@Research Paper
<#LINE#>Traditional plant based Therapy among Rural communities of some villages of Pilibhit district of Rohilkhand Division, India<#LINE#>Raj Kumar@Verma , Divya@verma  <#LINE#>1-13<#LINE#>1.ISCA-IRJBS-2016-024.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Botany, Institute of Basic Science, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, 284128 UP India@Department of Botany, Institute of Basic Science, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, 284128 UP India<#LINE#>16/2/2016<#LINE#>23/3/2016<#LINE#>The traditional Knowledge regarding utilization of ethnomedicinal plants for treating various diseases and ailments was collected by direct interviewing elderly learned and experienced knowledgeable resource persons who have traditional Knowledge about these ethnomedicinal plants in some villages of Pilibhit district of Rohilkhand Division. A total of 50 plant species in 50 genera and 31 families were used traditionally with various plant parts and their combination for the treatment of various ailments and diseases in the studied area. The highest number of ethnomedicinal plants was recorded in Apocynaceae and Fabaceae, each of which found to have 04 plant species. Among all the plant habit, tree (21 plant species) was found to be the most used plant habit. Methods of preparation fall into eight categories viz. Ash, Decoction, Extract, Juice, Oil, Paste, Powder, and some time various fresh plant parts were also used directly.. The flora of Pilibhit district of Rohilkhand Division has immense pharmaceutical and commercial potential.<#LINE#>Raut S., Raut S., Sen S.K., Satpathy S. and Pattnaik D. (2013).@An Ethno-medicinal survey of medicinal plants in semiliguda of Koraput District, Odisha, India.@Research Journal of Recent sciences, 2(8), 20- 30.@Yes$Ahmad M., Khan M.A and Qureshi R.A. (2003).@Ethno-medicinal study of same cultivated plants of chhuch region (district of Attock).@Hamdard medicus , VI (3), 15- 19 .@Yes$Sharma M., Sharma .C.L. and Marak P.N. (2014).@Indigenous uses of medicinal plants in North Garo Hills, Meghalaya, NE India.@Research Journal of Recent Sciences, 3, 137 – 146.@Yes$Awoyemi O.K., Ewa, E.E., Abdulkarim, I.A. and Aduloju A.R. (2012).@Ethnobotanical assessment of herbal plants in south-western Nigeria.@Academic research international, 2, 50-57.@Yes$Emiru B., Ermias A., Wolde Mekuria and Degitu E. (2011).@Management, use and ecology of medicinal plants in the degraded dry lands of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia.@Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5(3), 309-318.@Yes$Pei S.J. (2001).@Ethnobotanical approaches of traditional medicine studies: Some experiences from Asia.@Pharmaceutical Biology. 39, 74-79@Yes$Ved D.K and Goraya G.S. (2008).@Demand and Supply of Medicinal Plants in India, Bishen Singh, Mahendra Pal Singh,@Dehra Dun and FRLHT, Bangalore: India.@Yes$Cowan M.M. (1999).@Plant products as antimicrobial agents.@Clinical microbiology reviews, 12(4), 564–570.@Yes$Chopda M.Z. and Mahajan R.T. (2009).@Wound Healing Plants of Jalgaon District of Maharashtra State, India@Ethnobotanical Leaflets, 13, 1-32.@Yes$Jain A.K. and Patole S.N. (2001).@Less known medicinal uses of plants among some tribal and rural communities of Pachmarhi forest (MP).@Ethnobotany, 13, 96-100@Yes$Jain S.K.and Goel A.K. (1995).@A manual of Ethnobotany (2nd edition).@Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur (India).@Yes$Kirtikar K.R. and Basu B.D. (1999).@Indian Medicinal Plants (Vol. 1, 2, 3 and 4).@International Book Distributors, Dehra Dun (India).@Yes$Saxena S.K. and Tripathi J.P.(1990).@Ethnobotany of Bundelkhand. II. Folklore therapy through herbs among in opulent parishioners and aboriginal tribes.@J Econ and Taxon Bot. 14(2), 263-270.@Yes$Saxena S.K. and Tripathi J.P. (1989). Ethnobotany of Bundelkhand. I Studies on the medicinal uses of wild trees by the tribal inhabitants of Bundelkhand region. J Econ and Taxon Bot. 13(2), 381-389.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Bhalla S., Patel J.R. and Bhalla N.P. (1996).@Ethnomedicinal observations on some plants of Asteraceae of Bundelkhand region of Madhya Pradesh.@J Econ and Taxon Bot. Additional Series (No. 12), 175-178.@Yes$Khanna K.K., Shukla G. and Mudgal V. (1996).@New traditional medicinal uses of plants from Jalaun district, Uttar Pradesh.@J Econ and Taxon Bot. 12,108-111.@Yes$Dubey G., Shahu P. and Sahu R. (2001).@Role of plants in different religious ceremonies common to Bundelkhand region of Madhya Pradesh.@J Med and Arom Pl Sci., 23(1A), 542-545.@Yes$Nigam G. and Kumar V.(2005).@Some ethno-medicinal plants of Jhansi District@Flora and Fauna, 11(1), 91-93.@Yes$Thakur Y., Bajpai S.P. and Pathak K.(2008).@Phytochemicals: A therapeutant for critical disease management@. In: Khanna DR, Chopra AK, Prasad G, Malik DS, Bhutiani R, editors. Ethnomedicobotanical surveys of Bundelkhand area of Sagar region of Madhya Pradesh. Daya Publishing House, New Delhi (India), 261-263.@Yes$Verma R.K., Kumar V. and Agarwal R.K. (2008).@Ethno-medicinal value of some plant species used by Sahariya tribe of Lalitpur District, Bundelkhand region.@Ann For. 16(1), 99-111.@Yes$Verma R.K., Kumar V. and Gupta S.R. (2008).@Some ethno-medicinal plants used for various skin ailments in villages of Jhansi, India.@Int. J. Pl. Sci. 3(1), 273-276 http://pilibhit.nic.in.@Yes$Choudhary K., Singh M. and Pillai U. (2008).@Ethnobotanical Survey of Rajasthan - An Update.@American-Eurasian Journal of Botany, 1(2), 38-45@Yes$Kanjilal P.C.(1982).@A Forest Flora for Philibhit, Oudh, Gorakhpur and Bundelkhand.@Narendra Publishing House, Delhi (India), 427.@Yes$Troup R.S.(1921).@The Silviculture of Indian trees (Vol I and II).@Oxford: Clarendon Press@Yes
<#LINE#>Study and Importance of Genetic Amniocentesis in Prenatal Diagnosis for High Risk Pregnancies<#LINE#>Kumavat@Shailesh <#LINE#>14-17<#LINE#>2.ISCA-IRJBS-2015-021.pdf<#LINE#>Shri Jagdishprasad Jhabarmal Tibrewal University, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan, India<#LINE#>10/2/2015<#LINE#>3/3/2016<#LINE#>This study presents chromosomal pattern of 1177 high risk pregnancies referred for amniocentesis. No growth was observed in 12(1.01%) cases. Out of 1165 cases, abnormalities were observed in 85(7.29%) cases. Out of total 85 abnormalities numerical abnormalities were presented in 43 (50.59 %%) cases including, trisomy 21 [34(40%)] trisomy 18 [4(4.70%)] monosomy of one of the sex chromosome and triploidy in one-one (1.18%) case each, and trisomy of sex chromosomes in 3(3.53%) cases. Structural abnormalities were observed in 41(48.23%) cases. The distribution of structural abnormalities includes 9(10.59%) translocations, 20(23.53%) inversions of autosomal chromosomes, 8(9.41%) inversions of one of the sex chromosomes, deletions and duplications in one-one (1.18%)case each and 3(3.52%) cases with derivatives. If the parental karyotype is available at the time fetal karyo the counseling and decision making about termination or continuation of pregnancy may become easier.<#LINE#>Purandarey H. (2009).@Essentials of Human Genetics.@2nd ed., Jaypee Brothers, 327.@No$Verma I. C. (2011).@Burden of genetic disorder in India.@Indian J Pediatr., 67(12), 893-898.@Yes$Purandarey H. and Chakravarty A. (2000).@Human Cytogenetics Techniques and Clinical Application.@1st ed., Bhalani Publishing House, 85–117@No$Kaur A. and Singh J.R. (2010).@Chromosomal abnormalities: Genetic disease burden in India.@Int J Hum Genet., 10(1-3), 1-14.@Yes$Verma I.C., Saxena R., Lal M., Bijarnia S. and Sharma R. (2003).@Genetic counseling and prenatal diagnsosis in India.@Indian J Pediatr, 70(4), 293-7.@Yes$Steele M.W. and Breg W.R. (1966).@Chromosome Analysis of Human amniotic fluid cells.@The Lancet, 1, 385-5@Yes$Caron L., Tihy F. and Dallaire L. (1999).@Frequency of chromosomal abnormaltiies at amniocentesis: over 20 years of cytogenetic analyses.@Am J Med Genet, 82, 149-54@No$Verp M.S. (1992).@Prenatal diagnosis of genetic disorders, In: Gleicher N., ed. Principles and practice of medical therapy in pregnancy.@2nd ed. Norwalk, CT: Appleton and Lange, 159-70@No$Mathew T., Navasaria D. and Verma RS. (1992).@Prenatal diagnosis of 1,400 consecutive amniocentesis.@Gynecol Obsect Invest, 34, 122-123@No$Shaffer L.G., Slovak M.L. and Campbell L. (2009).@ISCN: An International system for human cytogenetic nomenclature.@J Histochem Cytochem. 991-993.@Yes$Carothers AD, Boyd E, Lowther G, Ellis PM and Couzin D.A. (1999).@Trends in prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome and other autosomal trisomies in Scotland 1990 to 94 with associated cytogenetic and epidemiological findings.@Genet Epidemiol., 16, 179-90@Yes$Park S, Lee BY, Kim YM, Kim JM, Lee MH and Kim JW et al (2003).@De novo chromosomal aberrations in fetus, genetic counseling and clinical outcome.@J Korean Med Sci., 23, 856-60@Yes$Warburton D. (1991).@De novo balanced chromosome rearrangements and extra marker chromosomes identified at prenatal diagnosis, clinical significance and distribution of breakpoints.@Am J Hum Genet., 49(5), 995-1013@Yes
<#LINE#>Statistical optimization and production of protease from estuarine Citrobacter diversus<#LINE#> @V.Vasanthabharathi1, @S. Shellarani, @R.Lakshminarayanan, @S.Jayalakshmi <#LINE#>18-25<#LINE#>3.ISCA-IRJBS-2016-033.pdf<#LINE#>Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu, India@Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu, India@Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India@Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India<#LINE#>24/2/2016<#LINE#>25/3/2016<#LINE#>The present study is on protease enzyme production by a Citrobacter diversus strain which was isolated from sediment sample of Vellar Estuary, Tamil Nadu, India. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the production medium for increasing protease production. Plackett–Burman experimental design was used in the first step of screening the media component of optimization, Coconut oil cake (Cheaper carbon source), yeast extract, temperature, pH, salinity and incubation period were found to be significant factors affecting protease production. To determine the optimal concentration of each significant variable, a central composite design was employed. Based on response surface and analysis of variance, the optimum concentrations of the components were obtained as follows: coconut oil cake (3.24 %), yeast extract (0.669 %), temperature (35.20C), pH (7.46), salinity (16.40 ppt) and incubation period (50.88 hrs). The maximum protease activity of 92.93 U/ml/min was predicted by the model. The Citrobacter diversus produced 92.4 U/ml/min of protease.<#LINE#>Rao M.B., A.M. Tanksale, S.G. Mohini and V.V. Deshpande (1998).@Molecular and biotechnological aspects of microbial proteases.@Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., 62, 597- 635.@Yes$Dalev P.G (1994).@Utilization of waste feather from poultry slaughter for production of protein concentrate. Bioresour.@Technol ., 48, 265-267.@Yes$Gaustevora A, Braikova D, Christov P, Tishinov K, Vasileva Tonkova E, Haertle T and Nedkov P (2005).@Degradation of keratin and collagen containing wastes by newly isolated. Thermnoactivomycetes or by alkaline hydrolysis.@Lett. Appl., Microbiol. 40, 335-340.@Yes$Prakasham, R.S., C.H. Subba Rao and P.N. Sarma (2006).@Green gram husk, An inexpensive substrate for alkaline protease production by Bacillus sp. in solid-state fermentation.@Bioresour. Technol., 97, 1449-1454.@Yes$Mukherjee, A.K., H. Adhikari and S.K. Rai (2008).@Production of alkaline protease by a thermophilic Bacillus subtilis under Solid-State Fermentation (SSF) condition using Imperata cylindrica grass and potato peel as low-cost medium, Characterization and application of enzyme in detergent formulation.@Biochem. Eng. J., 39, 353-361@Yes$De Azeredo, L.A.I., M.B. de Lima, R.R.R. Coelho and D.M.G. Freire, (2006).@A low-cost fermentation medium for thermophilic protease production by Streptomyces sp. 594 using feather meal and corn steep liquor.@Curr. Microbiol., 53, 335-339@Yes$Ravindran B., A.G. Kumar, P.A. Bhavani and G. Sekaran, (2011).@Solid-state fermentation for the production of alkaline protease by Bacillus cereus 1173900 using proteinaceous tannery solid waste.@Curr. Sci., 100, 726-730.@Yes$Chaturvedi, M., M. Singh, Chugh R. Man and S. Pandey (2010).@Lipase production from Bacillus subtilis MTCC 6808 by solid state fermentation using ground nut oil cakes as substrate.@Res. J. Microbiol., 5, 725-730.@Yes$El-Metwally M.M., (2014).@Statistical response to different fermentation parameters in rapid production of cellulases by Penicillium purpurgenium MA1 in solid state fermentation of rice hulls.@Res. J. Microbiol., 9, 221-231.@Yes$Khalil K.A., S. Mustafa, R. Mohammad, A. Bin Ariff and Y. Shaari (2014).@Optimization of milk-based medium for efficient cultivation of Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum G4 using face-centered central composite-response surface methodology.@BioMed Res. Int., 1,1-10.@Yes$Armstrong N.A. (2006).@Pharmaceutical experimental design and interpretation.@CRC Press,London.@Yes$Singh S.K., Singh S.K., Tripathi V.R., Khare S.K. and Garg S.K. (2011).@Comparative onefactor-at-a-time,response surface (statistical) and bench-scale bioreactor level optimization ofthermoalkaline protease production from a psychrotrophic Pseudomonas putida SKG-1 isolate.@Microb. Cell. Fact, 10, 114.@Yes$Liu S., Fang Y., Lv M., Wang S. and Chen L. (2010).@Optimization of the production of organic solvent-stable protease by Bacillus sphaericus DS11 with response surface methodology.@Bioresource. Technol, 101, 7924-7929.@Yes$Thys R., Guzzon S.O., Cladera-Olivera F. and Brandelli A. (2006).@Optimization of protease production by Microbacterium sp. in feather meal using response surface methodology.@Process. Biochem.,41, 67-73.@Yes$Haddar A., Fakhfakh-Zouari N., Hmidet N., Frikha F., Nasri M. and Kamoun A.S. (2010).@Low-cost fermentation medium for alkaline protease production by Bacillus mojavensis A21 using hulled grain of wheat and sardinella peptone.@J. Biosci. Bioeng., 110, 288-294.@Yes$Plackett R.L. and Burman J.P. (1946).@The design of optimum multi factorial experiments.@Biometrika.,33, 305–325.@Yes$Haaland P.D. (1990).@Experimental Design in Biotechnology,@Elsevier Science Publishing Co., New York, USA.@Yes$Hayashi, K., D. Fukushima and K. Mogi (1967).@Alkaline protinase of Aspergillus sojae. Physico–chemical properties, amino acid compositions and molecular conformation.@Agri. Biol .Chem., 31,642-643.@Yes$Feller G., E. Narionx, J.L. Arpigny, Z. Zekhinini, J. Swings and C. Gerday, (1994).@Temperature dependence of growth.@Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 41, 477–479.@Yes$Ram M.S., Singh L, Alam S.I. and Aggarwal M.K. (1994).@Extracellular protease from Bacillus coagulans, a psychrotrophic antarctic bacterium.@World J. Microbiol., 10, 356–357.@Yes$Godfrey, T and S. West, (1996).@Industrial enzymology, 2nd ed., Macmillan Publishers Inc.@New York,. 1- 8.@Yes$Gupta R, Q.K. Beg, S. Khan and B. Chauhan, (2002).@An overview on fermentation downstream processing and properties of microbial alkaline proteases.@Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 60, 381–395.@Yes$Kumar C.G. and Takagi. H., (1999).@Microbial alkaline proteases from a bioindustrial view point.@Biotechnol. Adv., 17, 561–594.@Yes$Oberoi R., Q.K. Beg, S. Puri, R. K. Saxena and R. Gupta, (2001).@Characterization and wash performance analysis of an SDS-stable alkaline protease@from Bacillus sp. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 17, 493–497.@Yes$BascaranV., C. Handersson and A.F. Brana, (1990).@Regulation of extracellular protease production in Streptomyces clavuligenus.@Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 34, 208-213.@Yes$Chu M.I., C. Lee and S.T. Li, (1992).@Production and degradation of alkaline protease in batch cultures of B. subtilis ATCC 14416.@Enz. Microb. Technol., 14, 755–761.@Yes$Moon and Parulekar (1991).@A parametric study of protein production in batch and fed-batch culture of B. firmus.@Biotechnol. Bioengg. 37, 467–483.@Yes$Daatsellar M.C.C. and W. Harder. (1974).@Some aspects of the regulation of the production of extracellular proteolytic enzyme by a marine bacterium.@Arch. Microbiol., 101, 21–34.@Yes$Chauhan B. and Gupta R. (2004).@Application of statistical experimental design for optimization of alkaline protease production@from Bacillus sp. RGR-14. Process Biochem., 39, 2115–2122.@Yes$Dey G. A. Mitra R. Banerjee and B.R. Maiti (2001).@Enhanced production of amylase by optimization of nutritional constituents using response surface methodology.@J. Biochem. Engg., 7, 227–231.@Yes$Daniel W.W. (2000).@A foundation for analysis in the health sciences. Hypothesis testing, in, W.W. Daniel (Eds.), Biostatistics, 7th edition, John Wiley and Sons,@Inc., New York, 166–167.@Yes$Mukherjee A.K., M. Borah and S.K. Rai (2009).@To study the influence of different components of fermentable substrates on induction of extra cellular &#945;-amylase synthesis by Bacillus subtilis DM-03 in solid state fermentation and exploration of feasibility for inclusion of &#945;-amylase in laundry detergent formulations.@Biochem. Engg. J., 43, 149–156.@Yes$Oskouie S.F.G., F. Tabandeh, B. Yakhchali and F. Eftekhar (2008).@Response surface optimization of medium composition for alkaline protease production@by Bacillus clausii. Biochem. Engg., 39, 37–42.@Yes$Rai S. K. and A. K. Mukherjee (2010). Statistical optimization of production, purification and industrial application of a laundry detergent and organic solvent-stable subtilisin-like serine protease (Alzwiprase) from Bacillus subtilis DM-04. Biochemical Engineering Journal., 48, 173–180.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Mhamdi S., Haddar A., Mnif I.H., Frikha F., Nasri M. and Kamoun A.S. (2014)@Optimization of Protease Production by Bacillus mojavensis A21 on Chickpea and Faba Bean.@Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology., 5, 1049-1060.@Yes$Saminathan D and Sriman Narayanan J. (2015)@Optimization and Production of Alkaline protease from Bacillus subtilis IAS01 using agro-industrial by-product under SSF.@Int. Res. J. Biological Sci., 4, 60-64,@Yes$Sumantha A. Sandhya C. Szakacs G., Soccol C.R. and Pandey A. (2005).@Production and partial purification of a neutral metalloprotease by a fungal mixed substrate fermentation.@Food Technol. Biotechnol., 43, 313-319@Yes$Vanitha N. Rajan S and Murugesan A.G. (2014).@Optimization and Production of Alkaline Protease enzyme from Bacillus subtilis 168 isolated from food industry waste Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci., 6, 36-44@undefined@Yes$Gupta A.V. N Emmanuel S. and Lakshminaras M. (2010).@Protease production by newly isolated Bacillus Sp. Statistical media optimization,@Arch Appl. Sci Res., 2, 109-123@Yes$Khan S Mishra A.K. Tripathi C. K. M. Mishra B.N. and Bihari V. (2006).@Response surface optimization of effective medium constituents for the production of alkaline protease from newly isolated strain of Psuedomonas aeruginosa@Indian J. Exp. Biol., 44, 151-156.@Yes
<#LINE#>Comparative anccount on Floristic diversity among the two different Tropical Reserved forests of Central Western Ghats, Karnataka, India<#LINE#> @Vinayaka K.S1, @Krishnamurthy Y.L. <#LINE#>26-34<#LINE#>4.ISCA-IRJBS-2016-035.pdf<#LINE#>Dept. of Botany, Kumadvathi First Grade College, Shikaripura-577451, Shimoga, Karnataka, India@Dept. of Studies and Research in Applied Botany, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta-577451, Shimoga, Karnataka, India<#LINE#>1/3/2016<#LINE#>3/3/2016<#LINE#>A comparative study is conducted to analyse the floristic diversity and distribution pattern in Haniya and Hulikal reserve forests of central Western Ghats. A total of 226 species belonging to 61 families were recorded from 20 quardrats in Haniya forest, whereas in Hulikal forest represents 231 species belonging to 60 families were recorded from 30 quadrats. Diversity of climbers and shrubs are almost all similar, but herbs diversity is more in Haniya, whereas tree diversity is more in Hulikal forests. The basal area in Hulikal (42.9 m2) is higher when compare to Haniya (23.07m2). The study revealed high level of species richness in the two reserve forests, which is found to be high as compared to certain other regions of Western Ghats. The Jaccard similarity index shows more similarity between the Hulikal and Haniya climbers (0.73) and some extinct between the shrubs (0.56). The present study highlights the rich species composition of the two reserve forests and the comparative account of two forest fragments. Thus, hopefully the present study may provide baseline information for the future investigations and conservation.<#LINE#>Huang Wending, Veli Pohjonen, Stig Johansson, Michael Nashanda, Katigula M.I.L. and Olavi Luukkanen (2003).@Species diversity, forest structure and species composition in Tanzanian tropical forests,@Forest Ecology and Management, 173, 11-24.@Yes$Murali K.S. (2003).@Spatial pattern of tree and shrub species diversity in Savanadurga reserve forest, Karnataka,@Curr. Sci., 84(6), 808-813.@Yes$Richard T. Corlett and James V. Lafrankie (1998).@Potential impacts of climate change on tropical Asian forests through an influence on phenology,@Climatic Change, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherland, 39, 439-453.@Yes$Rhine Singleton, Sana Gardescu, Marks P.L. and Monica A. Geber (2001).@Forest herb colonization of post agricultural forests in central New York Reserve, USA,@Journal of Ecology, 89, 325-338.@Yes$Muthuramkumar and Parthasarthy N. (2001). T@ree liana relationship in a tropical evergreen forest at Varagular an analysis. Western Ghats, India,@J. Trop. Ecol., 395-409.@Yes$Rao G.R., Subhashchandra M.D. and Ramachandra T.V. (2005).@Habitat Approach for conservation of herbs, shrubs and climbers in the Sharavathi river basin,@Indian Forester, 835-899.@Yes$Gamble S.S. (1935).@Flora of the presidency of Madras,@Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta.@Yes$Yoganarasimhan S.N. and Razi B.A. (1981).@Flora of Chickmagalur district, Karnataka, India, International Book Distributors,@Dehradun.@Yes$Magurran A.E. (1988).@Ecological Diversity and its Measurement.@Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 1-179.@Yes$Sukumar R., Dattaraja S., Suresh H.S., Radhakrishnan J., Vasudeva R., Nirmal S. and Joshi N.V. (1992).@Long term monitoring of vegetation in a tropical deciduous forest in Mundumalai, South India,@Curr. Sci., 64(9), 608-616.@Yes$Seetharam Y.N., Halesh C. and Vijay (2000).@Structure and floristic composition of dry deciduous forest at Bidar district, Karnataka,@Indian Forester, 23, 241-247.@Yes$Pascal J.P. and Pellissier R. (1996).@Structure and floristic composition of a tropical evergreen forest in south west India.@J. Trop. Ecol., 190-216.@Yes$Ghate Utkarsh, Joshi N.V. and Madhavi Gadgil (1998).@The patterns of tree diversity in Western Ghats of India,@Curr. Sci., 75(6), 594-603.@Yes$Ganesh T., Ganesan R., Soubadra D. M., Darroly D. and Bawa S. (1996).@Assessment of plant biodiversity of a mid elevation evergreen forest of Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve Western Ghats, India,@Curr. Sci., 71(5), 379-391.@Yes$Masahiro Miura, Tohru Manabe, Naoyuki Nishimura and Shin-Ichi Yamamoto (2001).@Forest canopy and community dynamics in a temperate old-growth evergreen broad-leaved forest, south-western Japan: a seven year study of a 4-ha plot,@Journal of Ecology, 89, 841-849.@Yes$Alwyn H. Gentry. (1992).@Tropical forest biodiversity: distributional patterns and their conservational significance,@Oikos, 63, 19-28.@Yes$Verghese A.O. and Menon A.R.R. (1999).@Floristic composition, Dynamics and diversity of Myristica swamp forests of Southern-western Ghats, Kerala,@Indian forester, 775-783.@Yes
<#LINE#>Antioxidant Activities of Phytonutrient of Amaranthus Palmeri<#LINE#> @Rajeshwari A., @Thammanna Gowda S.S., @Somashekar G.N. <#LINE#>35-43<#LINE#>5.ISCA-IRJBS-2016-044.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Biochemistry, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences, B.G. Nagar, Mandya District, Karnataka. India@Central Research Lab., Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences., B.G. Nagar, Mandya District, Karnataka. India. B.G. Nagar, Mandya District, Karnataka. India@Department of Biochemistry, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences, B.G. Nagar, Mandya District, Karnataka. India<#LINE#>31/3/2016<#LINE#>4/5/2016<#LINE#>Amaranthus is commonly consumed green leafy vegetable in India. It is bushy perennial herb available throughout the year in India. Animal experiments and human studies have shown that, it is an effective hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolaemic agent. Amaranthus leaves rich in carbohydrates, proteins and vitamin A, vit K and vit C. It also contains minerals such as iron, magnesium, calcium and phosphorous. It reduces bad cholesterol and anemia. In the current study, we evaluated the water, methanol, and chloroform and hexane extract of Amaranthus in-terms of their antioxidant activity in-vitro models. Ours studies proved that, compared to all the other extracts, methanol and water extracts showed more activity. Among these two extracts, water extract possess highest antioxidant activity in all the model systems. Lipid peroxidation activity of the was 75 and 66% in both linoleic and RBC membrane model system. Both the extracts were capable of scavenging peroxy and superoxide, hydroxylradicals and possessed strong reducing powers and ferrous iron chelating capabilities and their activity is comparable with that of standard antioxidants BHA and &#945;-tocopherol. The proximate analysis revealed the presence of high concentration of phenolic compounds (180-210µg) which may be the fact for maximum antioxidant activity.<#LINE#>Khalid Rahman. (2007).@Studies on free radicals, antioxidants, and co-factors.@Clin Interv Aging, 2(2), 219-236.@Yes$Hudson B.J.F.(ed) (2015).@Food Antioxidants.@Elsevier, Amsterdam.@No$Aruoma O.I. (1994).@Nutrition and health aspects of free radicals and antioxidants.@Food Chem. Toxicol, 32, 671-683.@Yes$Block G. and Lngseth L. (1994).@Antioxidant vitamins and disease prevention.@Food Tech, 80-84.@Yes$Johnson I.T., Williamson G. and Musk S.R.R. (1994).@Anticarcinogenic factors in plant foods.@A new class of nutrients?. Nutr.Res .Rev, 7, 1-30.@Yes$Shahidi F. and Wanasundara KP.K.J.P.D. (1992).@Phenolic antioxidants.@Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr, 32, 67-103.@No$Dae Joong Kim DVM. (2003).@Cancer Chemoprevention by the Components of Fruits and Vegetables.@Journal of Korean Association of Cancer prevention. 8:245-50.@No$Sacks F.M, Kass E.H. (1988).@Low blood pressure in vegetarians: effects of specific foods and nutrients.@Am. J. clin. Nut, 48, 795-800.@No$Johnson I.T., Williamson G. and Musk S.R.R. (1994).@Anticarcinogenic factors in plant foods.@A new class of nutrients?. Nutr. Res .Rev., 7, 1-30.@Yes$Hertog M.G.L., van Poppel G. and Verhoeven D. (1997).@Potentially anticarcinogenic secondary metabolites from fruit and veg-etables.@In Phytochemistry of Fruit and Vegetables ; Toma@Yes$S. Barbera&#769; N., Robins F.A. and Eds R.J. (2015).@Clarendon Press:@Oxford. 313-329.@No$Pratt D.E. and Hudson B.J.F. (1990).@Natural antioxidants not exploited commercially.@In Food Antioxidants; In Food Antioxidants; Hudson, B.J.F., Ef. Elsevier. Amsterdam, 141-206.@Yes$Cao G., Sofic E. and Prior R.L. (1996).@Antioxidant capacity of Tea and common Vegetables.@J. Agric. Food. Chem, 44, 3426-3431.@Yes$Sanbongi C. (1998).@Antioxidative polyphenols isolated from Theobroma cacao.@J. Agric. Food. Chem. 46, 454-457.@Yes$Negussie Ratta, Gulelat Desse Haki, Ashagrie Z Woldegiorgis and Fekadu Beyene. (2015).@Nutritional quality and health benefits of Okra Abelmoschus esculentus.@J Food Process and Technology, 6, 2-6.@Yes$Brijesh K. Tiwari, Nigel P. Brunton and Charles Brennan Wiley. (2012).@Hand book of Plant Food Phytochemicals:@Sources, Stability and Extraction.@Yes$Dahle L.K., Hill E.G and Holman R.T. (1962).@The Thiobarbuteric acid reaction and the antioxidants of poly unsaturated fatty acids methyl esters.@Arch. of Biochem. Biophys. 98, 253-261.@Yes$Wang L, Yen J.H., Ling H.L., Wu M.J. (2003).@Antioxidant Effect of Methanol Extracts from Lotus Plumule and Blossom (Nelumbo nucifera Gertn.).@J.  Food and Drug Analysis, 11, 60-66.@Yes$Schimada K, Fujikawa K, Yahara, Nakamura T.  (1992).@Antioxidative properties of xanthan on the autooxidation of soybean oil in cyclodextrin emulsion.@J. Agric. Food Chemistry, 40, 945-948.@Yes$Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC, Aruoma O.I. (1987).@The deoxyribose method: Simple “test-tube” assay for determination of rate constants for reactions of hydroxyl radicals.@Anal. Biochemistry, 165, 215-219.@Yes$Suter M. and Richter C. (2000).@Anti and pro-oxidative properties of PADMA 28, a Tibetan herbal formulation.@Redox Report, 5, 17-22.@Yes$Lee J.C., Kim H.R., Kim J. and Jang Y.S. (2002).@Antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of the stem of Opuntia ficus-indica var.  Saboten.@J. Agric. Food. Chem.  50, 6490-6496.@Yes$Kujala T.S., loponen J.M., Klika, K.D. and Pihaja K. (2000).@Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistr,@48, 5338-5342.@Yes$Dinis T.C.P., Madeira V.M.C., Almeida L.M. (1994).@Action ofphenolic derivates (acetoaminophen, salycilate, and 5-aminosalyc-ilate) as inhibitors of membrane lipid peroxidation and as peroxylradical scavengers.@Archive of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 315,161.@Yes$Duh P.D. and Yen, G.C. (1997).@Antioxidative activity of three herbal water extracts.@Food Chemistry, 60(4), 639-645.@Yes$Tanaka M., Kuie C.W, Nagashima Y, Taguchi T. (1988).@Application of antioxidative maillard reaction products from histidine and glucose to Sardine products.@Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 54, 1409-1414.@Yes$(A)Wang L., Yen J.H., Ling H.L., Wu M.J. (2003).@Antioxidant Effect of Methanol Extracts from Lotus Plumule and Blossom (Nelumbo nucifera Gertn.).@J.  Food and Drug Analysis, 11, 60-66.@Yes$Chang S.T., Wu J.H., Wang S.Y., Kang P.L., Yang N.S., and Shyur L.F. (2001).@Antioxidant activity of extracts from Acacia confusa bark and heartwood.@J Agri Food Chem., 49, 3420-3424.@Yes$Rollet-Labelle E., Grange M.J., Elbim C., Marquetty C., Gougerot-Pocidalo M.A. and Pasquier C. (1998).@Hydroxyl radical as a potential intracellular mediator of polymorphonuclear neutrophil apoptosis.@Free Radic Biol Med, 24(4), 563–572. doi: 10.1016/S0891-5849 (97) 00292-X.@Yes$Ko H.J., Song A., Lai M.N. and Ng L.T. (2009).@Antioxidant and antiradical activities of Wu Ling Shen in a cell free system.@The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 37, 815–828@Yes
<#LINE#>Confluence-Associated Proliferation and Osteogenic Differentiation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell (BMMSCs)<#LINE#> @Faten A.M., @Faten A.M., @Zaki A.A. <#LINE#>45-56<#LINE#>6.ISCA-IRJBS-2016-048.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt@Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt@Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt<#LINE#>16/4/2016<#LINE#>30/4/2016<#LINE#>In cellular therapy field, the impact of confluence degree to harvest or differentiate BMMSCs and the effect created by cell-to-cell contact remains controversial. Therefore, the impact of 20, 50, 70, 80 and 100% confluences on BMMSCs proliferation properties, ERK and p-ERK proteins expression and glucose consumption rate was studied. Confluence-associated osteogenic differentiation efficiency was identified by determining calcium deposition, alizarin red staining, Alkaline phosphatase activity and osteopontin and osteocalcin genes expression. There was a correlation between confluence% and density. Viability was declined at the lower and higher confluences. The highest CFU-F, Brd-U uptake and population doubling were obtained at 80% confluence. ERK band intensity in 100% confluent BMMSCs was lower. Bands of p-ERK were highly detectable at 70% and 80% confluences. Glucose consumption rate at 70% and 80% confluences were higher than at 20% and 100% confluences. Although higher osteogenic differentiation appeared at 80% confluence, it was also extended at 100% confluence. Osteopontin gene expressed among all confluences while osteocalcin gene was highly expressed in 70% confluence. We concluded that the optimum seeding density for maximal expansion and harvesting purposes is 80% confluence and up to 100% confluence for osteogenic differentiation to trigger the process to be more cost effective.<#LINE#>Prockop DJ, Gregory C and Spees JL. (2003).@One strategy for cell and gene therapy: harnessing the power of adult stem cells to repair tissues.@Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 100(1), 11917- 11923.@Yes$Barry FP. (2003).@Biology and clinical applications of mesenchymal stem cells.@Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today. 69, 250–256.@Yes$Bittencourt R and Aparecida C. (2006).@Isolation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.@Acta ortop. bras. 14(1), 22-24.@Yes$Ren J, Huan W, Katherine T, Sara C, Ping J, Luciano C, Ji F, Sergei A K, Pamela GR, Marianna S. and David FS. (2015).@Human bone marrow stromal cell confluence: effects on cell characteristics and methods of assessment.@Cytotherapy. 17, 897-911.@Yes$Jeong JA, Ko KM, Bae S, Jeon CJ, Koh GY and Kim H. (2007).@Genome-wide differential gene expression profiling of human bone marrow stromal cells.@Stem Cells. 25, 994-1002.@Yes$Bae S., Ahn J.H., Park C.W., Son H.K., Kim K.S. and Lim N.K. et al. (2009).@Gene and micro RNA expression signatures of human mesenchymal stromal cells in comparison to fibroblasts.@Cell Tissue Res. 335, 565-573.@Yes$Tormin A, Brune JC, Olsson E, Valcich J, Neuman U, Olofsson T, et al. (2009).@Characterization of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) based on gene expression profiling of functionally defined MSC subsets.@Cytotherapy. 11, 114-128.@Yes$Lazarus HM, Koc ON, Devine SM, Curtin P, Maziarz RT, Holland HK, et al. (2005).@Cotransplantation of HLA-identical sibling culture-expanded mesenchymal stem cells and hematopoietic stem cells in hematologic malignancy patients.@Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. 11, 389-398. &#8232;@Yes$Jones E, English A, Churchman SM, Kouroupis D, Boxall SA, Kinsey S, et al. (2010).@Large-scale extraction and characterization of CD271ţ multipotential stromal cells from trabecular bone in health and osteoarthritis: implications for bone regeneration strategies based on uncultured or minimally cultured multipotential stromal cells.@Arthritis Rheum. 62, 1944-1954.@Yes$Rosova I, Dao M, Capoccia B, Link D and Nolta JA. (2008).@Hypoxic preconditioning results in increased motility and improved therapeutic potential of human mesenchymal stem cells.@Stem Cells. 26, 2173-2182.@Yes$Grisendi G, Anneren C, Cafarelli L, Sternieri R, Veronesi E, Cervo GL, et al. (2010).@GMP- manufactured density gradient media for optimized mesenchymal stromal/stem cell isolation and expansion.@Cytotherapy. 12, 466-477. &#8232;@Yes$Corcione A, Benvenuto F, Ferretti E, Giunti D, Cappiello V, Cazzanti F et al. (2006).@Human mesenchymal stem cells modulate B-cell functions.@Blood. 107, 367-372. &#8232;@Yes$Samuelsson H, Ringden O, Lonnies H and Le Blanc K. (2009).@Optimizing in vitro conditions for immunomodulation and expansion of mesenchymal stromal cells.@Cytotherapy. 11, 129-136.@Yes$Mankani MH, Kuznetsov SA, Marshall GW and Robey PG. (2008).@Creation of new bone by the percutaneous injection of hu- man bone marrow stromal cell and HA/TCP suspensions.@Tissue Eng Part A. 14, 1949-1958. &#8232;@Yes$Koc ON, Gerson SL, Cooper BW, Dyhouse SM, Haynesworth SE, Caplan AI, et al. (2000).@Rapid hematopoietic recovery after coinfusion of autologous-blood stem cells and culture-expanded marrow mesenchymal stem cells in advanced breast cancer patients receiving high-dose chemo- therapy.@J Clin Oncol. 18, 307-316.@Yes$Zhukareva V, Obrocka M, Houle JD, Fischer I and Neuhuber B. (2010).@Secretion profile of human bone marrow stromal cells: donor variability and response to inflammatory stimuli.@Cytokine. 50, 317-321.@Yes$Wolfe M, Pochampally R, Swaney W and Reger RL. (2008).@Isolation and Culture of Bone Marrow-Derived Human Multipotent Stromal Cells (hMSCs).@Methods Mol Biol. 449, 3-25.@Yes$Kinnaird T, Stabile E, Burnett MS, et al. (2004).@Marrow- derived stromal cells express genes encoding a broad spectrum of arteriogenic cytokines and promote in vitro and in vivo arteriogenesis through paracrine mechanisms.@Circulation Research. 94(5), 678–685.@Yes$Gnecchi, M., He, H., Liang, O. D., et al. (2005).@Paracrine action accounts for marked protection of ischemic heart by Akt-modified mesenchymal stem cells.@Nature Medicine. 11(4), 367–368.@Yes$Iván C, Naiara T, Jesús D, Ainhoa G, David O, Valerie L and César T. (2008).@ERK2 protein regulates the proliferation of human mesenchymal stem cells without affecting their mobilization and differentiation potential.@Experimental Cell Research. 314, 1777–1788.@Yes$Mandana H, Susanne K, Louise H, Michael G, Poul H, Annette E and Jens K. (2013).@Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Phenotype is not Influenced by Confluence during Culture Expansion.@Stem Cell Rev and Rep. 9, 44–58.@Yes$Jean-Claude C., Renaud L. Jacques P., Philippe L. (2007).@ERK implication in cell cycle regulation.@Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1773, 1299–1310@Yes$Palaez D, Arita N and Cheung H. (2012).@Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) dictates osteogenic and/or chondrogenic lineage commitment of mesenchymal stem cells under dynamic compression.@Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 417(4), 1286-1291.@Yes$Liu J, Zhao Z, Li J, Zou L, Shuler C, Zou Y, Huang X, Li M, and Wang J. (2009).@Hydrostatic Pressures Promote Initial Osteodifferentiation with ERK 1/2 Not p38 MAPK Signaling Involved.@Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 107(2), 224-232.@Yes$Lee J, Suh J, Park H, Bak E, Yoo YJ, and Cha JH. (2008).@Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor inhibits adipocyte differentiation at commitment and early induction stages.@Differentiation. 76(5), 478-487.@Yes$Roman MS, Robert FK, Mariah KH and George E. P. (2004).@ERK Signaling Pathways Regulate the Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Collagen I and Vitronectin.@Cell Communication and Adhesion. 11, 137–153.@Yes$Claes L, Recknagel S and Ignatius A. (2012).@Fracture healing under healthy and inflammatory conditions.@Nat Rev Rheumatol. 8, 133-143.@Yes$Chandrasekhar KS, Zhou H, Zeng P, Alge D, Li W, Finney BA, Yoder MC, Li J. (2011).@Blood vessel wall- derived endothelial colony-forming cells enhance fracture repair and bone regeneration.@Calcif Tissue Int., 89, 347-357.@Yes$Wen JH, Vincent LG, Fuhrmann A, Choi YS, Hribar KC, Taylor-Weiner H, Chen S, and Engler AJ. (2014).@Interplay of matrix stiffness and protein tethering in stem cell differentiation.@Nature Materials, 13 (10), 979-987.@Yes$Kentaro A, Yong-Ouk Y, Takayoshi Y, Chider C, Liang T, Yan J, Xiao-Dong C, Stan G and Songtao S. (2012).@Characterization of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells in suspension.@Stem Cell Research and Therapy. 3, 40.@Yes$Cho Y, Shin J, Kim H, Gerelmaa M, Yoon H, Ryoo H, Kim D and Han J. (2014).@Comparison of the Osteogenic Potential of Titanium- and Modified Zirconia-Based Bioceramics.@Int. J. Mol. Sci. 15, 4442-4452.@Yes$Lilian PE, Renata BR, Isis SO, Paulo OG, Paulo P, Alice TF et al. (2009).@Comparative study of technique to obtain stem cells from bone marrow collection between the iliac crest and the femoral epiphysis in rabbits.@Acta Cirúrgica Brasileira. 24(5), 400.@Yes$Röntgen V, Blakytny R, Matthys R, Landauer M, Wehner T, Göckelmann M, et al. (2010).@Fracture healing in mice under controlled rigid and flexible conditions using an adjustable external fixator.@J Orthop Res. 28, 1456-1462.@Yes$Tahrin M and Ping-Chang Y. (2012).@Western Blot: Technique, Theory, and Trouble Shooting.@N Am J Med Sci., 4(9), 429–434.@Yes$Tain-Hsiung C, Wei-Ming C, Ke-Hsun H, Cheng-Deng K and Shih-Chieh H. (2007).@Sodium butyrate activates ERK to regulate differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells.@Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 355, 913–918.@Yes$Waters, WR, Palmer MV, Whipple DL, Carlson MP and Nonnecke BJ. (2003).@Diagnostic implications of antigen-induced gamma interferon, nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor alpha production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from mycobacterium bovis-infected cattle.@Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 10, 960-966.@Yes$Arash Z, Iraj RK, Mohammad B, Azim H, Reza M and Ahmadreza FN. (2008).@Osteogenic Differentiation of Rat Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Adipose Tissue in Comparison with Bone Marrow Mesenchymal. Stem Cells: Melatonin as a Differentiation Factor.@Iranian Biomedical J. 12(3), 133-141.@Yes$Gregory CA, Gunn WG, Peister A and Prockop DJ. (2004).@An Alizarin red-based assay of mineralization by adherent cells in culture: comparison with cetylpyridinium chloride extraction.@Anal. Biochem. 329, 77-84. &#8232;@Yes$Salasznyk RM, Klees RF, Hughlock MK, Plopper GE. (2004).@ERK signaling pathways regulate the osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells on collagen I and vitronectin.@Cell Commun Adhes. 11, 137–153@Yes$Liu BS, Yao CH, Chen YS, and Hsu SH. (2003).@In vitro evaluation of degradation and cytotoxicity of a novel composite as a bone substitute.@Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. 67(4), 1163–1169.@Yes$Colter D, Class R and DiGirolamo C et al. (2000).@Rapid expansion of recycling stem cells in cultures of plastic-adherent cells from human bone marrow.@Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 97, 3213–3218.@Yes$Sekiya I, Larson BL and Smith JR et al. (2002).@Expansion of human adult stem cells from bone marrow stroma: conditions that maximize the yields of early progenitors and evaluate their quality.@Stem Cells. 20, 530–541.@Yes$Jiang Y, Jahagirdar BN and Reinhardt RL et al. (2002).@Pluripotency of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adult marrow.@Nature, 418, 41.@Yes$Reyes and M Verfaillie CM. (2001).@Characterization of multipotent adult progenitor cells, a subpopulation of mesenchymal stem cells.@Ann N Y Acad Sci. 938, 231–233.@Yes$Song I., Arnold I.C. and James E.D. (2009).@Dexamethasone Inhibition of Confluence-Induced Apoptosis in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells.@Inc. J Orthop Res. 27, 216–221.@Yes$Neuhuber B., Sharon A. S., Linda H., Alastair M., and Itzhak F. (2008).@Effects of Plating Density and Culture Time On Bone Marrow Stromal Cell Characteristics.@Exp Hematol. 36 (9): 1176–1185.@Yes$Gregory CA, Ylostalo J, Prockop DJ. (2005).@Adult bone marrow stem/progenitor cells (MSCs) are preconditioned by microenvironmental “niches” in culture: a two-stage hypothesis for regulation of MSC fate.@Sci STKE, 294, 37.@Yes$Both SK, van derMuijsenberg AJC, van Blitterswijk CA, de Boer J. and de Bruijn JDA. (2007).@Rapid and efficient method for expansion of human mesenchymal stem cells.@Tissue Engineering. 13(1), 3–9.@Yes$Lode A, Bernhardt A, and Gelinsky M. (2008).@Cultivation of human bone marrow stromal cells on three-dimensional scaffolds of mineralized collagen: influence of seeding density on colonization, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation.@Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. 2(7), 400–407.@Yes$Fossett E and Khan WS. (2012).@Optimising HumanMesenchymal Stem Cell Numbers for Clinical Application: A Literature Review.@Stem Cells International. Article ID 465259.@Yes$Bartmann C, Rohde E, Schallmoser K et al. (2007).@Two steps to functional mesenchymal stromal cells for clinical application Transfusion.@47(8), 1426–1435.@Yes$Mochizuki T, Muneta T, Sakaguchi Y et al. (2006).@Higher chondrogenic potential of fibrous synovium- and adipose synovium-derived cells compared with subcutaneous fat-derived cells: distinguishing properties of mesenchymal stem cells in humans.@Arthritis and Rheumatism. 54(3), 843–853.@Yes$Haack-Sorensen M, Susanne KH, Louise H, Michael G, Poul H, Annette E and Jens K. (2013).@Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Phenotype is not Influenced by Confluence during Culture Expansion.@Stem Cell Rev and Rep. 9, 44–58@Yes$Gnecchi M, He H and Liang OD. et al. (2005).@Paracrine action accounts for marked protection of ischemic heart by Akt-modified mesenchymal stem cells.@Nature Medicine. 11(4), 367–368.@Yes$Lu H, Guo L, Wozniak MJ, Kawazoe N, Tateishi T and Zhang X et al. (2009).@Effect of cell density on adipogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells.@Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 381, 322-327.@Yes$Nakahara H, Goldberg VM and Caplan AI. (1991).@Culture-expanded human periosteal-derived cells exhibit osteochondral potential in vivo.@J. Orthop. Res. 9, 465-476.@Yes$Seghatoleslami MR and Tuan RS. (2002).@Cell density dependent regulation of AP-1 activity is important for chondrogenic differentiation of C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal cells.@J. Cell. Biochem. 84, 237-248.@Yes$Kilian KA, Bugarija B, Lahn BT and Mrksich M. (2010).@Geometric cues for directing the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells.@Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 107, 4872-4877.@Yes$Gao L, McBeath R and Chen CS. (2010).@Stem cell shape regulates a chondrogenic versus myogenic fate through Rac1 and N-cadherin.@Stem Cells. 28, 564-572.@Yes$Sotiropoulou P, Perez S, Salagianni M et al. (2006).@Characterization of the optimal culture conditions for clinical scale production of human mesenchymal stem cells.@Stem Cells. 24, 462–471.@Yes$Kuznetsov SA, Mankani MH, Robey PG. (2000).@Effect of serum on human bone marrow stromal cells: ex vivo expansion and in vivo bone formation.@Transplantation. 70, 1780-1787.@Yes$Balint R, Stephen MR and Sarah HC. (2015).@Low-density subculture: a technical note on the importance of avoiding cell-to-cell contact during mesenchymal stromal cell expansion.@J Tissue Eng Regen Med., 9, 1200–1203.@Yes
<#LINE#>Relationship between Vegetation and Pollen Spectrum in South East Nigeria<#LINE#> @Ezikanyi D.N., @Nnamani C.V., @Osayi E.E.  <#LINE#>57-66<#LINE#>7.ISCA-IRJBS-2016-049.pdf<#LINE#>Palynological Research Unit, Department of Applied Biology, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Ebonyi, Nigeria@Plant Taxonomy/Biosystematics, Palynology/Paleoecology, and Conservation Biology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Ebonyi, Nigeria@Palynology Unit, Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka<#LINE#>19/4/2016<#LINE#>29/4/2016<#LINE#>Modern pollen rain has been considered important in simulating the vegetation of an area; this is attributed to the fact that airborne pollen released into the atmosphere represents the vegetation around the area of study. Monitoring of airborne pollen in three contiguously lying areas in Nsukka plateau was carried out from October to December, 2015. The aim was to study the vegetation and assess the possible simulation of the vegetation of Nsukka Plateau through airborne pollen. Airborne samples were trapped using modified Tauber-like pollen Traps, the recipient solutions were subjected to standard acetolysis protocols. Thirty – four pollen types belonging to 19 families were identified. Dominant pollen include Alchornea cordifolia (Schum. and Thonn) Mull.-Arg, Elaeis guinensis Jacq., Syzygium guineense (Willd.) DC., Amaranthaceae/Chenopodiaceae and Asteraceae sub Tubuliflorae complex. Pollen recorded in Aku and Lejja were more diverse with predominance of arboreal pollen. Quantitatively the pollen from Savanna taxa were the highest pollen contributors of 4265(62.09 %). There was no significant different P>0.05 in the absolute pollen and fungal spores counts in the three contiguous areas. The recovered pollen reflected distinctive sub-vegetation types among the contiguous areas which are relics of Lowland Rainforest and derived Savanna ecotype.<#LINE#>Kaplan A. (2004).@Airborne pollen grains in Zonguldak, Turkey, 2001-2002.@Acta Botanica Sinica, 46, 668-674.@Yes$Sowunmi M.A. (1975).@Pollen of Nigerian plants.II woody species.@Grana, 13, 145-186.@Yes$Puc M. (2003).@Characterization of pollen allergens.@Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 10, 143-149.@Yes$Agwu C.O.C. (1997).@Modern pollen rain in Nsukka: An indicator of the vegetation of Nsukka Plateau.@Wurzburger Geogr Arb, 92, 97-115.@Yes$Wodehouse R.P. (1935).@Pollen grains.@Hill book Company, New York, London. 173.@Yes$Hyde H.A. (1952).@Studies in atmospheric pollen.@A six years census pollen caught at Cadiff 1940- 43. New Phytologist, 51, 281-293.@Yes$Davies M. B. and Smith A.I. (1973).@On the theory of pollen analysis.@American Journal of Science, 261, 897-912.@Yes$Njokuocha R.C. (2006).@Airborne pollen grains in Nsukka, Nigeria.@Grana, 45, 73-80.Keay R.W.J., Onochie C.F. and Stanfied D.P. (1964).@Yes$White F. (1983).@Vegetation of Africa.@Unesco, Paris, 356.@Yes$Inyang P.E. (1978).@The climate of Nsukka and Environs. In: Oformata,G.E.K.(ed).@The Nsukka Environment. Fourth Dimension Publishers Enugu, Nigeria, 86-97.@Yes$Agwu C.O.C. (2001).@A study of Niger Delta Environment through airborne palynomorphs. Port Harcourt, Nigeria.@Review of Paleoecology of Africa, 27, 191-205.@Yes$Erdtman G. (1971).@The acetolysis method,@Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift: 651-654.@Yes$Y’bert J.P. (1979).@Atlas des pollen de cote d’Ivoire.@Orstom-Paris, 40.@Yes$Nnamani C.V. and Agwu C.O.C. (2007).@Pollen Analysis of Honey Samples from 13 Local Government Areas of Ebonyi State,@Nigeria. Bio-Research, 5(1), 184-189.@Yes$Phil-Eze P.O. (1994).@Vegetation response to site factors in the Savanna region of Nsukka plateau of South Eastern Nigeria.@Ph.D thesis (Unpublished) Department of Geography, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. 100.@Yes$Frenze D.A., (2000).@Interpreting atmospheric pollen counts for use in clinical allergy: Spatial variability.@Annals of Allergy. Asthma and Immunology, 84, 481-491.@Yes$Hussein M.A. (2008).@Pollen concentration in the atmosphere of Ahha city, Saudi Arabia and its relationship with meteorological parameter.@Journal of Applied Sciences, 8, 842-847.@Yes$Barnes C., Pachecco F., Landuyt J., Frank H. and Portnoy J. (2000).@The effect of temperature, relative humidity and rainfall on airborne ragweed pollen concentrations.@Aerobiologia, 17, 61-68.@Yes$Teranishi H., Kenda Y., Katoli T., Kasuya M., Oura E. and Taira H. (2000).@Possible role of climate change in the pollen scatter of Japanese cedar, Crptomeria japonica.@Aerobiology 14, 65-70.@Yes$Riberio H., Cunha M. and Abreu I. (2003).@Airborne pollen concentration in the region of Braga, Portugal and its relationship with meteorological parameter.@Aerobiologia, 19, 21-27.@Yes
<#LINE#>Study of Seasonal Variation of Aeromycoflora of Railway Station, Janjgir-Naila, Janjgir, CG, India<#LINE#>  @Prasad Harishankar,  @Tiwari Priti,  @Ekka Mary Kusum <#LINE#>67-76<#LINE#>8.ISCA-IRJBS-2016-069.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Botany Research Centre-Government Nagarjuna (P.G.) College of Science, Raipur, PT. R.S.S. University, Raipur (C.G.), India@Govt. Rajiv Lochan College, Rajim District-Gariaband (C.G.), India@Department of Botany Research Centre-Government Nagarjuna (P.G.) College of Science, Raipur, PT. R.S.S. University, Raipur (C.G.), India<#LINE#>2/12/2015<#LINE#>7/2/2016<#LINE#>The study of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, pollen grains, fungal spores, insects and molds, which are found in the air and passively transported by air, is called as Aerobiology. The present investigation was undertaken to study of seasonal variation of aeromycoflora of railway station, Janjgir-Naila, Janjgir (C.G.), India. The investigation was carried out from March 2014 to February 2015, by using the gravity petri plate method for the isolation of aeromycoflora with sterile PDA medium at monthly intervals. In this investigation period total 543 fungal colonies represented by 16 fungal types. Out of 543 fungal colonies, maximum numbers of fungal colonies (308) were isolated during winter season, moderate (148) during rainy season and minimum (87) during summer season. Cladosporium cladosporioides was most dominant aeromycoflora followed by Aspergillus niger and Penicillium species. Aspergillus, Alterneria, Cladosporium, Curvularia, Penicillium, Rhizopus sp. are the pathogenic and allergic in nature.<#LINE#>Jadhav S.K. and Tiwari K.L. (1994).@Aeromycoflora of Ravan village.@Ind. Bot. Report., 1(1, 2), 33-36.@Yes$Tiwari P. (1999).@Aerobiological studies of Raipur with special reference to fungal spores.@Ph.D. Thesis, PT. R.S.U. Raipur, MP, India.@Yes$Sharma K. (2011).@Concentration and species diversity of airborne fungi of Dongargarh.@Int. Multidiscipli. Research J., 1(9). 34-36.@Yes$Suerdem T.B. and Yildirim I. (2009).@Fungi in the atmospheric air of Çanakkale province in Turkey.@African J. of Biotechnol., 8(18), 4450-4458.@Yes$Devi J., Medhi S. and Sarma T.C. (2010).@Aeromycological study of store houses of onion and ginger in Guwahati.@J. of Life Sci., (2), 547-552.@Yes$Kalbende S., Dalal L. and Bhowal M. (2012).@The monitoring of airborne mycoflora in the indoor air quality of library.@J. Nat. Prod. Plant Resour, 2(6), 675-679.@Yes$Thirumala S. and Nathu M.P. (2013).@Study of fungal spores diversity, in Malebenur region of Karnataka, India.@Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci., 2(3), 44-48.@Yes$Bernett H.L. and Hunter B.B. (1972).@Illustrated genera of Imperfect fungi.@Mycological Society of America, 64(4), 930-932.@Yes$Cooke W.B. (1963).@A laboratory guide to fungi in polluted waters, sewage, and sewage treatment system.@CABI, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom, 1963.@Yes$Tilak S.T. (1989).@Air borne pollen and fungal spores.@Vaijanti Prakashan, Aurangabad, 187.@Yes$Singh N.B. (2006).@Studies of aeromycoflora in relation to leaf surface mycoflora of Mentha arvensis.@Ph.D. Thesis, PT. R.S.U. Raipur, CG, India.@Yes$Dalal L., Bhowal M. and Kalbende S. (2011).@Incidence of deteriorating fungi in the air inside the college libraries of Wardha city.@Arch. Appl. Sci. Res., 3(5), 479-485.@Yes$Choudhary R.P. and Singh R.L. (1991).@Aeropalynological survey, pollen and fungal spores in Kathmandu velley (Central Himalaya).@Abst. 6th Nat. Con. Aero., 52-53.@No$Pawar I.S. (1991).@Airspora at Nasik, Maharastra.@Abst. 6th Nat. Conf. Aero., 119.@No$Peerally A. and Rao V. (2003).@A study of the aerial mycoflora of Mauritius in relation to allergy and asthma.@Ind. J. Aero., 16(1and2): 57.@Yes$Jothish P.S., Mohan T.K. and Nayar T.S. (2004).@Year round fungal air spora of Kovalam-the international beach resort of India.@Ind. J. Aero., 17(1and2) 53-62.@Yes$Kunjam S. (2007).@Studies of aeromycoflora of Tribal atmosphere at Panabaras region, Rajnandgaon District, (C.G.). Ph.D.@Thesis, PT. R.S.U. Raipur (C. G.).@Yes$Shukla S. and Shukla R.V. (2011).@Air borne fungal spores in the atmosphere of industrial town Korba-Chhattisgarh, India.@Microbiol. J., 1 33-39.@No$Saluja P.K., Lall B.M. and Dewangan P. (2011).@Aeromycological survey of outdoor environment in school premises at Raipur.@Abst. Nat. Sem. Ambikapur, 13.@Yes$Tiwari P. (2014).@Ecological study of fungal spora at different height.@Ind. J. Sci. Res., 4(1) 15-21.@No$Arora A. and Jain V.K. (2003).@Fungal airspora of Bikaner.@Ind. J. Aerobiol., 16 (1and2) 1-9.@Yes$Sawane A. (2010).@A survey of air borne Penicillium in different environment of Nagpur.@J. Ind. Bot. Soc., 89(IandII) 149-154.@Yes$Kulkarni P. (2011).@Aeromycological profile of the public parks of Bhilai Township, Chhattisgarh, India.@Ind. J. of Sci. and Technol, 4(5) 558-560.@Yes$John P.U. (1985).@Sistemik Mantar Ünfeksiyonlar Ý. In Berkow R (eds) The Merck Manual Teßhis / Tedavi El KitabÝ,@Merck and Co. Inc (in Turkish), 115-121.@No$Bennett J.E. (1995).@Aspergillus species. In Mandell et al. (eds) Principles and practice of infectious diseases,@Churchill Livingstone Inc, New York, 2306-2311.@No$Sugar A.M. (1995).@Agents of mucormycosis and related species. In Mandell GL et al. (eds) Principles and practice of infectious diseases,@Churchill Livingstone Inc, New York, 2311-2321.@Yes$Gosh D., Dhar P., Das A.K. and Uddin N. (2011).@Identification and distribution of aeromycoflora in the indoor environment of Shyambazar Metro-Railway Station, Kolkata, India.@African J. of Microbio. Resear., 5(31) 5569-5574.@Yes
@Review Paper
<#LINE#>A Review of Distribution, Ecology and Conservation status of Endangered Species in Pakistan<#LINE#> @Hafsa Bashir, @Arooba Zia, @Faiza Rafique, @Zainab Haq, @Javairia Shabnum,  @Qurat Ul Ain Abbasi, @Muniza Munir, @Sana Ghaffar, @Amber Khan, @Ayesha Khalid, @Rabia Basri , @Asma Jabeen <#LINE#>77-84<#LINE#>9.ISCA-IRJBS-2016-016.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Environmental Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan@Department of Environmental Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan@Department of Environmental Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan@Department of Environmental Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan@Department of Environmental Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan@Department of Environmental Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan@Department of Environmental Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan@Department of Environmental Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan@Department of Environmental Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan@Department of Environmental Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan@Department of Environmental Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan@Department of Environmental Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan<#LINE#>9/2/2016<#LINE#>5/4/2016<#LINE#>Strategic location, climatic conditions and resource availability in Pakistan provide diverse habitat to fauna for their survival. Astor markhor, Snow leopard, Musk deer, black scorpion and Green sea turtles were identified as endangered species by CITES. Their population is decreasing due to poaching, trophy hunting and retaliation. Several techniques like tracking researches, tagging animals, captive breeding are taking place for conserving these species. Several conservation practices were carried out including awareness campaigns, educating local communities, formation of protected areas, nesting sites and formulation of laws and bans. The review paper will be helpful in highlighting the conservation status of endangered species in Pakistan and will help in devising better conservation practices for preventing the extinction of these species.<#LINE#>Ali M. (2012).@Endangered Species in Pakistan and steps taken by WWF.@https://alimustafaawan.wordpress.com /2012/07/04/endangered-species-in-pakistan-and-role-of-wwf-p/. Retrieved on 5/2/ 2016.@No$Roberts T.J. (1997).@The mammals of Pakistan. Oxford University Press.@Karachi, pp. 525.@Yes$Ahmad J. and Sattar N. (2001).@Conservation and Sustainable Use of Mountain Biodiversity through Community Development.@World Mountain Symposium. Pp-7@Yes$Khan M.S. (2006).@Amphibian and reptiles of Pakistan. Krieger Publishing Company.@Krieger drive Malabar, Florida 32950, 42-242.@Yes$Aljazeera. (n.d.). (2015)@Black scorpions.@http://www.aljazeera .com/indepth/features/2014/10/scorpion-hunters-pakistan - sindh-2014106135152297494.html. Retrieved on 4/12/ 2014@No$Ali M. (2012).@Endangered Species in Pakistan and Steps taken by WWF.@https://alimustafaawan.wordpress.com/ 2012/07/04/endangered-species-in-pakistan-and-role-of-wwf-p/Retrieved on 5/12/ 2016.@No$Ahmad J. and Sattar N. (2001).@Conservation and Sustainable Use of Mountain Biodiversity through Community Development.@World Mountain Symposium. 7.@Yes$Ahmed J., Tareen, N. and Khan P. (2000).@Conservation of Sulaiman Markhor and Afghan Urial by Local Tribesmen in Torghar, Pakistan.@Lessons Learned: Case Studies in Sustainable Use, 12.@Yes$Ashraf N., Anwar M., Hussain I. and Nawas M.A. (2013).@Competition for Food between the Markhor and Domestic Goat in Chitral, Pakistan.@Turk. J. Zool., 38, 191-198.@Yes$Dawn News. (2015).@Carcass of Markhor found in Astor Valley.@http://www.dawn.com/news/1183050. Retrieved on 12/2/2015.@No$GoP WWF-P and IUCN P. (2000).@Biodiversity Action Plan for Pakistan.@79.@Yes$IUCN. (2007).@IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.@IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge.@Yes$Khan Z.A. (2014).@Stones Fallen by Makhors Kills Mother of Four.@Dawn News. Retrieved on 4/12/ 2014.@Yes$Michael S., Michel T.R., Saidov A., Karimov K., Alidodov M. and Kholmatov S. (2014).@Population status of Heptner’s Markhor Capra falconeri heptneri in Tajikistan: Challenges for Conservation.@Fauna and Flora International . 4(1), 1-8.@Yes$Schaller, G. B., and Khan, S.A. (1975).@The Status and Distribution of Markhor.@Biol. Conserv., 7, 185-198.@Yes$SOS. (2013).@Community Based Conservation of Markhor in Tribal Areas.@http://www.sospecies.org/sos_projects/mammals/markhor/. Retrieved on 19/12/2015.@No$WCS. (2012a).@Endangered Markhor Catch Pneumonia.@http://www.wcs.org/newsand-features-main/endangered-markhor-catch-pneumonia.aspx. Retrieved on 14/12/ 2015.@No$WCS. (2012b).@Pakistan’s National Animal is making a Comeback.@http://www.wcs.org/wcs-org/press/press-releases/pakistan-national-mammal-making-comeback.aspx. Retrieved on 14/12/2015.@No$WWF-P. (2001a).@An Overview of Pakistan’s Wild Ungulates.@Threats and Prospects for Sustainable Management. pp-26.@No$WWF-P. (2001b).@Trophy hunting guideline and procedures in Northern area of Pakistan.@pp-46,@No$Zahirudin. (2014).@Markhor Sliped out of Chitral National Park. Dawn News.@Retrieved on 4/12/ 2014.@No$Khan Z.A. (2014).@Stones Fallen by Makhors Kills Mother of Four. Dawn News.@Retrieved on 4/12/ 2014.@No$Michael, S., Michel, T. R., Saidov, A., Karimov, K., Alidodov, M., and Kholmatov, S. (2014).@Population status of Heptner’s Markhor Capra falconeri heptneri in Tajikistan: Challenges for Conservation.@Fauna and Flora International . 4(1), 1-8.@Yes$Maham Javaid . Aljazeera (2015).@The scorpion hunters of Pakistan. (n.d.).@http://www.aljazeera.com /indepth /features/2014/10/scorpion-hunters-pakistan-sindh-2014106135152297494.html Retrieved 4/12/ 2014.@No$Anonyomous.(n.d) (2015).@Animal rights in pakistan.@http://aminals.org/ tag/environment-animals-in-pakistan/ Retrieved on 7/12/ 2014.@No$Bonnet M.S. (1997).@Toxicology of Androctonus scorpion.@Br. Homoeopathic Journal, 86, 142-151.@Yes$Sissom W.D. and Hendrixson B.E. (2005).@Scorpion biodiversity and patterns of endemism in northern Mexico.@Biodiversity, ecosystems, and conservation in northern Mexico. Oxford University Press, Inc., New York, 122-137.@Yes$Anonyomous. (n.d). (2015)@eol encyclopedia of life.@from http://eol.org/pages/5010047/details Retrieved 10//12/ 2014.Anonyomous.(n.d) (2015).@No$National geographic . (n.d.) (2015).@Scorpiones.@http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/bugs/scorpion/?source=A-to-Z. Retrieved 15/12/2014.@No$Ozkan O., Adiguzel S. and Kar S. (2006).@Parametric values of Androctonus crassicauda (Oliver, 1807) (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from Turkey.@J.Venom.Anim.Toxins incl.Trop.Dis., 12(4), 549-559.@Yes$Polis G.A. (1990).@The Biology of Scorpions.@Stanford University Press, Stanford, California.@Yes$Anonyomous (n.d.) (2015).@Scorpion World.@http://www. scorpionworlds.com/fattail-scorpion/ Retrieved 5/12/ 2014.@No$Stewart A.K. (2006).@Observations on prey-capture behaviour of Androctonus crassicauda (Oliver, 1807) (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Northern Iraq.@Euscorpious Occasional Publications in Scorpiology, 37, 1-9.@Yes$Anonyomous.(n.d.) (2015).@The Scorpion Files.@http://www.ntnu.no/ub/scorpion-files/scorpions_iraq.php. Retrieved 5/12/2014.@No$Paul Shea (n.d.) (2015).@Value walk.@http://www.valuewalk. com /2014/07/black-scorpion-worth-in-pakistan-report/. Retrieved 9/12/ 2014.@No$Anonyomous.(n.d.) (2015).@Emperor scorpion (Pandinus imperator):@http://www.arkive.org/ emperor-scorpion/ pandinus-imperator/Retrieved 12/12/2014@No$Anonyomous. (n.d.) (2015).@Wildscreen Arklive@http://www.arkive.org/arabian-fat-tailed-scorpion/ and roctonus-crassicauda/. Retrieved 12/12/2014.@No$Zarei A., Rafinejad J., Shemshad K. and Khaghani R. (2009).@Faunistic study and biodiversity of scorpions in Qeshm Island (Persian Gulf).@Iran j. arthropod bor., 3(1), 46-52.@Yes$WWF (2015).@Green Turtle.@http://wwf.panda.org/ what_we_do/endangered_species/marine_turtles/green_turtle/, 2/02/ 2016.@No$Rizvi A.A. (2008).@Sea Turtles at Karachi beach.@Birdwatcher@Yes$Khanum F., Kazmi S.J.H. and Shaikh S. (2014).@A Spatio-Temporal Assessment of Green Turtle Habitat at Hawkes Bay, Karachi through Geo-Informatics Techniques.@J. Basic Appl. Sci., 10, 377-383.@Yes$WWF-Pakistan (2014).@WWF-Pakistan records authentic occurrence of hawksbill turtle for the first time in Pakistan.@http://www.wwfpak.org/newsroom/160114_ hawksbill.php@No$Sultana R. and Mustaquim J. (2003).@Some physical parameters of the Sandspit backwaters, Karachi coast.@Pak J Sci Ind Res., 46, 333-343.@Yes$Mortimer J.A., Collie J. and Mbindo C. (1996).@The status of sea turtle conservation in the Republic of Seychelles,@Regional Seas Reports and Studies. No. 165, 103-115.@Yes$Moazzam M. and Nawaz R. (2015).@Turtle Mortality in Fishing Operations in Pakistan. The Regional Symposium on Sea Turtle Conservation in Asia, International Union for Conservation of Nature, 11-31, 24th-25th March.@undefined@Yes$WWF, (2013).@Steps needed to conserve turtles.@World Wide Fund Pakistan News room: 1-3. http://www.wwfpak.org/newsroom/230513_conserveturtles.php,11/3/2014.@No$Rizvi A.A. (2008).@Sea Turtles at Karachi beach. Birdwatcher@1-5. http://seaturtles-karachi.blogspot.com/, 11/3/2014.@Yes$Asrar F.F. (1999).@Decline of Marine Turtle Nesting Populations in Pakistan.@Mar Turt Newsl., 83,13-14, 2/02/2016.@Yes$Khan M.S. (2004).@Annotated checklist of amphibians and reptiles of Pakistan.@Asian Herpetol Res., 10, 191-201.@Yes$Omar M. (2014).@Sea turtles in Pakistan.@Pakistan Animal Welfare Society, 1(4)@Yes$Rizvi A.A. (2008).@Sea Turtles at Karachi beach.@Birdwatcher@Yes$Omar M. (2014).@Sea turtles in Pakistan.@Pakistan Animal Welfare Society, 1(4)@Yes$WWF-Pakistan (2013).@First evidence of a leatherback turtle along Pakistan’s coastline.@http://wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/?208408/First-evidence-of-a-leatherback-turtle-alongPakistans-coastline, 2/02/2016.@No$Firdous F. (2001).@Sea Turtle Conservation and Education in Karachi, Pakistan.@ASEAN. In: Sea turtles of the Indo-Pacific (eds. N.J. Pitcher and G. Ismail) Rev. Biodiv. Environ. Conserv. (ARBEC) pp. 1–10.@Yes$Waqas U., Hasnain S.A., Ahmad, E., Abbasi, M., and Pandrani, A. (2011).@Conservation of Green Turtle (Cheloniamydas) at Daran Beach, Jiwani, Balochistan.@Pak. J. Zool., 43(1), 85-90.@Yes$Khan M.S. (2006).@Amphibian and reptiles of Pakistan. Krieger Publishing Company.@Krieger drive Malabar, Florida 32950, 42-242.@Yes$Khan M.Z., Ghalib S.A. and Hussain B. (2010).@Status and New Nesting Sites of Sea Turtles in Pakistan. Chelonian Conserv.@Biol., 9(1), 119–123@Yes$Ali Z., Bibi F., Mahel A. Q., Firdous F. and Zamaan S. U. (2011).@Captive breeding practices in Pakistan, A review.@J. Anim. Plant. Sci. 21(2), 368-371.@Yes$Harris R.B. and Guiquan C. (1993).@Autumn home range of musk deer in Baizha Forest, Tibetan Plateau.@J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 90,430–436@Yes$Khan M.Z., Khan B., Ahmed E., Khan G., Ajmal A., Ali R. and Hussain E. (2014).@Abundance, Distribution and Conservation of Key Ungulate Species in Hindu Kush, Karakoram and Western Himalayan (HKH) Mountain Ranges of Pakistan.@Int. j. agric. biol., 16(6), 1050-1058.@Yes$Roberts T.J. (1997).@The mammals of Pakistan. Oxford University Press.@Karachi, pp. 525.@Yes$Kattle B. (1992).@Ecology of Himalayan musk deer in Sagermatha National Park, Nepal. Ph.D. thesis,@Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.@Yes$Sheikh K.M. and Molur S. (2005).@Status and red list of Pakistan’s mammals, based on conservation assessment and management plan for mammals.@IUCN, Pakistan, pp. 344.@Yes$CITES. (2003). Convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora. CITES Secretariat, Geneva, Switzerland.@undefined@undefined@No$Qureshi B.D., Awan M.S., Khan A.A., Dar N.I. and Dar M.E. (2004).@Distribution of himalayan musk deer (Moschuschrysogaster) in Neelum Valley, District Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir.@J. biol. Sci., 4: 258–261.@Yes$Khan, A.A., Qureshi, B.D., and Awan, M.S. (2006).@Impact of musk trade on the decline in the Himalayan Musk deer (Moschuschrysogaster) population in Neelum Valley.@Current Sci., 91: 696-699.@Yes$Schaller G.B. (1977).@Mountain monarchs: Wild sheep and goats of the Himalayas.@University of Chicago Press, Chicago USA, pp. 425.@Yes$Green M.J.B. (1986).@Distribution, status and conservation of Himalayan musk deer (Moschuschrysogaster).@Biol. Conserv., 35(4), 347–375.@Yes$Fox J. L., Nurbu C., Bhatt S. and Chandola A. (1994).@Wildlife conservation and land-use changes in the Transhimalayan region of Ladakh, India.@Mt Res Dev., 39-60.@Yes$Jackson R.M., Ahlborn G.G., Gurung M. and Ale S. (1996). Reducing livestock depredation losses in the Nepalese Himalaya@undefined@undefined@Yes$Qureshi B.D., Anwar M., Hussain I. and Beg M.A. (2013).@Habitat utilization of himalayan musk deer (moschuschrysogaster) in the musk deer national park guraiz, ajk, Pakistan.@J. Anim. Plant. Sci., 23(5), 2013.@Yes$Qureshi B.D., Anwar, M., Hussain, I. and Beg, M. A., (2013).@Habitat utilization of himalayan musk deer (moschuschrysogaster) in the musk deer national park guraiz, ajk, Pakistan.@J. Anim. Plant. Sci.., 23(5): 2013@Yes$Qureshi B.D., Awan M.S., Khan A.A., Dar N.I. and Dar M.E. (2004).@Distribution of himalayan musk deer (Moschuschrysogaster) in Neelum Valley, District Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir.@J. biol. Sci., 4: 258–261.@Yes$Qamar Q.U.Z., Anwar M. and Minhas R.A. (2008).@Distribution and population status of himalayan musk deer (Moschuschrysogaster) in the Machiara national park, AJandK, Pakistan.@Pak. J. Zool., vol. 40(3), pp. 159-163.@Yes$Khan A.A., Qureshi B.D. and Awan M.S. (2006).@Impact of musk trade on the decline in the Himalayan Musk deer (Moschuschrysogaster) population in Neelum Valley.@Current Sci., 91: 696-699.@Yes$MacCarthy M.T., Fuller K.T. and Munkhtsog B. (2005).@Movements and activities of snow leopards in Southwestern Mongolia.@Biol. 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<#LINE#>The Benefits faced by Aphids due to their Endosymbionts<#LINE#> @Kiran Gurung <#LINE#>85-90<#LINE#>10.ISCA-IRJBS-2016-053.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Mysore, Karnataka, India<#LINE#>23/4/2016<#LINE#>3/5/2016<#LINE#>Aphids enter a symbiotic relationship with bacteria which holds influence on their ecological characteristics. Although widespread in nature, investigation on their symbiotic relationship is yet to go on full-fledged. Both the obligate and facultative endosymbionts affect the life history traits of the aphids. I discuss the beneficial effects that the endosymbionts provide to their hosts and point out the questions based on which research can proceed further with respect to aphid- bacteria interactions. I finally conclude with some questions on this aspect and by  pointing out the avenues which we can work on to develop a deepened insight of the evolutionary ecological traits.<#LINE#>Tsuchida Tsutomu, Ryuichi Koga, Mitsuyo Horikawa, Tetsuto Tsunoda, Takashi Maoka, Shogo Matsumoto, Jean-Christophe Simon and Takema Fukatsu. (2010).@Symbiotic bacterium modifies aphid body color.@Science, 330(6007), 1102-1104.@Yes$Dunbar H.E., Wilson A.C., Ferguson N.R. and Moran N.A. (2007).@Aphid thermal tolerance is governed by a point mutation in bacterial symbionts.@PLoS Biol, 5(5), e96.@Yes$Burke G., Fiehn O. and Moran N. (2010).@Effects of facultative symbionts and heat stress on the metabolome of pea aphids.@The ISME journal, 4(2), 242-252.@Yes$Russell J.A. and Moran N.A. 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