@Research Paper
<#LINE#>Response of an ornamental fish exposed to Acephate and Carbendazim<#LINE#>Susanta @Nath,Pritam @Paul,Santanu @Mondal,Rahul @Podder <#LINE#>1-5<#LINE#>1.ISCA-IRJBS-2018-030.pdf<#LINE#>Government General Degree College Singur-712 409, West Bengal, India@Bidhannagar College EB-2, Sector-1, Salt Lake, Kolkata-700 064, WB, India@Bidhannagar College EB-2, Sector-1, Salt Lake, Kolkata-700 064, WB, India@Government General Degree College Singur-712 409, West Bengal, India<#LINE#>15/5/2018<#LINE#>17/9/2018<#LINE#>An acute toxicity test was performed by using Acephate, an organophosphate and Carbendazim insecticide on Poecilia reticulata commonly known as Guppy fish. This fish was selected due to it’s lervicidal property to control mosquito as well as easy availability in market. Fish were exposed to the Acephate and studied in a static renewal bioassay for different hours and LC10, LC50 and LC90 were estimated respectively. LC50 was calculated 0.894mg.l-1 for 96hr of exposure which was highest 2.705mg.l-1 at 24hr. Whereas, lethal concentrations were measured for fish exposed to Carbendazim for different hours and  LC50 was calculated 1.866ppm for 96hr of exposure which was highest 3.056ppm  at 24hr. The study revealed a significant effect of the used insecticide on the normal behaviors and lifespan of this beneficial fish.<#LINE#>Khan M.Z. and Law F.C. (2005).@Adverse effects of pesticides and related chemicals on enzyme and hormone systems of fish, amphibians and reptiles: a review.@Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences, 42(4), 315-323.@Yes$Kegley S., Neumeister L. and Martin T. (1999).@Disrupting the balance: ecological impacts of pesticides in California.@Disrupting the balance: ecological impacts of pesticides in California. Pesticide Action Network.@Yes$Ewing R.D. (1999).@Diminishing Returns : Salmon Decline and Pesticides.@Funded by the Oregon Pesticide Education Network, Biotech Research and Consulting Inc., Corvallis, OR, 55. http://lcrisweb.com/stream/pesticide-fisheffects.htm.2011.@Yes$Tilak K.S., Rao Janardhana and Jhansi L. (1991).@Effect of pesticides mixed in different ratios to the freshwater Labeo rohita.@J.  Ecotoxicol.  Environ. Monit., 1, 49-52.@Yes$Faheem M. and Lone K.P. (2013).@Acute toxicity and Behavioral response of Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings to Bisphenol-A.@International J. Open Scientific Research., 1(6), 28-37.@Yes$Weber J.B. (1977).@The pesticide scorecard.@Environmental Science & Technology, 11(8), 756-761.@Yes$Farmer W.J., Igue K., Spencer W.F. and Martin J.P. (1972).@Volatility of Organochlorine Insecticides from Soil: I. Effect of Concentration, Temperature, Air Flow Rate, and Vapor Pressure 1.@Soil Science Society of America Journal, 36(3), 443-447.@Yes$Roy B. and Nath S. (2011).@Some haematological investigations on Oreochromis niloticus (Trewavas) following exposure to Thiamethoxam.@Acta Zool. Lit., 21(4), 301-305.@Yes$Pickering Q.H., Henderson C. and Lemke A.E. (1962).@The toxicity of organic phosphorus insecticides to different species of warmwater fishes.@Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 91(2), 175-184.@Yes$Pickering Q.H. and Henderson C. (1966).@The Acute Toxicity of Some Pesticides to Fish.@Ohio J. Sci., 66(5), 508-513.@Yes$Francis S., Mohan K.G. and Oommen V. (2002).@Influence of steroid hormones on plasma proteins in fresh water Tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus.@Indian J. Exp.Biol., 40, 1206-1208.@Yes$Van der Oost R., Beyer J. and Vermeulen N.P. (2003).@Fish bioaccumulation and biomarkers in environmental risk assessment: a review.@Environmental toxicology and pharmacology, 13(2), 57-149.@Yes$Finney D.J. (2009).@Probit analysis.@Cambridge University Press, London, 333-360. ISBN: 978-0521135900.@No$Report (2018).@Probit EPA analysis Version 1.5.@http://metricskey.net/probit/probit-program-version--1.5-software-download.@No$Wilkinson C.F. (1976).@Insecticide Biochemistry and Physiology.@Plenum Press, New York, 768. eBook ISBN:978-1-4899-2212-0.@Yes$Mastan S. and Shaffi S. (2010).@Sub-lethal Effect of Pesticides on the Distribution of Glutaminases in the Brain of Labeo rohita (Ham.).@The Internet Journal of Toxicology, 7(2), 27-32.@Yes$Dutta H.M., Nath A., Adhikari S., Roy P.K., Singh N.K. and Munshi J.S.D. (1994).@Sublethal Malathion induced changes in the ovary of an air-breathing fish.@Heteropneustes fossilis : a histological study, Hydrobiologia, 294(3), 215-218.@Yes$Mohan M.R. (2000).@Malathion induced changes in the ovary of freshwater fish.@Glossogobiuss giuris (Ham). Pollution Res., 19(1), 73-75.@Yes$Bhandare R.Y., Pathan T.S., Shinde S.E., More P.R. and Sonawane D.L. (2011).@Toxicity and behavioural changes in fresh water fish Puntius stigma exposed to pesticide (Rogor).@Am-Euras. J. Toxicol. Sci, 3(3), 149-152.@Yes$Roger P.A. and Bhuiyan S.I. (1990).@Rice field ecosystem management and its impact on disease vectors.@Int. J. Water Resour. D., 6(1), 2-18.@Yes$Mir F.A., Shah G.M., Jan U. and Mir J.I. (2012).@Studies on influences of Sublethal Concentrations of Organophosphate Pesticide ; Dichlorvos on Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) of Female Common Carp , Cyprinus carpio communis.@Am.-Eurasian J. Toxicol., 4(2), 67-71.@Yes$Napti M.K. (2013).@The effect of pesticides on fish fauna of Bhopal Lower Lake (MP).@Afr. J. Environ. Sci. Technol., 7(7), 725-727.@Yes$Goel P.K. (2006).@Water pollution causes, effects and control.@New Age International (P) Ltd , New Delhi, 97- 115. ISBN : 812241009X, 9788122410099.@Yes$Sanders B.M. (1993).@Stress proteins in aquatic organisms : an environmental perspective.@Crit. Rev. Toxicol., 23(1),  49-75.@Yes$Arunachalam S., Jeyalakshmi K. and Aboobucker S. (1980).@Toxic and sublethal effects of carbaryl on a freshwater catfish, Mystus vittatus (Bloch).@Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology, 9(3), 307-316.@Yes$Trivedy R.C. and Dubey P.S. (1978).@Evaluation of toxicity of some industrial wastes to fish by bioassay.@Environ. Pollut., 17(1), 75-80.@Yes$PAN Pesticide Database- Chemical (2014). www.pesticideinfo.com.@undefined@undefined@No$Preston S., Coad N., Townend J., Killham K. and Paton G.I. (2000).@Biosensing the acute toxicity of metal interactions: are they additive, synergistic or antagonistic?.@Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 19(3), 775-780.@Yes$Van Wijngaarden R.P.A., Crum S.J.H., Decraene K., Hattink J. and Van Kammen A. (1998).@Toxicicity of derosal (active ingredient carbendazim) to aquatic invertebrates.@Chemosphere, 37(4), 673-683.@Yes$WHO (1993).@Environmental Health Criteria 149.@Carbendazim World Health Organization, Geneva.@Yes$Ludwikowska A., Bojarski B., Socha M., Lutnicka H. and Trzeciak K.B. (2013).@The effect of carbendazim on embryonic Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio) development and hatching.@Archives of Polish Fisheries, 21(4), 367-371.@Yes
<#LINE#>Pseudozyma flocculosa Y-1: A potent hydrolytic yeast isolate from the biogas digester effluent<#LINE#>Patil @V.S.,Deshmukh @H.V. <#LINE#>6-9<#LINE#>2.ISCA-IRJBS-2018-043.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Microbiology, Lal Bahadur Shastri College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Satara-415002, MS, India@Department of Microbiology Yashavantrao Chavan Institute of Science, Satara-415002, MS, India<#LINE#>5/7/2018<#LINE#>16/9/2018<#LINE#>Vegetable waste serves as source of nuisance in markets. The current unscientific disposal methods lead to environmental pollution. Biomethanation is a promising biological treatment method for vegetable wastes. Biomethanation process converts organic matter into biogas and manure. The different types of microorganisms are involved in production of biogas. Hydrolysis is the first step in biomethanation and different kinds of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms are involved in the process. The biomethanation experiment was carried out in 5litre biogas digester under ambient temperature conditions. The yeasts were isolated by using Sabourauds agar medium. The yeast isolates were subjected to determine their ability for the production of hydrolytic enzymes. The yeast isolate with maximum hydrolytic potential was identified by morphological, cultural, biochemical characterization and molecular identification by 24 S rRNA.<#LINE#>Kumar S., Bhattacharyya J.K., Vaidya A.N., Chakrabarti T., Devotta S. and Akolkar A.B. (2009).@Assessment of the status of municipal solid waste management in metro cities, state capitals, class I cities, and class II towns in India: An insight.@Waste management, 29(2), 883-895.@Yes$Charles W., Walker L. and Cord-Ruwisch R. (2009).@Effect of pre-aeration and inoculum on the start-up of batch thermophilic anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste.@Bioresource technology, 100(8), 2329-2335.@Yes$Christy P.M., Gopinath L.R. and Divya D. (2014).@A review on anaerobic decomposition and enhancement of biogas production through enzymes and microorganisms.@Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 34, 167-173.@Yes$Weiland P. (2010).@Biogas production: current state and perspectives.@Applied microbiology and biotechnology, 85(4), 849-860.@Yes$Zverlov V.V., Hiegl W., Kock D.E., Kellermann J., Kollmeier T. and Schwarz W.H. (2010).@Hydrolytic bacteria in mesophilic and thermophilic degradation of plant biomass.@Eng. Life Sci., 10(6), 528-536.@Yes$Zverlov V.V. and Schwarz W.H. (2008).@Bacterial cellulose hydrolysis in anaerobic environmental subsystems-Clostridium thermocellum and Clostridium stercorarium, thermophilic plant fibre degraders, in Incredible Anaerobes, (Ed: J. Wiegel).@Annals N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1125, 298-307.@Yes$Kazda M., Langer S. and Bengelsdorf F.R. (2014).@Fungi open new possibilities for anaerobic fermentation of organic residues.@Energy, Sustainability and Society, 4(6), 1-9.@Yes$Deshmukh H.V. (2013).@Facultative and non methanogenic micro flora from biogas digester runs on distillery waste and Ipomoea weed biomass.@Trends in Biotechnology Research, 2(1), 1-3.@No$Bengelsdorf F.R. (2012).@Characterization of the microbial community in a biogas reactor supplied with organic residues.@Ph.D Dissertation, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ulm.@Yes$Santiago A.L.C.M.D. and Motta C.M.D.S. (2008).@Isolation of Mucorales from processed maize (Zea mays L.) and screening for protease activity.@Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 39(4), 698-700.@Yes$Lu W.J., Wang H.T., Nie Y.F., Wang Z.C., Huang D.Y., Qiu X.Y. and Chen J.C. (2004).@Effect of inoculating flower stalks and vegetable waste with ligno-cellulolytic microorganisms on the composting process.@Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B, 39(5-6), 871-887.@Yes$Bandounas L., Nick J.P., Wierck W.J.H. and Ruijssenaars H.J. (2011).@Isolation and characterization of novel bacterial strain exhibiting ligninolytic potential.@BMC Biotechnol., 11(94), 1-11.@Yes$Hendricks C.W., Doyle J.D. and Hugley B. (1995).@A new solid medium for enumerating cellulose-utilizing bacteria in soil.@Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 61(5), 2016-2019.@Yes$Kurtzman C.P. and Fell J.W. (1998).@The Yeasts, A taxonomic study (4th ed).@Elsevier Press, Amsterdam.@No$Barnett J.A., Payne R.W. and Yarrow D. (1990).@Descriptions of the species arranged alphabetically.@Yeasts: characteristics and identification, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 679-695.@Yes$Campbell J. and Duffus J.H. (1988).@Yeast: A Practical Approach.@IRL Press, Oxford.@No$Gibbs B.M. and Shapton D.A. (1968).@Identification Methods for Microbiologists.@Academic Press, New York.@No$Kreger van Rij N.J.W. (1984).@The Yeasts. A taxonomic study.@Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.@No$Rose A.H. and Harrison J.S. (1969).@The Yeasts, Biology of Yeasts.@Academic Press, London, 1.@No$Belanger R.R., Labbe C. and Jarvis W.R. (1994).@Commercial-scale control of rose powdery mildew with a fungal antagonist.@Plant Dis., 78, 420-424.@No$Hajlaoui M.R. and Bélanger R.R. (1993).@Antagonism of the yeast&#8208;like phylloplane fungus Sporothrix flocculosa against Erysiphe graminis var tritici.@Biocontrol Science and technology, 3(4), 427-434.@Yes$Jarvis W.R., Shaw L.A. and Traquair J.A. (1989).@Factors affecting antagonism of cucumber powdery mildew by Stephanoascus flocculosus and S. rugulosus.@Mycol. Res., 92, 162-165.@Yes$Mimee B., Labbé C. and Bélanger R.R. (2009).@Catabolism of flocculosin, an antimicrobial metabolite produced by Pseudozyma flocculosa.@Glycobiology, 19(9), 995-1001.@Yes$Mimee B., Labbé C., Pelletier R. and Bélanger R.R. (2005).@Antifungal activity of flocculosin, a novel glycolipid isolated from Pseudozyma flocculosa.@Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 49(4), 1597-1599.@Yes
<#LINE#>An improved protocol for genomic DNA extraction and purification from leaves of Terminalia Arjuna (Roxb.) Wight and Arnis<#LINE#>Sonu @Bharti <#LINE#>10-16<#LINE#>3.ISCA-IRJBS-2018-045.pdf<#LINE#>Tropical Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur-483001, Madhya Pradesh, India<#LINE#>9/7/2018<#LINE#>20/9/2018<#LINE#>Several available protocols fail to produce good quality genomic DNA from leaves of Terminalia arjuna that contain the exceptionally high amount of interfering secondary metabolites and polysaccharides. To address this issue, a modified DNA isolation protocol was developed for obtaining quality genomic DNA. Briefly, leaf tissue was macerated in lysis buffer supplemented with PVP, sorbitol and sodium chloride. The macerated material was washed in sorbitol buffer for easy extraction and getting rid of mucilaginous substances present in the sample. Subsequently, the inclusion of high concentrations of B-mercaptoethanol, NaCl, and Triton-x in Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) removed polyphenols and polysaccharides. Phenol: Chloroform: Isoamyl alcohol washings took after by precipitation with NaCl proficiently expelled high protein and polysaccharide impurity. The purity of the isolated genomic DNA was checked spectrophotometrically and confirmed by the running of isolated DNA on 0.8% agarose gel electrophoresis. The yield of pure genomic DNA ranged from 120 to 570ng/µl and purity index (A260/A280) ratio from 1.65 to 2.0. The isolated genomic DNA optimized the RAPD analysis and showed clear amplification in all the germplasm tested.<#LINE#>Padmaa M.P. (2010).@Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wt. & Arn. A review.@International journal of Phrmacology, 6(5), 515-534.@Yes$Nityanand S. and Kapoor N.K. (1971).@Hypocholesteremic effects of Commiphoramukul resin.@Indian J. Exp. Biol., 9, 376.@Yes$Warrier P.K. (1994).@Indian Medicinal plants.@A compendium of 500 species, 4, 381.@No$Nadkami K.M. and Nadkarni A.K. (1976).@Dr KM Nadkarmi@Popular Prakashan.@Yes$Srivastava D.P., Srivastava P.K., Goel A.K. and Thangavelu K. (1993).@Genetic variability in Terminalia arjuna Bedd.@Indian Journal of Forestry, 16(3), 223-225.@Yes$Whitkus R., Doebley J. and Wendel J.F. (1994).@Nuclear DNA markers in systematics and evolution.@DNA based markers in Plants, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 116-141.@Yes$Michiels A., Van den E.W., Tucker M., Van Riet L. and Van Laere A. (2003).@Extraction of high-quality genomic DNA from latex-containing plants.@Anal. Biochem., 315, 85-89.@Yes$Guillemaut P. and Maréchal-Drouard L. (1992).@Isolation of plant DNA: A fast, inexpensive, and reliable method.@Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 10(1), 60-65.@Yes$Porebski S., Bailey L.G. and Baum B.R. (1997).@Modification of a CTAB DNA extraction protocol for plants containing high polysaccharide and polyphenol components.@Plant molecular biology reporter, 15(1), 8-15.@Yes$Loomis W.D. (1974).@Overcoming problems of phenolics and quinones in the isolation of plant enzymes and organelles.@Methods in enzymology, 31, 528-544. Academic Press.@Yes$Dellaporta S.L., Wood J. and Hicks J.B. (1983).@A plant DNA minipreparation: version II.@Plant molecular biology reporter, 1(4), 19-21.@Yes$Doyle J.J. (1990).@Isolation of plant DNA from fresh tissue.@Focus, 12, 13-15.@Yes$Deshmukh V.P., Thakare P.V., Chaudhari U.S. and Gawande P.A. (2007).@A simple method for isolation of genomic DNA from fresh and dry leaves of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight and Arnot.@Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, 10(3), 468-472.@Yes$Syamkumar S., Lowarence B. and Sasikumar B. (2003).@Isolation and amplification of DNA from rhizomes of turmeric and ginger.@Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 21(2), 171-171.@Yes$Fang G.S., Hammar S. and Grumet R. (1992).@A quick and inexpensive method for removing polysaccharides from plant genomic DNA.@Biotechniques, 13, 52-57.@Yes$Sarwat M., Negi M.S., Lakshmikumaran M., Tyagi A.K., Das S. and Srivastava P.S. (2006).@A standardized protocol for genomic DNA isolation from Terminalia arjunafor genetic diversity analysis.@Electronic J. Biotech, 9(1), 86-91.@Yes$Harini S.S., Acharya A., Aich B.A. and Kothari I.L. (2008).@Optimization of DNA isolation and PCR – RAPD methods for molecular analysis of Urgineaindica Kunth.@Int. J. Integ. Biol., (2), 138-144.@Yes$Katterman F.R.H. and Shattuck V.I. (1983).@An effective method of DNA isolation from the mature leaves of Gossypium species that contain large amounts of phenolic terpenoids and tannins.@Preparative Biochemistry, 13(4), 347-359.@Yes$Peterson D.G., Boehm K.S. and Stack S.M. (1997).@Isolation of milligram quantities of nuclear DNA from tomato (Lycopersiconesculentum), a plant containing high levels of polyphenolic compounds.@Plant Mol. Biol. Reptr., 15, 148-153.@Yes$Stewart C.N. and Via L.E. (1993).@A rapid CTAB DNA isolation technique useful for RAPD fingerprinting and other PCR applications.@Biotechniques, 19, 394-504.@No$Zhang J. and Stewart J.M. (2000).@Economical and rapid method for extracting cotton genomic DNA.@J Cotton Sci, 4(3), 193-201.@Yes$De la Cruz M., Whitkus R. and Mota-Bravo L. (1995).@Tropical tree DNA isolation and amplification.@Mol. Ecol., 4, 787-789.@Yes
<#LINE#>Effect of AM fungi and some organic fertilizers on growth and biochemical content of Trigonella foenum graecum L.<#LINE#>Bhosale @K.S.,Kale @S.T.,Shinde @B.P. <#LINE#>17-22<#LINE#>4.ISCA-IRJBS-2018-053.pdf<#LINE#>P.G. Research Centre, Dept of Botany N. Wadia College, Pune, Maharashtra, India@P.G. Research Centre, Dept of Botany N. Wadia College, Pune, Maharashtra, India@V.P. College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Baramati, Maharashtra, India<#LINE#>27/7/2018<#LINE#>19/9/2018<#LINE#>A pot culture experiment was carried out to assess effect of Mycorrhizal fungi, Farm Yard Manure, Neem seed cake and combination of AM+FYM+ Neem seed cake on Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Plastic pots of 5 kg soil capacity were used for growing Trigonella seeds. Four sets were made for further experimentation. Each set included three control and three replicates. In the first set of an experiment three experimental pots were filled with mixture containing autoclave sterile garden soil and AM fungi in 9:1 ratio, control plants of all four sets filled only with garden soil. The second set included garden soil and FYM in 9:1 ratio. Garden soil and Neem seed cake was filled in third set with 9:1 ratio whereas forth set was filled with mixture of Garden soil with AM+FYM+Neem seed cake in 9:1 ratio. All plants further assessed for morphological parameters and biochemical contents.<#LINE#>Paul A.K. and Pal. A. (2014).@Phytosphere Microbiology and Antimicrobial Efficacy of Trigonella foenum-graecum L.@American Journal of social issues and humanities. Fenugreek Special Issue, 50-67.@Yes$Bakshi B.K. (1974).@Mycorrhiza and its role in Forestry.@Project Report. Forest Research Institute and Colleges, Dehradun, Mycorrhiza and its role in forestry, 89.@Yes$Arnon D.I. (1949).@Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts polyphenol oxidases in Beta vulgaris.@Plant physiology, 24, 1-15.@Yes$Lowry O.H., Rosebrough N.J., Farr A.L. and Randall R.J. (1951).@Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent.@Journal of biological chemistry, 193(1), 265-275.@Yes$Birch T.W., Harris L.J. and Ray S.N.A. (1933).@Micro-chemical method for determining the hexuronic acid (vitamin C) content of foodstuffs, etc.@Biochem J., 27(2), 590-594.@Yes$Miller G.L. (1972).@Determination of Glucose by Glucose Oxidase Method.@Analytical chemistry, 31, 426.@No$Vedpathak M.M. and Chavan B.L. (2016).@Fertilizers Effects on Growth and Yield Components of Fenugreek Vegetable (Trigonella Foenum-Graecum L.) in a Field Trial.@International Journal for Innovative Research in Science and Technology, 3(7), 2349-6010.@Yes$Pattnaik S. and Reddy M.V. (2011).@Accumulation and mobility of heavy metals in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graceum L.) and tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) grown in the field amended with urban wastes, and their composts and vermicomposts.@International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management, 14(1-4), 147-181.@Yes$Purbey S.K. and Sen N.L. (2007).@Effect of bioinoculants and bioregulators on yield and nutrient uptake by fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.).@Indian J. Agric. Res., 41(2), 154-156.@Yes$Khiriya K.D. and Singh B.P. (2003).@Effect of phosphorus and farmyard manure on yield, yield attributes and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum).@Indian J. Agron., 48, 62-65.@Yes$Aishwath O.P., Singh H. and Anwer M.M. (2011).@Review on effect of integrated nutrient management on yield and quality of major seed spice crops in India.@Better Crops - South Asia (Canada), 5, 19-21.@Yes$Ashif A., Sammauria R. and Yadav R.S. (2009).@Integrated Nutrient Management for Improvement in Growth and Yield of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) Under Integrated Conditions of Sandy Soils of Rajasthan.@Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences, 31(2), 109-112.@Yes$Sunitha B.P., Prakasha H.C. and Gurumurthy K.T. (2010).@Influence of Organics, Inorganics and Their Combinations on Availability, Content and Uptake of Secondary Nutrients by Rice Crop (Oryza sativa L.) in Bhadra Commend, Karnataka.@Mysore Journal of Agricultural Science, 44(3), 509-516.@Yes$Bhosale K.S. and Shinde B.P. (2011).@Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on proline and chlorophyll content in Zingiber officinale Rosc grown under water stress.@Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences, 1(3), 172-176.@Yes$Khiriya K.D., Sheoran R.S. and Singh B.P. (2001).@Growth analysis of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.) under various levels of farmyard manure and phosphorus.@Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops, 10(2), 105-110.@Yes$Jat N.L., Jain N.K. and Choudhary G.R. (2006).@Integrated nutrient management in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.).@Indian Journal of Agronomy, 51(4), 331-333.@Yes$Gianinazzi-Pearson and V. Gianinazzi S. (1995).@Proteins and proteins activities in endomycorrhizal sim-bioses.@In: V. Varna and B. Hock (eds.), Mycorrhiza. Sprin- ger-Verlag, Berlin, 251-266.@No$Arines J., Palma J.M. and Vilarino A. (1993).@Comparison of protein patterns in non&#8208;mycorrhizal and vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal roots of red clover.@New Phytologist, 123(4), 763-768.@Yes$Meena S.S., Mehta R.S., Bairwa M. and Meena R.D. (2014).@Productivity and profitability of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum- graecum L.) as influenced by bio-fertilizers and plant growth regulators.@Legume Res., 37(6), 646-650.@Yes