi, pp. ix + 87.@Yes$Altmann, J. (1974).@Observational study of behavior: sampling methods.@Behaviour, 49(3-4), 227-266.@Yes$Hrdy, S.B. (1977).@The Langurs of Abu: Female and male strategies of Reproduction.@Cambridge, London, Harward University Press.@Yes$Zhao, D.P., Li, B.G., Groves, C.P., Watanabe, K. (2008).@Impact of male takeover on intra-unit sexual interactions and subsequent interbirth interval in wild Rhinopithecus roxellana.@Folia Primatol, 79, 93-102.@Yes$Jay, P.C. (1962).@Aspects of maternal behaviour among langurs. Ann. NewYork.@Acad. of Sci., 102, 468-476.@Yes$Rajpurohit, L.S. (1991).@Resident male replacement, formation of new male band and paternal behaviour in Presbytis entellus.@Folia Primatol., 57, 159-164.@Yes$Rajpurohit, L.S., A.K. Chhangani, R.S. Rajpurohit, N.R. Bhaker, D.S. Rajpurohit and G. Sharma. (2008).@Recent observation on Resident male Change followed by Infanticide in Hanuman langurs (Semnopithecus entellus) Around Jodhpur.@Primate Report, 75, 33-40.@Yes$Ren, B., Li, D. He X, Qiu J, Li M. (2011).@Female Resistance to Invading Males Increases Infanticide in Langurs.@PLoS ONE, 6(4), e18971.@Yes$Curtin, R.A. and Dolhinow, (1978).@Primate social behaviour in a changing world.@Amer. Scient., 66, 468-475.@Yes$Struhsaker, T.T. And Leland, L. (1985).@Infanticide in A Patrilineal Society of Red Colobus Monkeys.@Zeitschrift Fur Tierpsychologie, 69, 89-132.@Yes$Bayard Webster (1982).@Infanticide: Animal behavior scrutinized for clues to humans.@The New York Times., Retrieved 2008-01-18.@No @Review Paper <#LINE#>Ethnomedicinal uses of Orchidaceae Taxa in Turkish traditional medicine<#LINE#>Mustafa Eray @Bozyel,Elif Merdamert-@Bozyel <#LINE#>52-63<#LINE#>10.ISCA-IRJBS-2020-012.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey@COVID-19 Diagnostic Center, Kartal Dr. Lutfi Kirdar City Hospital, Health Institutes of Turkey (TUSEB), Istanbul, Turkey<#LINE#>29/2/2020<#LINE#>20/3/2020<#LINE#>The Orchidaceae family is one of the flowering plants families with great diversity and widespread worldwide. It is one of the two largest families of flowering plants, along with the Asteraceae. Orchids are preferred as ornamental plants due to their fascinating floral diversity and complex flowers. They also have medicinal uses. Since ancient times, they have been benefited as herbal remedies for the treatment of pain, inflammation, and infectious diseases. In this review, we examined the recent studies to form a compilation of ethnomedicinal uses of Orchidaceae taxa in Traditional Turkish Medicine. As a result of this review, we found that forty-two Orchidaceae taxa are used as herbal medicine in Turkish traditional medicine.<#LINE#>Saber A.H. (1982).@Chronological notes on medicinal plants.@Hamdard, 25(1-4), 57.@No$Levey M. (1973).@Early Arabic pharmacology.@173, Leiden.@No$Dragendorff G. (1967).@Die Heilpflanzen der verschiedenen VÖlker und Zeiten 2.@MÜnchen.@No$WHO (1979).@Inventory of medicinal plants: selection and characterization.@WHO Chronicle, 33, 56.@No$Penso G. (1983).@Index plantarum, medicinalium totius mundi eorumque synonymorum.@Milano.@Yes$Baytop T. (1999).@TÜrkiyede bitkiler ile tedavi.@2nd ed., Nobel Tıp Kitapevleri, İstanbul,.@No$Aboolenein A.A. (1982).@Back to medicinal plants therapy.@Hamdard, 40, 1-4.@Yes$Said H.M. (1982).@Medicinal and aromatic plants in history - The history of medicinal and aromatic plants.@13, Karachi.@No$Bayram E., Kırıcı S., Tansı S., Yılmaz G., Arabacı O., Kızıl S. and Telci İ. (2010).@Tıbbi ve aromatik bitkiler Üretiminin arttırılması olanaklar, in TÜrkiye Ziraat MÜhendisliği VII.@Teknik Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, Ankara, pp 437-456.@Yes$Faydaoğlu E. and SÜrÜcÜoğlu M.S. (2011).@Geçmişten gÜnÜmÜze tıbbi ve aromatik bitkilerin kullanılması ve ekonomik Önemi.@Kastamonu Üniversitesi Orman FakÜltesi Dergisi, 11(1), 52-67.@Yes$Başer, K. H. C., Honda, G., & Miki, W. (1986).@Herb drugs and herbalists in Turkey (No. 27).@Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa.@Yes$Malyer H., Aydın Ö.A., TÜmen G. and Er S. (2004)@Tekirdağ ve çevresindeki aktarlarda satılan bazı bitkiler ve tıbbi kullanım Özellikleri.@Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri EnstitÜsÜ Dergisi, 7, 103-112.@Yes$çÖmlekçioğlu N. and Karaman Ş. (2008).@The medicinal plants found in the local herbal markets in the city of Kahramanmaraş in Turkey.@KSU Journal of Science and Engineering, 11(1), 23-32.@Yes$Polat R., Satıl F. and çakılcıoğlu U. (2011).@Medicinal plants and their use properties of sold in herbal market in bingÖl (turkey) district.@Biodicon, 4(3), 25-35.@Yes$Tulukçu E. and Sağdıç O. (2011).@Konyada aktarlarda satılan tıbbi bitkiler ve kullanılan kısımları.@Erciyes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri EnstitÜsÜ Dergisi, 27(4), 304-308.@Yes$Selvi S., Satıl F., Polat R. and çakılcıoğlu U. (2012).@Kazdağlarından (balıkesir-edremit) toplanan ve bÖlgedeki aktarlarda satılan tıbbi bitkiler Üzerine bir araştırma, in Kazdağları III.@Ulusal Sempozyumu Bildiri Kitabı, Edremit, Balıkesir, pp 505-513.@Yes$Canli K., Yetgin A., Akata I. and Altuner E.M. (2016).@In vitro antimicrobial screening of Aquilaria agallocha roots.@Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med, 13(5), 178-181.@Yes$Canli K., Yetgin A., Akata I. and Altuner E.M. (2017).@Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition screening of Epilobium montanum root.@Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, 51(3s), 239-243.@Yes$Canli K., Yetgin A., Akata I. and Altuner E.M. (2017).@Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition screening of Anacyclus pyrethrum root.@Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, 51(3s), 244-248.@Yes$Canli K., Bozyel M.E. and Altuner E.M. (2017).@In vitro antimicrobial activity screening of maclura pomifera fruits against wide range of microorganisms.@International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention, 6(8), 19-22.@Yes$Canli K., Simsek O., Yetgin A. and Altuner E.M. (2017).@Determination of the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Frankenia hirsuta.@Bangladesh J Pharmacol, 12, 463-469.@Yes$Bozyel M.E. and Merdamert E. (2018).@Antiurolithiatic activity of medicinal plants in Turkey.@R. Efe (Ed.), Science, ecology and engineering research in the globalizing world. St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, Sofia, pp 152-167.@No$Yetgin A., Canli K., and Altuner E.M. (2018).@Comparison of antimicrobial activity of allium sativum cloves from china and taşkÖprÜ, turkey.@Advances in Pharmacological Sciences, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9302840.@Yes$Canli K., Yetgin A., Benek A., Bozyel M.E. and Altuner E.M. (2019).@In vitro antimicrobial activity screening of ethanol extract of Lavandula stoechas and investigation of its biochemical composition.@Advances in Pharmacological Sciences, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3201458.@Yes$Bozyel M.E., Şenturan M., Benek A., Merdamert Bozyel E., Canli K. and Altuner E.M. (2019).@In vitro antimicrobial activity screening of Heliotropium europaeum against wide range of microorganisms and multi drug resistant (mdr) bacteria.@Ejbps, 6(3), 113-117.@Yes$Bozyel M.E., Merdamert Bozyel E., Canlı K. and Altuner E.M. (2019).@Anticancer Uses of Medicinal Plants in Turkish Traditional Medicine.@KSU Journal of Agriculture and Nature, 22(Suppl. 2), 465-484.@Yes$Arditti J. (1979).@Advances in Botanical Research.@Academic Press, Londra, 7, 421-665.@No$Sut S., Maggi F. and Dall@Bioactive secondary metabolites from orchids (Orchidaceae).@Chem Biodiversity, 14(11), e1700172.@Yes$Sezik, E. (2002).@Destruction and conservation of Turkish orchids.@In Biodiversity. Springer, Boston, MA. 391-400.@Yes$Kramer J. (1975).@Orchids.@HN Abrams Publishers, New York.@No$Boyden T.C. (1980).@Floral mimicry by Epidendrum ibaguense (Orchidaceae) in Panama.@Evolution, 34(1), 135-136.@Yes$Nilsson L.A. (1983).@Mimesis of bellflower (Campanula) by the red helleborine orchid Cephalanthera rubra.@Nature, 305, 799-800.@Yes$De L.C. (2015).@Commercial orchids.@Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG.@Yes$Bulpitt C.J., Li Y., Bulpitt P.F. and Wang J. (2007).@The use of orchids in Chinese medicine.@J R Soc Med, 100(12), 558-563.@Yes$Hossain M.M. (2011).@Therapeutic orchids: traditional uses and recent advances-an overview.@Fitoterapia, 82(2), 102-140.@Yes$Gutiérrez R.M.P. (2010).@Orchids: A review of uses in traditional medicine, its photochemistry and pharmacology.@J Med Plant Res, 4(8), 592-638.@Yes$Nongdam P. (2014).@Ethno-medicinal uses of some Orchids of Nagaland, North-east India.@R J Med Plant, 8(3), 126-139.@Yes$Hu S.Y. (1971).@Orchids in the life and culture of the Chinese people.@Chung Chi J, 10, 1-26.@Yes$Kreziou A., de Boer H. and Gravendeel B. (2016).@Harvesting of salep orchids in north-western Greece continues to threaten natural populations.@Oryx, 50(3), 393-396.@Yes$Singh S., Singh A.K., Kumar S., Kumar M., Pandey P.K. and Singh M.C.K. (2012).@Medicinal properties and uses of orchids: a concise review.@Elixir Appl. Botany, 52, 11627-11634.@Yes$Singh D.R., Kishore R., Kumar R., Singh A. and Rai D. (2016).@Orchid preparations.@Technical Bulletin No.-00. ICAR-National Research Centre for Orchids, Pakyong, Sikkim.@Yes$Bonte F., Cakova V. and Lobstein A. (2013).@Medicinal uses of orchids in Europe (16th-18th century).@41st International Congress for the History of Pharmacy, Paris, 10-14 September, Paris, France, pp 96.@No$Ghorbani A., Zarre S., Gravendeel B. and de Boer H.J. (2014).@Illegal wild collection and international trade of CITES-listed terrestrial orchid tubers in Iran.@Traffic Bulletin, 26(2), 52-58.@Yes$GÜmÜş C. (2009).@Batı Karadeniz BÖlgesinde Salep Elde Edilmesinde Kullanılan Bazı Orkide TÜrlerinin (Orchidaceae) çoğaltım YÖntemleri Üzerinde Araştırmalar (Unpublished doctoral dissertation).@Ankara University, Ankara.@Yes$Tığlı E.H. (2015).@Bucak (Burdur) yÖresinde bazı doğal orkide tÜrlerinin yayılış alanları, morfolojik ve fenolojik Özellikleri (Unpublished master@SÜleyman Demirel University, Isparta.@Yes$Işın M.P. (2008).@Salep, spiced winter drink and cure-all (Salep, Rahat-ı Can SıhhatÜ@1. Uluslararası Tıp Tarihi Kongresi ve 10. Ulusal Tıp Tarihi Kongresi, 20-24 Mayıs, Konya, TÜrkiye, pp 613-625.@Yes$Singh A. and Duggal S. (2009).@Medicinal Orchids: An Overview.@Ethnobotanical Leaflets, 13, 351-363.@Yes$Bektaş E., CÜce M. and SÖkmen A. (2013).@In vitro germination, protocorm formation, and plantlet development of Orchis coriophora (Orchidaceae), a naturally growing orchid species in Turkey.@Turk J Bot, 37, 336-342.@Yes$Doğan A. (2014).@Pertek (Tunceli) yÖresinde etnobotanik araştırmalar (Unpublished doctoral dissertation).@Marmara University, İstanbul.@Yes$Doğan A. and Tuzlacı E. (2015).@Wild edible plants of Pertek (Tunceli-Turkey).@Marmara Pharm J, 19(2), 126-135.@Yes$Sargin S.A. and BÜyÜkcengiz M. (2019).@Plants used in ethnomedicinal practices in Gulnar district of Mersin, Turkey.@Journal of Herbal Medicine, 15, 100224.@Yes$Sargin S.A. (2015).@Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in Bozyazı district of Mersin, Turkey.@Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 173, 105-126.@Yes$Demirci S. (2010).@Andırın (Kahramanmaraş) ilçesinde etnobotanik bir araştırma (Unpublished master@İstanbul University, İstanbul.@Yes$Sargin S.A., Selvi S. and BÜyÜkcengiz M. (2015).@Ethnomedicinal plants of Aydıncık district of Mersin, Turkey.@Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 174, 200-216.@Yes$Sargın S.A, Selvi S. and Akçiçek E. (2013).@Alaşehir (Manisa) ve çevresinde yetişen bazı geofitlerin etnobotanik açıdan incelenmesi.@Erciyes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri EnstitÜsÜ Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 29(2), 170-178.@Yes$Nacakcı F.M. (2015).@Kumluca (Antalya)da etnobotanik bir çalışma (Unpublished master@SÜleyman Demirel University, Isparta.@No$Diker N.Y. (2016).@Yalvaç (Isparta) ilçesinin halk ilacı yÖnÜnden araştırılması (Unpublished master@Hacettepe University, Ankara.@No$Bulut G.E. (2008).@Bayramiç (çanakkale) yÖresinde etnobotanik araştırmalar (Unpublished doctoral dissertation).@Marmara University, İstanbul.@No$Korkmaz M. and Karakurt E. (2015).@An ethnobotanical investigation to determine plants used as folk medicine in Kelkit (GÜmÜşhane/Turkey) district.@Biol Diversity Conserv, 8(3), 290-303.@Yes$Furkan M.K. (2016).@Adıyaman ilinde yetişen bazı bitkilerin etnobotanik Özellikleri (Unpublished masters thesis).@Adıyaman University, Adıyaman.@Yes$Korkmaz M. and Alparslan Z. (2015).@Ergan Dağı (Erzincan-Türkiye)nın etnobotanik özellikleri.@Bağbahçe Bilim Dergisi, 1(3), 1-31.@Yes$Dogan Y., Baslar S., Ay G. and Mert H.H. (2004).@The use of wild edible plants in western and central Anatolia (Turkey).@Economic Botany, 58(4), 684-690.@Yes$Karakaya S., Polat A., Aksakal Ö., SÜmbÜllÜ Y.Z. and İncekara Ü. (2019).@Plants used in traditional medicine and other uses in South of Erzurum (Turkey): An ethnobotanical study.@Ethnobotany Research and Applications, 18, 1-18.@Yes$Karaoğlan E.S., KÖseğlu M.Ş., ÖztÜrk M. and Kaya G. (2018).@Erzurumda Yetişen ve Halk Arasında Tıbbi Önemi Olan Bazı Bitki TÜrleri.@Mersin Üniversitesi Tıp FakÜltesi Lokman Hekim Tıp Tarihi ve Folklorik Tıp Dergisi, 8(3), 224-239.@Yes$KÜltÜr Ş., Altınbaşak O., Anıl S. and Melikoğlu G. (2018).@TÜrkiye@Marmara Pharm J, 22(1), 1-14.@Yes$Dalar A. and Konczak I. (2012).@Botanicals from Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey: Antioxidant capacity and phenolic constituents of endemic herbal medicines.@Journal of Herbal Medicine, 2(4), 126-135.@Yes$Saraç D.U., Özkan Z.C. and Akbulut S. (2013).@Ethnobotanic features of Rize/Turkey province.@Biodicon, 6(3), 57-66.@Yes$Eşen B. (2008).@Aydınlar kÖyÜ ve çevresinin (Erdemli/Mersin) etnobotanik Özellikleri (Unpublished masters thesis).@Selçuk University, Konya.@Yes$Tetik F. (2011).@Malatya ilinin etnobotanik değeri olan bitkileri Üzerine bir araştırma (Unpublished master@Fırat University, Elazığ.@Yes$Akbulut S. and Bayramoglu M.M. (2013).@The trade and use of some medical and aromatic herbs in Turkey.@Ethno Med, 7(2), 67-77.@Yes$Ugulu I., Baslar S., Yorek N. and Dogan Y. (2009).@The investigation and quantitative ethnobotanical evaluation of medicinal plants used around Izmir province, Turkey.@Journal of Medicinal plants research, 3(5), 345-367.@Yes$Saday H. (2009).@GÜzeloluk kÖyÜ ve çevresinin (Erdemli/Mersin) etnobotanik Özellikleri (Unpublished master@Selçuk University, Konya.@Yes$Paksoy M.Y., Selvi S. and Savran A. (2016).@Ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal plants in Ulukışla (Niğde-Turkey).@Journal of Herbal Medicine, 6(1), 42-48.@Yes$Sağıroğlu M., Dalgıç S. and Toksoy S. (2013).@Medicinal plants used in Dalaman (Muğla) Turkey.@Academic Journals, 7(28), 2053-2066.@Yes$Uzun M. and Kaya A. (2016).@Ethnobotanical research of medicinal plants in Mihalgazi (Eskişehir, Turkey).@Pharmaceutical Biology, 54(12), 2922-2932.@Yes$MÜkemre M. (2013).@Konalga, Sırmalı, Dokuzdam KÖyleri (çatak/Van) ve çevrelerinin etnobotanik Özellikleri (Unpublished master@YÜzÜncÜ Yıl University, Van.@Yes$Akan H., Öz A. and Pekmez H. (2018).@Some of the Plants Species used Among the Local People in Ortaca (Muğla).@Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 6(9), 1168-1174.@Yes$Aslan M. (2013).@Plants Used for Medical Purposes in Şanlıurfa (TÜrkiye).@KSÜ Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 16(4), 28-35.@Yes$Korkmaz M. and Fakir H. (2009).@Odun Dışı Bitkisel Orman ÜrÜnlerine İlişkin Nihai TÜketici Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi (Isparta İline YÖnelik Bir Araştırma).@SÜleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Orman FakÜltesi Dergisi, 2, 10-20.@Yes$GÜrdal B. (2010).@Marmaris (Muğla) ilçesinde etnobotanik bir araştırma (Unpublished masters thesis).@İstanbul University, İstanbul.@Yes$Kurnaz KaragÖz F. (2013).@Suşehri (Sivas) bÖlgesinin etnobotanik açıdan değerlendirilmesi (Unpublished master@Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyon.@Yes$Ozbucak T.B., Kutbay H.G. and Akcin O.E. (2006).@The Contributon of Wild Edible Plants to Human Nutrition in the Black Sea Region of Turkey.@Ethnobotanical Leaflets, 10, 98-103.@Yes$Korkmaz M. and Karakurt E. (2014).@Kelkit (GÜmÜşhane) aktarlarında satılan tıbbi bitkiler.@Journal of Natural & Applied Sciences, 18(3), 60-80.@Yes$Nadiroğlu M., Behçet L. and çakılcıoğlu U. (2019).@An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in Karlıova (BingÖl-Turkey).@Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 18(1), 76-87.@Yes$Avcı K. (2004).@çerkeş (çankırı) YÖresinde Kullanılan Halk İlaçları.@Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eczacılık FakÜltesi Dergisi, 24(2), 67-80.@Yes$Metin A. (2009).@Mut ve çevresinde (Mersin) yetişen bitkilerin etnobotanik Özellikleri (Unpublished master@Selçuk University, Konya.@Yes$Bağcı Y., Erdoğan R. and Doğu S. (2016).@Sarıveliler (Karaman) ve çevresinde yetişen bitkilerin etnobotanik Özellikleri.@Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen FakÜltesi Fen Dergisi, 42(1), 84-107.@Yes$Altay V. and Karahan F. (2012).@Tayfur SÖkmen KampÜsÜ (Antakya-Hatay) ve çevresinde bulunan bitkiler Üzerine etnobotanik bir araştırma.@Karadeniz Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(2), 13-28.@Yes$Kayıran S.D. (2019).@Dioskoridesin De Materia Medica Adlı Eserindeki Tıbbi Bitkilerin Doğu Akdenizde GÜnÜmÜzdeki Kullanımlarının Araştırılması.@Mersin Üniversitesi Tıp FakÜltesi Lokman Hekim Tıp Tarihi ve Folklorik Tıp Dergisi, 9(2), 189-202.@Yes$Kaval I. (2011).@Geçitli (Hakkari) ve çevresi@YÜzÜncÜ Yıl University, Van.@Yes$Ertuğ F. (2000).@An ethnobotanical study in central Anatolia (Turkey).@Economic Botany, 54(2), 155-182.@Yes$Erbay M.Ş. and Sarı A. (2018).@Plants used in traditional treatment against hemorrhoids in Turkey.@Marmara Pharmaceutical Journal, 22(2), 110-132.@Yes$Ecevit Genç G. (2003).@çatalca yÖresinde etnobotanik bir araştırma (Unpublished master@İstanbul University, İstanbul.@Yes$Ecevit Genç G. and Özhatay N. (2006).@An ethnobotanical study in çatalca (European part of Istanbul) II.@Turk J Pharm Sci, 3(2), 73-89.@Yes$Yapici I.U., Hosgoren H. and Saya O. (2009). Ethnobotanical features of Kurtalan (Siirt) District. Dicle University Journal of Ziya GÖkalp Faculty of Education, 12, 191-196.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Polat R. (2010).@Havran ve Burhaniye (Balıkesir) çevresinde tarımsal biyoçeşitlilik ve etnobotanik araştırmaları (Unpublished doctoral dissertation).@Balıkesir University, Balıkesir.@Yes$KÖkçÜ B., Esen O. and Uysal İ. (2015).@Medicinal plants sold in çanakkale/Turkey city center herbalists.@Biological Diversity and Conservation, 8(3), 80-91.@Yes$Kreutz C.A.J. and çolak H.A. (2009).@TÜrkiye Orkideleri.@Rota yayınları, İstanbul, pp 848.@Yes$GÜner A., Aslan S., Ekim T., Vural M. and Babaç M.T. (2012).@TÜrkiye bitkileri listesi damarlı bitkiler.@Nezahat GÖkyiğit Botanik Bahçesi ve Flora Araştırmaları Derneği Yayını, İstanbul.@Yes$Bozyel, M.E. and Merdamert-Bozyel, E. (2020).@Ethnomedicinal uses of Genus Lavandula (Lamiaceae) in Turkish Traditional Medicine.@International Journal of Academic and Applied Research, 4(2), 5-16.@Yes