International Research Journal of Biological Sciences ___________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202Vol. 4(4), 89-106, April (2015) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 89 Indigenous Knowledge on Utilization of plant Biodiversity for Treatment and Cure of diseases of Human beings in Nagaland, India: A case study Zhasa N.N., Hazarika P and Tripathi Y.C.3 PCCF, Wildlife and Biodiversity, and Chief Wildlife Warden, Department Of Environment and Forests, Itanagar, Nagaland, INDIA Bioprospecting and Indigenous Knowledge Division, Rain Forest Research Institute, Sotai, 785001, Jorhat, Assam, INDIA Forest research Institute, Dehradun, New Forest, 248006. Uttarkhand, INDIA Available online at: www.isca.in, www.isca.me Received 14th January 2014, revised 2nd December 2014, accepted 15th March 2015 Abstract A study was carried out to explore indigenous knowledge on utilization of available plant biodiversity which have been utilized for treatment and cure of human ailment by eight Naga tribes i.e. Angami, Zeliang, Ao, Lotha, Sangtam, Konyak, Chakhesang, Rengma, and Khiamniungam in 20 villages of 9 districts of Nagaland during 2005-2010. Selected villages and households were surveyed and interviewed by using the structured schedule (questionnaires) for medicinal plant resources, their uses and information about their relationships with indigenous people. Information about traditional practices adopted for the medicinal resources was also gathered from the ‘Local Medicine Men/Local Healers', Goan-burha (Village Head Man), village elders etc. About 241 plant species belong to 142 families were recorded for traditional medicine used by eight Naga tribes. Highest number of utilization of medicinal plants were reported from cold regions ( 22.61 %) i.e. from high altitude areas of the state, followed by warm areas ( 25.73 %). Extraction of traditional medicines was highest in case of plant leaf (106 plant species) followed by roots (58 plant species), fruits (45 plant species), whole plant (36 plant species), bark (30 plant species) and the seeds (27 plant species) while the least used part were flowers and pods (21 plant species). About 33 plant speces were recorded to use for treating dysentery, followed by 20 plant species for treatment of cough and control fever each. Fifteen plant species recorded for treatment of diarrhoea and 12 plant species were recorded to use for treat asthma. It was also observed that some endangered plant species such as Rhus semialata Murr, Aquilaria malaccensis Lam, and Cephalotaxus griffithii Hook.f., are utilized the people of Nagaland for medicinal purpose. Keywords: Indigenous knowledge, traditional medicines, medicinal plant biodiversity, utilization, Naga tribes.Introduction Conducive ecological and climatic conditions gifted Nagaland as a rich repository of biodiversity, including medicinal plants. Most of these medicinal plants become a part of the socio-cultural heritage of the local tribes who are well aware of their medicinal properties. These practices have evolved over a long period of time with trials and errors by the claver medicine men and passed on to new generations. The interesting part is that the uses are being explored even for the exotics and weeds which have invaded the state in the recent past. As a result, the state is rich in both biological resources and traditional medicinal knowledge. Work on medicinal plant species of Nagaland has been carried out by several workers1-21. Rao and Jamir22-23 studied ethno botany of Ao and Angami Naga tribes of Nagaland. Rao11enumerated 125 plant species used by the ‘Ao’ and ‘Angami’ tribes of Nagaland and described about uses of 28 medicinal plants, 57 wild edible plants and miscellaneous uses of 36 plant species. Megoneitso and Rao21 and also Rao and Jamir22 had carried out some ethno-botanical studies in Nagaland. Jamir et al.24 described 52 medicinal herbs being used in a wide range by various Naga tribes. Keeping in view, the large numbers of indigenous tribes who inhabit the hills of Nagaland and the diversity in their culture, life style and usage of rich faunal wealth of the state, the ethno biological exploration have paramount importance. Many references appear in anthropological and ethnobotanical accounts, though very useful and informative are scattered here and there. However, still comprehensive studies on ethno-medicinal aspects covering a vast area of the state have hardly been conducted. Therefore, the study attempts to acquire more information onindigenous knowledge (IK) on utilization of plant biodiversity for treatment and cure of diseases of human beingsand documentation of the IK, which can be effectively utilized in the conservation of biodiversity, sustainable developmental, planning of the tribal economy and ensuring environmental security to the indigenous people and the posterity. Material and Methods The Study Sites: Nagaland is situated between 25°6'N and 29°4'N latitudes, and between 9220'E to 95°15'E longitudes. Eight (8) tribal communities' i.e. Angami, Zeliang, Ao, Lotha, Research Journal of Biological Sciences ___________________________________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202 Vol. 4(4), 89-106, April (2015) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 90 Sangtam, Konyak, Chakhesang, Rengma, and Khiamniungam of Nagaland distributed in 20 villages of 9 districts (i.e. Kohima, Peren, Mokokchung, Wokha, Kiphire, Pere, Mon, Phek and Tuensang) were selected as study sites (table-1). The four different agro-ecological zones (AEZ), namely (AEZ-1, AEZ-2, AEZ-3 and AEZ-4) are identified mainly on the basis of altitude, climate and topography with existing agro-ecology for documentation of IK of the selected tribes’ practices. Five (5) villages out of 20 villages were selected at random from each of the four (4) Agro Ecological Zones (AEZ). Thevillages namely Sovima, Ingtanki, Tuli, Merapani and Naginimora were selected from AEZ-1(Up to 200 MSL); villages i.e. Aonokpu, Chare, Jalukie, Medziphema and Mon village are in AEZ-2 (200–1000 MSL); Five villages namely Changki, Chozuba, Peren, Tseminyu and Wokha were in AEZ-3 (1000–1450 MSL) and villages selected from AEZ-4 (1450–�2000 MSL) were Kigwema, Kikruma, Noklak, Pfutsero and Phek (table-1). Methodology: The multi stage stratified random sampling technique with sampling intensity in the range 3 – 5% of the total population of the representative villages of selected tribes was adopted on the basis of agro-ecological zones. The agro-ecological zones and select the representative villages were identified through the use of Google-earth map. The village and household survey provided the main source of quantitative data about the medicinal plant resources, their features with components, and information about its relationships with indigenous people. The total number of households surveyed during this study was 252. Interviews were conducted with the respondents of the selected households by using the structured schedule (questionnaires) to collect detailed information about traditional practices adopted for the medicinal resources and its impacts on the IK and socio-economic conditions of the Naga communities. Information about traditional practices adopted for the medicinal resources was also gathered from the ‘Local Medicine Men/Local Healers’, Goan-burha (Village Head Man), village elders etc. Plants collection has been followed according to the methods of Jain and Rao (1977). Analysis of Data: Since the main objective of the study was IK appraisal of selected Naga tribes for sustainable management of biodiversity in Nagaland, India, it did not involve application of specific statistical tools. Microsoft Excel was used to make graphs and draw inference and relationships among different attributes of the study. Results and Discussion During the study about 241 plant species belong to 142 families were recorded for traditional medicine used by eight Naga tribes. The details of the medicinal plants used by various tribes of Nagaland, their common names and distribution in the state, parts used and diseased cured are mentioned in table-2. Table-1 Identification of Agro-Ecological Zones (AEZ) and selection of Representative Villages indicating its location in the districtAEZs Altitude above MSL in metres Climate Topography Selected Villages specific to AEZ Selected Tribes as per AEZ Selected Villages specific to its location within a district AEZ-1 Up to 200 Tropical Climate Foot-hills Sovima, Ingtanki, Tuli, Merapani, Naginimora Angami Zeliang Ao Lotha Ao Kohima Peren Mokokchung Wokha Mokokchung AEZ-2 200–1000 Sub-Tropical Climate Sub-Montane Aonokpu, Chare, Jalukie, Medziphema, Mon Ao Sangtam Zeliang Angami Konyak Mokokchung Kiphire Pere, Kohima Mon AEZ-3 1000–1450 Sub-Temperate Climate Sub-Montane Higher Ranges Changki, Chozuba, Peren, Tseminyu, Wokha Ao Chakhesang Zeliang Rengma Lotha Mokokchung Phek Peren Kohima Wokha AEZ-4 1450–�2000 Temperate Climate High Hills and mountains Kigwema, Kikruma, Noklak, Pfutsero, Phek Angami Chakhesang Khiamniungam Chakesang Chakhesang Kohima Phek Tuensang Phek Phek Research Journal of Biological Sciences ___________________________________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202 Vol. 4(4), 89-106, April (2015) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 91 It was observed that the maximum number of utilization of medicinal plants were reported from cold regions (22.61 %) i.e. from high altitude areas of the state, followed by warm areas (25.73 %), whille few plants i.e. 4.56% species such as were common in both the regions (figure-1). Of which, traditional medicines are extracted maximum from plant leaves. It was followed by roots, fruits, seeds and bark, while the least used part were the flowers (figure-2). About 106 plant species were recorded to use their leaves for preparation of traditional medicine. Similarly, roots with 58 gain second highest importance in traditional system of medicine used by Naga tribes. Third place occupies by fruits 45 plant species, fourth by bark with 30 plant species. Moreover, plant parts such as seeds (27 plant species), stems (18 plant species), flowers and pods (19 plant species), Rhizomes (12 plant species), tuber (7 plant species), Woods (3 plant species), bulb (3 plant species) and corm (4 plant species) were traditionally used as medicine (figure-2). Very interestingly, 36 plant species were recorded to use the whole plant as medicinal purpose. During the study few indigenous remedies, which were observed to use commonly by the eight tribal's of the state are mentioned below: The study reveals that traditional medicine men use to treat cough with 20 plant species namely Adiantum philippense L.,Adiantum raddianum C. Presl, Acorus calamus L., Sonchus wightianus DC., Schefflera venulosa, Balanophora dioica, Begonia roxburghii, Stixis suaveolens, Citrus grandis L, Terminalia belerica, Equisetum arvense L., Desmodium heterrocarpum (L.) D.C, Hibiscus cannabinus L, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L, Syzygium jambos (L.)Alston, Licuala spinosa Roxb., Sesamum orientale L, Bischofia javanica Blume., Scoparia dulcis L. and Capsicum frutescens L. About 12 plant species were recorded to use for treat asthma i.e.Adhatoda vasica Nees., Cissus quadrangularis L., Phlogacanthus thryrsiflorus (Roxb.) Nees., Viburnum foetidum Wall., Panax pseudo-ginseng Wall., Bombax ceiba L., Swertia chirata (Wall.) C.B. Clarke., Michelia champaca L., Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam., Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb., Licuala spinosa Roxb. and Zanthxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC. by the tribals of Nagaland. Similarly, 8 plant species were found to involve in treatment of bronchitis i.e. Adhatoda vasica Nees., Phlogacanthus thryrsiflorus (Roxb.) Nees., Ilex pernyi Franch., Sonchus wightianus DC., Tagetes erecta L., Zanthxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC., Paris polyphylla Sm. and Paris quadrifolia Linn. Fever is a sympotoms of different diseases. The study reveals about 20 plant species such as Adhatoda vasica Nees., Andrographis paniculata, Phlogacanthus thryrsiflorus Sesuvium portulacastrum L., Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R. Br., Cassia tora L., Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers., Woodfordia floribunda Salisb., Michelia champaca L., Sida acuta Burm.f., Tinospora cordifolia. (Thunb.)Miers., Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb., Aeginetis indica L, Oxalis drummondii Gray., Licuala spinosa Roxb, Thysanolaena maxima (Roxb.) Kuntze., Aconitum paniculatum Auct, Gardenia angusta (Linn.) Merr., Salix tetrasperma Roxb. and Carea arborea Roxb. were used to control fever. Apart from that decoction of boil ponogranate (Punica granatam L) with sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) was recorded to drink to relief fever. It was also informed that leaves of Eucalyptus sp boiled in water and take bath to relief from fever.Leaves of Artemisia vulgaris (Ningro) and Adhatoda vasica were boiled and take bath to prevent fever. Figure-1 Distribution of medicinal plants in different regions of Nagaland (%) Research Journal of Biological Sciences ___________________________________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202 Vol. 4(4), 89-106, April (2015) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 92 Table-2 Details of the medicinal plants used by various tribal communities in Nagaland S.N. Scientific Name Local Name Uses 1 Adhatoda vasica Nees. Mhejung Malabar nut Leaves, barks and fruits are used Ao and Lotha tribes for curing bronchitis, fever, asthama and bleeding gums. Flowers and roots are used as an antiseptic. 2 Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall.ex.NeesKalmeghAll Naga tribes use this whole plant in dysentery, diarrhoea, stomach skin diseases and fever, malaria, jaundice, liver trouble, diabetes and stomach ailment 3 Phlogacanthus thryrsiflorus(Roxb.) Nees.Tita Phul Metecüse Leaves and flowers are used for Fever, asthma and chronic bronchitis. 4 Thunbergia grandiflora Sky flower, NulidongmoliFruits used as vegetable. Roots are used as an aphrodisiac 5 Adiantum philippense L. Maiden hair fern Leaves are used to treat cough and throat infections. Rhizomes used as an antipyretic. 6 Adiantum raddianum C. PreslDelta maiden hair fern The whole plant is used to improve flow of urine, cure pulmonary, cough and respiratory problems and relieve muscle pains and inflammation of joints. 7 Viburnum foetidum Wall Tsiekha Leaves and roots are used for Anti-spasmodic and asthma. 8 Agave Americana L. Century Plant Whole plant used as blood purifier, diuretic and prevents formation of pus 9 Sesuvium portulacastrum L. Shoreline purselane Water extract of whole plant is used for scurvy and fever. 10 Achyranthes aspera L. Pickles chaff flower, Aok rhua The decoction of the herb is used for Pneumonia, toothache, abdominal tumours, diabetes, rheumatic pain, dysentery and piles. Root paste is used as anti-fertility drug Flowering spikes or seeds paste is used as an external application for poisonous insect bites and snake bites 11 Amaranthus gangeticus L.Elephant-head amaranth Roots used in treating abdominal pain and stomachache. Paste of whole plant used in inflammation of skin. Used in treating boils and burns and as laxative. 12 Deeringia amaranthoides Merr.Mathukthuka Tender leaves are used to heal fresh cuts by Ao community. 13 Hippeastrum puniceum (Lam.) Kuntze Barbados lily Bulb extract is used in allergy and rheumatism by the Sangtam and Khiamniungam tribes 14 Rhus semialata Murr. Naga tenga Tangma-tong,Tanmo Fruits edible, used for treatment of dysentery, diarrhoea and food poisoning 15 Annona reticulata L. Bullock’s heart Used for remedy of jaundice, liver disorders, skin diseases, dropsy and as a diuretic. Also used as condiments 17 Cathranthus roseus (L.) G. DonPeriwinkle Leaves used by the Sangtam Konyak and Chakhesang tribes for leukaemia, hypertension, diabetes and kidney problems. 18 Gomphocarpus physocarpus E. MeyBaloon plant yongpi Leaves and seeds are used by Chakhesang and Sangtam tribes in gastro-intestinal problems but can be fatal 19 Rauvofia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz Serpent wood Roots used as remedy for insomnia and high blood pressure 20 Tabernaemontana divaricata L Crepe gardenia Leaves, seeds and roots used in anti-inflammatory, syphilis, leprosy, gonorrhoea, dysentery, diarrhoea, malaria and fever. 21 Ilex pernyi Franch. Perny holly Tannin and bitter substances derived from leaves are used to treat bronchitis and rheumatic ailments. 22 Acorus calamus L. Sweet Flag, Calamus, Oil extract from the dried rhizome is used for coughs, influenza and tuberculosis. It is also used to enhance memory function of brain 23 Colocasia esculenta (l.) SchottArum/Banu, Manü Corms edible, used by the Sangtam Angami, Zeliang tribes in insect stings, cuts, burns, injuries and internal hemorrhages. Research Journal of Biological Sciences ___________________________________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202 Vol. 4(4), 89-106, April (2015) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 93 S.N. Scientific Name Local Name Uses 24 Homalomena aromatica (Spreng.) Schott.SungandhmantriRhizomes are used by Zeliang tribe in making oriental perfumes and also used as an aromatic stimulant. 25 Panax pseudo-ginseng Wall. Yongka, Takumtsu mozuTuber/Root decoction are used to recuperative energy to body for the treatment of amnesia, convulsions, dysentery, cancer, neurasthenia, dyspepsia, palpitation and asthma. 26 Schefflera venulosa (Wight and Arn.) Harms.Dwarf umbrella plantDecoction of leaves for scurvy, bark relieves cough and use resin for treating wounds. 27 Areca catechu Betel-nut, Tamul Pericarp and seeds are laxative, antihelmintic, antiseptic and also promotes menstrual flow 28 Asclepius curassavicaBlood flower Leaves are used as an antihelmintic. The milky sap is used for curing corms and warts. 29 Gymnema sylvestre R. BrGurmari Whole plant is hypoglycemic, diuretic, refrigerant, astringent, tonic and has anti-diabetic properties. 30 Asparagus racemosus Willd Ananta mul Roots are used Zeliang tribe with milk as a stimulant 31 Acmella oleracea (L.) R. K. Janse Toothache plant Whole plant is edible, medicinal to give relieve to toothache 32 Bidens pilosa L. Mütsanu The whole plant is anti-rheumatic 33 Blumea lacera L.Kashidoria, Zurha The plant is used for nerve ailment massage. Taking the decoction of plant cures severe constipation like that of goat faecal matters 34 Sonchus wightianus DC.Pensung yi, (Gyazü),Yasen Whole plant is used for cough and bronchitis. It has the properties are anti fungal. Gyazü’s milky exudates cure the bruises between the thigh and groin 35 Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. GrayMexican sunflower Leaves and flowers are used for remedy to wounds and bruises. Together with Abakhanha it cures amoebic dysentery. 36 Balanophora dioica R. Br. Ex Royle Kümroh Flowers/ Inflorescences are used for remedy of Cough with profuse sputum by the Ao and Sangtam tribes 37 Impatiens tripetala Roxb. Ex. DC. Abakhanha Leaves and flowers are used for treatment of Gonorrhea and urinary problems. It cures gastritis, chest congestion and breathlessness 38 Basella alba L. Indian spinach Root paste is applied to reduce swelling. Leaves are used for healing wounds, boils and ulcers. 39 Begonia roxburghii DC. Begonia, Futsa Plant is edible. Leaves used in cough and dysentery 40 Berberis spp. Fruits Konyak Naga tribe uses to treat gastric problems and Chakhesang and Khiamniungam tribes use to treat ulcerative conditions and urinogenital disorder. 41 Oroxylum indicum L. Benth Kurz.Bhatgilla, Tsüngrem Noklangnok Anti-cancerous, root bark paste is used orally to treat jaundice by lotha community 42 Bixa orellana L. Annatto tree Fruit is astringent and purgative. Seeds are a febrifuge. Leaves are used in jaundice. Roots and bark are anti-pyretic 43 Bombax ceiba L. Azupentong Roots of young plants used as an aphrodisiac. Used in the treatment of digestive disorders, pimples, anemia, asthma and leprosy by Ao and Angami 44 Cardia myxa L.Assyrian, plum Fruit is anti-inflammatory and laxative 45 Rorippa indica (L.) Hiern. Yellow cress Arial parts are used for diarrhoea and dysentery 46 Ananas comosus Merr Alipiong Chiro Anti-inflammatory, Fruit juice is taken for abortifacient, anti-amoebic and antihelmintic by Sangtam andAngami tribes 47 Buddleja asiatica Lour Chirid Whole plantis abortifacient and for treating skin diseases Angami, Zeliang Khiamniungam. Flowers are eaten by Rengma, and Khiamniungam tribes. 48 Bauhinia variegata L N’gapa, Tafil Flowers used for diarrhoea, dysentery and stomach disorders. Bark Research Journal of Biological Sciences ___________________________________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202 Vol. 4(4), 89-106, April (2015) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 94 S.N. Scientific Name Local Name Uses for treatment of cuts, wounds and skin diseases. Roots are used to stop bleeding and to treat dyspepsia 49 Cassia tora L.Foetid cassia, Sickle pod Leaves, roots and seeds are used treat fever, kill or expel worms from the body, cures ringworm, helps in the digestion and chronic inflammation of the skin 50 Pratia begonifolia (Wall.) Lindl TsüngnünglahWhole plant is used by Sangtam, Konyak and Ao tribes in urinary disease, helps in dissolving kidney and gall bladder stones, and stops excessive bleeding 51 Cannabis sativa L. Marijuana, Hemp Leaves and flowers are used as sedative, tonic, intoxicant, stomachic, narcotic, analgesic, antibacterial use by Sangtam,Konyak and Ao tribes 52 Canna ehemanii Canna Rhizome used for demulcent and diuretic Zei 53 Stixis suaveolens Roxb Geku Fruits are edible and used for cough and malaria 54 Sambucus ebulus L. Dwarf elder Leaves, shoot and roots are anti-inflammatory, diuretic, expectorant and purgative 55 Carica papaya L. Papaya , Mamatsang Leaves used for removing corn and warts. Fruits help in digestion, flow of urine and constipation. Seeds act as anti-cancer use by the Sangtam, Angami, Zeliang and Rengma tribes 56 Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. ex Schult. Püpünha, Pipi-tong , Chickweed Leaves and soft stem in use. Antidote, appetizer, blood purifier, emollient and also reduce headache 57 Cephalotaxus griffithii Hook.f. Griffith's plum yew, Kelingsang Leaves and bark in use. Taxol obtained from needles are used against uterine and breast cancer 58 Chenopodium album L Wild spinach Seeds and leaves in use. Carminative, laxative, anthelmintic and diuretic 59 Citrus grandis L Pomelo/ Chemphem Fruits are used against cold, cough, throat infection and indigestion 60 Cleome gynandra L Spider wisp, African cabbage Leaves and seeds are used for muscular pain and headache 61 Garcinia xanthochymusHook.f.ex T. Anders Tepor Fruits are effective in the treatment of dysentery 62 Terminalia belerica(Gaertn) Roxb Beleric Fruits are used for remedy of cough, sore throat, dropsy, pile problems and diarrhea. 63 Terminalia chebulaRetzBlack myrobalan, Fruits, roots and bark used as astringent, tonic, expectorant and laxative 64 Commelina cyanea R. Br. Spiderwort, Jerakrak Whole plant for diuretic and in use for depression. 65 Tagetes erecta L. Marigold, Kitsung naro Leaves are used for treatment of rheumatism, bronchitis, carbuncles, eye problem, ulcers and laxative 66 Ophiopogon jaburan'vittatus' Mondo grass, Leaves and seeds are used for anti-inflammatory, expectorant and stomach disorders. 67 Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth. Blue dawn glory Seeds are used as antifungal, anti-tumor, diuretic laxative 68 Cornus nuttalliiAudubon ex Torr. and A. Gray Pacific dagwood Leave, bark and fruits are used as febrifuge, anti-periodic, tonic and laxative 69 Costus speciosus(J.Konig) Sm Crepe ginger, Konothie, Kebuk Whole plant is used for astringent, purgative, depurative, tonic, antihelmintic and against rheumatism. Root decoction of Konothie cures Kidney ailment Diabetes, thickened blood in the blood streams, removes accumulated blood, cures internal swellings, breathlessness and joint pains. 70 Kalanchoe pinnata(Lam.) Pers Nokcha-moli, Clapper bush Leaves are used for. antibacterial; soothe irritation, inflammatory skin burns, amoebic dysentery and diabetes and eyes 71 Coccinia grandis (L.) J. Voigt Ivy gourd Green fruits are edible and used as aphrodisiac, astringent, cooling and anti-diabetic 72 Juniperus horizontalis Creeping juniper Wood and fruits are used for diarrhoea, abdominal pain, fluid Research Journal of Biological Sciences ___________________________________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202 Vol. 4(4), 89-106, April (2015) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 95 S.N. Scientific Name Local Name Uses Moench retention in abdomen, tumors, piles, indigestion and constipation and vaginal discharge 73 Dicksonia antartica Labill Tree fern Tendered plant sap is used to sooth insect bites 74 Cyperus involucratus Rottb Nut dwarf umbrella grass Tuber is diuretic, antihelmintic, astringent and stimulant 75 Dillenia indica L. Elephant apple fruit Aids in digestion and flatulence 76 Dioscorea transversa R. Br. Pencil yam, Pokmaso Seeds and tuber are used as contraceptive, joint pain, useful in leprosy, piles and gonorrhea 77 Dracaena deremensis Janet Craig dracaena Decoction of leaves is diuretic 78 Diospyros peregrina(Gaertn.) Gurke Pipakinsang Decoction of bark, fruits and seeds is used as anti-stress and anti-diabetes 79 Equisetum arvense L. Horse tail, Shiehi Water extract of whole plant is used for treatment of gonorrhoea, coughing, rheumatism and arthritic problems. Decoction of Equisetum with Pedaria creeper is ideal for remedy of kidney ailments. 80 Rhododendron anthopogon D. Don Rhododend-ron Decoction of stems, leaves and roots for rheumatism and nerve disorder 81 Rhododendron arboreum SmMetapen/Topen, Methu Flower used against diarrhoea and dysentery. Decoction root cures early stage of cancer diseases, removes the bones of fish stuck on the wall of the throat. 82 Croton tiglium L Purging croton Bark and seeds are chronic constipation, indigestion, inflammation and cancer. 83 Emblica officinalisGaertn.Indian gooseberry, Jakhethi Fruits and seeds are used to cure anaemia, dysentery, haemorrhage, eye inflammation, jaundice, leucorrhoea and menorrhagia; injury wound; scrap the inner tender barks and applies to wound tightens the muscles and cures the injury (Lotha, Ao) 84 Mallatus phillippensis(Lam.) Mull. Arg.Kamala tree Leaf, bark and seeds are used against rheumatism, skin diseases and anthelmentic. 85 Phyllanthus fraternusG. L Webster Phyllanthus Leaves, fruits and roots are used for treatment of kidney stone and gall stone, cystitis, uro-genital diseases, jaundice, dysentery, gonorrhea and diabetes. 86 Phyllantus acidus L. skeels Star goose berry Fruit and leaves are antipyretic, against dyspepsia and jaundice 87 Clitoria ternatea L. Whole plant The plant produces dye, which is used in indigenous medicine. Powdered seeds have purgative and aperient properties. The root act as an antidote against snake bite. 88 Desmodium heterrocarpum (L.) D.CDesmondium Leaves and bark extracts are used in cough and cold 89 Mucuna poggei TaubBuffallo Bean Seeds for Aphrodisiac, astringent and cholera 90 Discentra scandens(D.Don) Walp Yellow climbing heart Roots are high blood pressure, diabetes, malaria, stops bleeding, snake bite, dysentery and tuberculosis 91 Swertia chirata (Wall.) C.B. Clarke Whole plant is used as tonic, febrifuge, appetizer, laxative, malaria, stomachache, skin diseases and asthma 92 Aeschynanthus longiflorus Blume Aeschynanth-us Fever and pain; Juice of crushed leaves is applied for inflammatory glands 93 Dicranopteris linearis(Burm.F.) Underw Silver fern Decoction of plant is used in treating epilepsy, removes sterility in women and has antibacterial property 94 Gnetum gnemon L. Spanish koint fir Purifies blood and controlled dosages regulates the flow of urine but in case of using large doses it stops urination. 95 Dichroa febrifuga LourEvergreen hydrangea Used for treatment of Malaria Research Journal of Biological Sciences ___________________________________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202 Vol. 4(4), 89-106, April (2015) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 96 S.N. Scientific Name Local Name Uses 96 Hypericum perforatum L St.John's wort Flowers are used as vermifuge, emollient and anti-enuretic. Leaves are used as an alternative to tea 97 Curculigo orchioides Gaertn Koritong, Piyaknok Tuber are used for aphrodisiac, carminative, antipyretic and tonic by Sangtam and Rengma tribes 98 Crocus tommasinianus Herbert. Woodland crocus Flowers Style and stigma are antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, appetizer and sedative 99 Juglan regia L. Pfhii, Nothi Leaves, bark and young fruit shell are used as antihelmintic. Fruits are tonic and used in treating joint pain. Mature fruits are aphrodisiac 100 Elsholtzia spPyonyhü, Thongvi Whole plant Used in treatment of kidney and urinary bladder problems. It is also used as condiments. 101 Elsholtzia stauntonii BenthMint-shrub, Khanyhü Leaves and seeds Used as a cure for diabetes, mellitus and osteoporosis 102 Leonurus japonicus HouttMother wort Whole plant Menstrual disorder, excess urine, pus formation, ulcers, skin diseases, anticancer, antibacterial and malaria 103 Leucas aspera Willd Common leucas Whole plant Used to treatment of typhoid, nose problem 104 Mentha spicata Garden mint, Opfokosopro Leaves used for stimulant, tonic, and jaundice, gallstone, throat and uterus infections, toothache and for de-worming. 105 Perilla frutescens (L.) BrittonPerila Stems, leaves and seeds. Antidote and antiseptic 106 Thymus serpyllum L.Wild thyme, Creeping thyme Whole plant Used for spasmolytic, antibiotic and expectorant 107 Cinnamomum tamala Nees and Ebermaier Ongchinaro, Sangchisang Leaves and bark saps are anthelmintic, Carminative, astringent and has digestive property 108 Litsea citrata Blume. Ningtrong sangSap of Bark and seeds is used for pain reliever, astringent and antiseptic. Dysentery, diarrhoea. Carminative, expectorant, stimulant, poultice and insecticide. 109 Lagerstroemia indica L.Crape myrtle Febrifuge, stimulant, styptic, purgative, astringent, detoxicant and diuretic 110 Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers.Pride of India Used for fever, diarrhoea, mouth ulcer and diabetes, promotes flow of urine and has purgative properties 111 Leea compactiflora Kurz. Leea Leaves are applied in body pain, juice for nervous disorder and insect bites. 112 Cassia alata L Fleur palmis Juice of leaves is used against ringworm, skin diseases and also act as purgative 113 Entada scandens (L.) Benth.Khüling The seed paste is applied by the Sangtam tribes in burns and has anti-dandruff properties. Kennels are edible. 114 Allium hoojeri Thwaites Shiela Decoction of leaves and roots is used as antihelmintic, massaging during body ache by Sangtam Naga tribe 115 Ophipogon intermedius D.DonLily of the valley Tubers are used for the treatment of Dropsy 117 Allium odorum Chinese chives/ leek Leaves are used in urinary problems 118 Cardiocrinum gigantum (Waqll.) MakinoKhorcii Leaves are used for treatment of wound and bruises. 119 Hosta plantaginea (Lam.) Asch.Hosta Water extract of fresh flowers mixed with salt and then applied in foot massages 120 Lycopodium clavatum L. Common club moss Whole plant is used for skin burns, digestive disorders, constipation with flatulence and against urinary problem. 121 Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw Twining fern Rhizomes are used for rheumatism, sprains, scabies, ulcers, eczema, wounds, stomachache and indigestion. 122 Woodfordia floribunda SalisbFire flame bush Flowers are used for dyeing silk and leaves are used in the treatment of dysentery, fever, headache, hemorrhoids and diarrhea 123 Magnolia grandiflora Lily tree Bark extract is used stimulant, tonic and good against rheumatism Research Journal of Biological Sciences ___________________________________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202 Vol. 4(4), 89-106, April (2015) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 97 S.N. Scientific Name Local Name Uses L and malaria. 124 Michelia champaca L.Golden champa Leaves, bark and fruits are used in Chronic rheumatism, gastric, inflammation, anti-fertility, asthma, cholera, menstrual complaints and fever 125 Abelmoschus moschatus Medik. Wild bhindi, Leaves are anti diabetic, Seeds yield an essential oil used mainly in cosmetic and perfumery industries. It is also used against digestive disorders 126 Abutilon indicum (linn.) SweetCountry mallow Leaves are used as a laxative and seed used in pile problems. The infusion or the paste is applied in boils and ulcers 127 Hibiscus cannabinus kasturika Extract of leaves are used to treat cough, dysentery and blood disorders. The flower extracts are used against acidity and the stems for treatment of anemia and fatigue, seeds as aphrodisiac. 128 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Japa Flower and stem extracts use by by Lotha, Sangtam and Ao for relieves periodic pains, spasms, cures sexually transmitted diseases, cough and cold, soothes internal and external wounds and sores. Flowers are also used to lower body heat 129 Hibiscus sabdariffa Okhriewo Anti-hypertensive, diuretic, mild laxative, stomachic and emollient and also against cardiac and nerve diseases. The flower is used as a food colouring ag Mallotus ent. 130 Sida acuta Burm.f.Bala Sedative, cardiac stimulant and good against rheumatism, tuberculosis and fever 131 Sida cordifolia. L. Country mallow Anti-inflammatory and it acts as a stimulant within the central nervous system. It is also used as a fat burning supplement 132 Sida rhombifolia. L.Arrow-leaf sida Piles, gonorrhoea, diuretic and aphrodisiac 133 Urena lobata Vanabhenda Roots are antibacterial and diuretic. Leaves are also used in cuts, diarrhea and sore throat 134 Maranta arundinacea 'variegata'Hnah-thial-alu Tubers are used in skin disorders and dyspepsia, roots are edible 135 Melastoma malabathricum L. Malabar malastome Leaf paste is applied on cuts to check bleeding and also improves appetite. Flowers are used in the pile problem 136 Azardirachta indica A.Juss. Neem tree Leaves, bark and fruits are used against skin infections and ulcers. Also used as antiseptic and insect repellant 137 Cissampelos pareira L. Tubukilota Infusion of leaves and roots are good against menstrual cramps, pre and post natal pain and during uterine hemorrhages. 138 Stephania gladulifera MiersGana-grjo, Jangrou, Ketcha moli Infusion of stem and leaves is used for treating menorrhage. Bark is also used against jaundice, rheumatism, diarrhoea and urinary problems. 139 Tinospora cordifolia. (Thunb.)MiersHeartleaf moonseed Leaves and stem are used in fever, blood purifier, anti-arthritic, aphrodisiac, carminative, diuretic and expectorant 140 Parkia roxburghii G.DonTree bean Roanjak Leaves, tender pods and bark are used for treatment of diarrhoea and dysentery treated by Sangtam tribes 141 Mimosa himalayana Gamble Kingrei Decoction of whole plant. and root used as antivomiting agent for fever, stems used for teeth pain. 142 Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam Bülong Bark is made into a poultice. Roots are used in the treatment of skin diseases and asthma. Seeds relieve biliousness 143 Artocarpus lakoochaRoxbMonkey jack, Dewacham Seeds and barks are used for treatment of asthma, fever, diarrhoea and as an aphrodisiac 144 Ficus benghalensis Bot, Banyan tree Decoction of bark increases fertility in male 145 Ficus benjamin LPapasih Decoction of leaves is mixed with oil and applied to ulcers by Angami, Zeliang 146 Ficus glomerata RoxbCluster fig tree Decoction of leaves and bark are used as astringent, treated for gastritis and has anti-diabetic properties 147 Ficus hispida Linn.fPapasih Fruits is used against leprosy and bladder complaints. 148 Morus nigra L.Kakuithi The fruits are mildly laxative. Leaves are antibacterial and are used Research Journal of Biological Sciences ___________________________________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202 Vol. 4(4), 89-106, April (2015) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 98 S.N. Scientific Name Local Name Uses for treating cold 149 Moringa oleifera Lam. Drumstick Water extract of root, bark, leaves, flowers and fruits are used for urinary problems, rheumatism, ophthalmia, reduce inflammation, as appetizer, laxative and tonic 150 Musa ornata Banano nano Water extract of ruits, stems and leaves is used for treatment of dysentery, cardiac diseases, hypertension and diabetes. 151 Myrica esculentaD. Don Achensü, Metiyong Bark decoction is used to cure dysentery, diarrhea etc 152 Ardisia humilis Vahl. Low shoe button Decoction of roots is used against diarrhea and rheumatism 153 Psidium guajava L Motiram, Bangochi Roots, bark, leaves and immature fruits are use as astringent, to treat wounds, ulcers, rheumatism, toothache, vermifuge and leucorrhea by the Sangtam tribes 154 Syzygium jambos (L.)Alston Along-tong, Longchen Flowers, seed and fruit are used to treat leprosy, cough and diabetes 155 Mirabilis jalapa L. 4 o' clock plant, Marvel of peru Fresh leaf-juice is demulcent and found useful when applied to allergic reactions. Root is aphrodisiac and mildly purgative 156 Nymphaea nouchali Burm.f Star water lily Flowers, rhizome and seeds are used to treat dysentery, indigestion, ringworm and skin problems. 157 Jasminum pubescens (Retz.) Willd. Star jasmine Leaves, flowers and roots are antidote to snake venom 158 Fuchsia magellanica Lam Hardy fuchsia Fruit is used as a diuretic and febrifuge 159 Helminthostachys zeylanica (L.) hook Flowering fern Dried leaves are used to stop nose bleeding. 160 Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum (Lindl. ex Hook) Stein Lady's slipper Leaves and bark are used against ringworm. Leaves are used in scabies. 165 Renanthera imschootiana RolfeRed Vanda Leaves are effective in treating skin diseases 166 Aeginetis indica L Forest ghost flower Roots juice of the roots is used in treating fever 167 Oxalis corniculata L ozhe pito The whole plant is used as a cure for scurvy, cataract, boil, wound, eczema, dysentery, diarrhoea and used and used as an appetizer 168 Oxalis drummondii GrayPurple wood sorrel Leaves are used in Fever, cuts, rashes and skin infections 169 Licuala spinosa Roxb Spiny licuala Seeds are used in cough, asthma and fever 170 Pandanus fasicularis Lam Korangtong Root juice is used for incense, eye diseases by Lotha and Ao 171 Argemone mexicana L Mexican poppy Decoction of leaves, seeds and roots Jaundice and skin infections. Seed oil is applied to heal ulcers. 172 Mucuna pruriens (L.) D.C. Cowhage, Suhthreh Root decoction induces the flow of urine and act as body tonic, treating reproductive disorders like leucorrhea, spermatorrhea and menstrual problems 173 Passiflora edulis Sims Passion fruit Entsülashe Leaves and fruit Diarrhoea, dysentery and insomnia. Hypertension and has sedative properties 174 Sesamum orientale L Sesame Seeds and leaves Amenorrhea, cholera, constipation, cough, dysentery and ulcers. 175 Bischofia javanica Blume Java cedar The leaf juice is used for gingivitis, toothache, cough and sore throat. 176 Phytolacca esculenta Van houtte Pokewood Leaves are abortifacient, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, expectorant, hyertensive and purgative 177 Peperomia pellucida L. Shiny bush Whole herb Eye inflammation, kidney and prostate problems 178 Piper longum . Long pepper, Sangshing Fruits and roots are used as stimulant, carminative, stomachic and condiment. Fruit is an appetizer, aphrodisiac and rejuvenator. Both roots and the fruits are useful in respiratory tract problems, Research Journal of Biological Sciences ___________________________________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202 Vol. 4(4), 89-106, April (2015) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 99 S.N. Scientific Name Local Name Uses dysentery and leucoderma 179 Plantago major Linn Lemkimao, Aswagola Whole plant is febrifuge, diuretic, astringent, aphrodisiac, demulcent, expectorant and also used against dysentery, toothache, earache and wounds 180 Plumbago zeylanica LinnCeylon leadwort Roots and seeds are used for the treatment of piles, diarrhoea and toothache. 181 Thysanolaena maxima (Roxb.) KuntzeBroom grass Water extract of root is used against fever by Lotha and Ao 182 Rumex crispus L Curly dock, Furonniki Leaves can be eaten and also applied on burns. A decoction of the root is applied to dislocated bones. Roots are purgative and stomachic. 183 Fagopyrum tartaricum (L.) GaertnLomfoli Decoction of whole plant is used for curing diarrhoea, hemorrhage, eczema, liver disorders and high blood pressure. 184 Polygonum capitatum Buch.-Ham. ex. D. DonPsuzie, Knotgrass Whole plant is used in cold, wounds and insect bites 185 Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms-Laub.Hastate-leaf pondweed Paste of leaves is applied to treat boils 186 Portulaca oleracea L purslane Whole plant and seeds are used to treat gonorrhea, burns, kidney and bladder problems 187 Lysimachia laxa BaudoYellow loosestrife Roots for gastric and gas formation in the bowl. 188 Punica granatum Taliim-tong Leaves and fruits are used in dysentery, leucorrhea, enlarged spleen, malaria and sore throat, also provides vitality to the body. 189 Aconitum paniculatum Auct Monkshood Roots are used in fever, stomach ache and as an aphrodisiac 190 Clematis buchnaniana D.C.Shipak,Tewhuomiwu Leaves are edible. Root paste is used to reduce inflammation. Root juice used in treating peptic ulcers. 191 Rhamnus nepalensis Buckthorn Bark extract is laxative 192 Fragaria moscata L. Zingsi Fruits and roots are used in the treatment of dysentery and stomach disorders. 193 Prunus cerasoides L.Yangpi Bark is used by the Sangtam tribes for treating body-ache and fruits are astringent 194 Anthocephalus chinensis (Lamb) A. Rich. Kadam Fruits are edible. Leaves are used in cases of stomatitis. Barks are used as tonic and febrifuge 195 Coffea bengalensis Roxb. ex. SchultCoffee plant Fruits are edible. Leaves are used in stomatitis. Barks are used as tonic and febrifuge 196 Gardenia angusta (Linn.) MerrCape jasmine Hepatitis, cold and fever, toothache, sprains and insomnia 197 Musaenda hirsutissima (Hook.f.) Hutch ex. GambleMussaenda, Awathsu Extract of leaves and bark is used for treatment of stomach ulcer, mouth ulcer; paste of leaves is applied in cuts and wounds 198 Paederia foetida Bhedia lata, Sunemli The root extract is used in treating pile problems, inflammation of spleen and pain in chest and liver 199 Rubia cordifolia Sangshep, Manjishtha Roots, leaves and stems have anti-bacterial, antifungal, antiseptic and anti-dysenteric and used by Lotha and Ao 200 Polygonatum kingianum Colletand hemslSolomon's seal Rhizome extracted for tonic, emetic and astringent 201 Aegle marmelos (L). Corr. Serr. Stone apple, Holy fruit tree, Beal fruit Ripe fruits are used as a laxative. Unripe fruits used for chronic diarrhoea and dysentery. Infusions of leaves are found to be effective in peptic ulcers. Roots are used for curing ear problems 202 Murraya koenigii (L.) SprengCurry leaf tree Leaves are taken in dysentery, haemorrhoids, abdominal pain and as de-worming. It purifies blood and also used as carminative 203 Zanthxylum rhetsa Indian ivy rue, Seeds, bark and leaves are used to treat rheumatism, dyspepsia, Research Journal of Biological Sciences ___________________________________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202 Vol. 4(4), 89-106, April (2015) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 100 S.N. Scientific Name Local Name Uses (Roxb.) DCasthma, bronchitis and malaria 204 Salix tetrasperma RoxbIndian willow Decoction of bark is used in fever 205 Carea arborea Roxb Slow match tree Leaves and bark are used to treat anaemia, leprosy, laxative, stomachic, abdominal pains and fever 206 Sapindus mukorossi Geartn. Rhujang-tong Fruit is an expectorant and also induces vomiting, also use it as soap 207 Houttuynia cordataThumb Stink grass, YimlongcholaWhole plant is used against body ache, cholera, dysentery, arthritis and relieving stomach ache. 208 Bergenia cilata (Haw.) Sternb WallHairy bergenia Juice or powders of the whole plant are used for treating urinary problems. The root is used to dissolve kidney stones 209 Scoparia dulcis L. Sweet broom, Licorice weed Anti-inflammatory, anti-febrile and diuretic properties. It is used as a remedy for hyperthermia, sore throat, cough, boils, skin infections and menorrhoea. 210 Selaginella martensii Spring Sanjivani Whole plant is used as remedy for liver disorder and epilepsy by Lotha and Ao 211 Smilax perfoliata Lour Indian smilax, Chobchini Leaves and roots Demulcent, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, parasiticide, stimulant and used as a tonic by Lotha and Ao 212 Solanum annum L. BlackCherry bomb, Kantakari Fruits are taken in diabetes, body ache, throat infections and relives toothache 213 Capsicum frutescens Birds eye chilli Fruits are taken to treat sore throat, relieves cough and cold 214 Cyphomandra betacea (Can.) SendtTree tomato, Tamarillo Fruits are taken to treat cold, sore throat, high blood pressure, liver diseases and also help to cure migraine and severe headache 215 Lycopersion lycopersicum Cheery tomato Fruits are used to soothe skin irritation, gastric and colic problems, stimulate liver and kidney and as antiseptic 216 Physalis minima L.Makoi Fruits are taken for treatment of urinary problems 217 Solanum khasianum C.B. ClarkNightshade, Kamonglüzuh The berries are used in formulation of birth control pills and the seed is poisonous and used as germicide 218 Solanum spirale RoxbBrush hightshade Roots are narcotic and diuretic. The various plant parts are used for de-worming 219 Duabanga grandiflora (Roxb. ex DC.) Walp Khokon Barks extracted for skin diseases and cancer 220 Stemona tuberosa Lour Stemona root Tubers/ root extract has insecticide, antibacterial, anti-parasitic and expectorant properties 221 Abroma augusta L Devil's cotton Leaves are used against diabetes and headache. Stem parts soothes irritated or inflamed skin. 222 Tacca chantrieri AndreBat plant Rhizome Gastric ulcer, high blood pressure, burns and laxative. 223 Taxus bacata Yew Barks and seeds Epilepsy, headache, giddiness, rheumatism, stomach-ache and cancer 224 Camellia sinensis (Linn.) Kuntze Tea, Sa leaves and buds Astringent, digestive, carminative, diuretic, thermogenic and nerve tonic 225 Thylypteris palustris Schott Marsh fern Grinded leaves applied in cuts and wounds 226 Aquilaria malaccensis Lam Sungza, Akurr Oil extract is used in perfumeries. Also used for diarrhoea, dysentery, gout, rheumatism, pneumonia and skin diseases 227 Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacg Bur bush Roots and leaves extract used in treatment of intestinal ulcers, boils and also acts as emollient and abortifacient 228 Paris polyphylla Sm Shingko Root extract is used in bronchitis, rheumatism and as aphrodisiac 229 Paris quadrifolia Linn Shingko Root extract is used in bronchitis, rheumatism and as aphrodisiac 230 Tropaelum majus L.Nasturtium Whole plant extract is purgative and anti-bacterial 231 Typha elephantine Roxb Cat's tail Decoction of leaves and stem promotes the flow of urine, purifies breast milk, checks internal bleeding and sterility 232 Centella asiatica L. UrbTsüngnünglah Whole plant is used in skin disorder, syphilis, rheumatism, leprosy, epilepsy, nervous and immune system disorders Research Journal of Biological Sciences ___________________________________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202 Vol. 4(4), 89-106, April (2015) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 101 S.N. Scientific Name Local Name Uses 233 Girardinia heterophylla Decne Himalayan nettle Leaves and roots are used in chronic hepatitis, cholangitis, constipation and diarrhoea 234 Valeriana wallichii Lomfoli,Gilgiti,valerian Rhizomes and roots are used in neurosis, epilepsy, hypnotic and spastic disorders. 235 Lantana camara L Tuqhü xamunu Fruits and leaves are applied in wounds, increases perspiration, relieves gastric and associated colic problem and antispasmodic properties 236 Callicarpa macrophylla VahlBeauty berry, Mütsing Leaves, root and stem bark are chewed by the Sangtam tribes for treating rheumatism 237 Vitex negundo LinnIndian wild pepper, Water extract of leaves is anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial and anti-fungal 238 Cissus quadrangularis L.Veld grape Whole plant is used to treat stomach ache, irregular menstruation, scurvy, asthma, dyspepsia and aphrodisiac. 239 Alpinnia galanga (L.) Willd Kulanjan Rhizomes are used to treat Rheumatism, bronchial catarrh and acts as a carminative by Lotha and Ao 240 Curcuma amada RoxbMango ginger Rhizomes are used as deworming, anti-inflammatory and anti-fungal 241 Hedychium spicatum Buch-HamSati Pfhesei Rhizomes are used to treat liver disorder, body ache and also used as carminative, expectorant, stomachic and tonic by Lotha and Ao Figure-2 Medicinal plant species as per their used parts by various tribes of NagalandAbout 33 plant speces were recorded to use for treating dysentery i.e. Achyranthes aspera L.. Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R. Br. Rhus semialata Murr., Panax pseudo-ginseng Wall.. Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray Begonia roxburghii DC., Rorippa indica (L.) Hiern.. Bauhinia variegata L, Garcinia xanthochymus Hook.f.ex T. Anders. Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers, Rhododendron arboreum Sm, Emblica officinalis Gaertn., Phyllanthus fraternus G. L Webster,Discentra scandens (D.Don) Walp, Litsea citrata Blume,Hibiscus cannabinus, Parkia roxburghii G.Don, Musa ornata, Research Journal of Biological Sciences ___________________________________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202 Vol. 4(4), 89-106, April (2015) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 102 Myrica esculenta, Nymphaea nouchali Burm.f, Oxalis corniculata L, Passiflora edulis Sims, Sesamum orientale, Piper longum L, Plantago major Linn, Punica granatum, , Aquilaria malaccensis Lam. Fragaria moscata and Aegle marmelos (L). Corr. Serr. The common treatment of Blood Dysentery by bark of Myrica esculenta + Peeled parts of Banana rhizome + Guava leaves – are boiled and drink a cup of the decoction twice a day for a couple of days. Amoebic dysentery was observed to treat with just few drops of the exudates of the core stem of Banana trunk. Decoction prepared from leaves of Impatiens tripetalaRoxb. Ex. DC.(locally called Abakhanha) + leaves of Tithonia Tithonia diversifolia) are crushed and same was recorded to take to cure amoebic dysentery. According to the users this formulation is very bitter but gives instant relieve. Fifteen plant species recorded for treatment of diarrhoea by deferent Naga tribes such as Rhus semialata Murr., Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R. Br., Rorippa indica (L.) Hiern., Bauhinia variegata L, Juniperus horizontalis Moench., Rhododendron arboreum Sm, Litsea citrata Blume., Stephania gladulifera Miers., Parkia roxburghii G.Don, Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb., Oxalis corniculata L., Passiflora edulis Sims., Plumbago zeylanica Linn., Fagopyrum tartaricum (L.) Gaertn, Aegle marmelos (L). Corr. Serr., Aquilaria malaccensis Lam. and Girardinia heterophylla Decne. The most common formulation for treatment of diarrhoea and vomiting is winter bean, commonly called Chükhanyü when prepared in the form of Khichri and consume it prevents diarrhoea and vomiting instantly. Secondly, the grounded inner soft layer after peeling the outer layer of the skin of Myrica esculenta was found to take as drink to prevent diarrhoea. Das and Duarah also reported about 4 plant species for treatment of Child born diarrhoea of Kaibatra community of Assam. Root decoction of Costus speciosus (Konothie) cures Diabetes. The tubers of Konothie are boiled for several times without smashing the tuber and given to drink its decoction to cure diabetes. Other plant species recorded to use traditionally for treatment of diabetes are Kalanchoe pinnata Diospyros peregrina, Phyllanthus fraternus, Discentra scandensElsholtzia stauntonii Lagerstroemia speciosa, Syzygium jambos, Solanum annum, Abroma augusta, andrographis paniculata, Achyranthes aspera and Cathranthus roseus. Malaria is one of the major threats to the people of Nagaland. Treatment of the disease was traditionally practised by Naga community healers by the plant species such as Andrographis paniculata, Tabernaemontana divaricata, Stixis suaveolens Roxb, Discentra scandens, Swertia chirata, Dichroa febrifuga. Leonurus japonicas Magnolia grandiflora Punica granatumand Zanthxylum rhetsa. Four (4) plant species were recorded to use for treatment of Cholera patient i. e. Houttuynia cordata Thumb, Mucuna poggei Taub, Michelia champaca L. and Sesamum orientale L. and two (2) species as antihelmintic, i.e. Cyperus involucratus Rottb. and Allium hoojeri. Treatment of some types of Cancer was recorded to practize by traditional healers. For that bark or leaves or flowers of Rhododendron plants boiled and given to drink its decoction. The outer rough layer of bark of Oroxylum indicum is removed and the soft layer of the skin is peeled, grinded and soaked in the warm water for three days and subsequently used to drink its water on the third day helps curing Cancer. Garlic should be used regularly. Consuming the decoction of Rhododendron arboreum root cures early stage of cancer diseases. Its application also removes the bones of fish stuck on the wall of the throat. Occasional use of Zurha and Methu would be ideal for precautionary measures. The outer rough layer of bark of Oroxylum indicum is removed and the soft layer of the skin is peeled, grinded and soaked in the warm water for three days and was given subsequently to drink its water on the third day helps curing Tuberculosis. Treatment of Gastritis was investigated and some formulations were recorded such as Rhus semialata (Tsiemhezü) + 1 tsp Stingless honey (Elyokhwizü) + (sugar, if required) – add warm water and was given to drink for three days, once a day, in the night time. Whole plant of Sonchus wightianus DC.(Gadzü) boiled in water and was taken as soup to get relief from gastritis. Peeled roots of Curculigo orchioides Gaertn Phyagye is soaked in the water for some time and was found to drink the juice to get relief of gastritis. Treatment of Bile and Liver was recorded among the Angami tribes. Cooked crabs are taken for bile ailment. Sugarcane juice is also recorded to prescribe against Jaundice. Among few community it was recorded to take own urine for treatment of liver ailment. Arisaema (Zaryü) tuber is cut into small slices, inserted it into the empty shells of capsules and prescribed to swallow or given to eat embedded inside banana as therapeutic bile ailments. Traditional medicine men of Naga tribes use to treat patients of high blood pressure (BP). Several therapies were recorded for treatment/prevention of High Blood Pressure such as Spondias mangifera (Mezasei) fruit juice, fruit of figs, soup of fruits of Solanum nigrum, Garlic flicks, Acorus calamus, vegetable Passion fruit and its vegetative parts taken Cooked with millet and was given as food. Sweet Basil, either as vegetable or boil used to drink its decoction reduces BP. Avoid pork, bamboo shoot and sour vegetables.For treatment of low BP and weakness the medicine men used to prepare sticky rice into dried powder, boil it and that was given to drink improves low BP. Two plant species i.e. Aegle marmelos (L). Corr. Serr. and Clematis buchnaniana D.C. wererecorded for treatment of peptic ulcers and Viburnum foetidum Wall was recorded as ananti-spasmodic agent used traditional medicine men of the state. Anaemia was found to treat with 2 plant species i.e. Emblica Research Journal of Biological Sciences ___________________________________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202 Vol. 4(4), 89-106, April (2015) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 103 officinalis Gaertn. and Carea arborea Roxb. Three plant species Cathranthus roseus (L.) G. Don., Andrographis paniculata, and Abroma augusta L were found to use for curing Diabetes. Juniperus horizontalis Moench , Dioscorea transversa R. Br., Sida rhombifolia. L., Plumbago zeylanica L. and Achyranthes aspera L. were found to prescribe against curing of piles by the Naga Medicine men. Juice of ripped and peeled fruitsof Solanum khasianum also found to prescribe to cure piles. Toothache is another common disease among Naga communities. A common traditional practice for treatment and relief of toothache was recorded during the survey. Mustard oil is heated by burning candle, scoop out the seeds of Solanum khasianum are burned in the mustard oil burning flame and sucked or inhaled through a small pipe at the toothache portion and allowed the mouth the germs falling out of the mouth along with saliva. During survey it was observed that sinus was treated with naturopathy by using Eucalyptus globosa leaves. Firstly, massage the chest and back of the Sinus patient with Mustard oil and Vicks. Secondly, boiled Eucalyptus leaves in water and used to take its vapour bath to the patient and also inhaled the steam through the nose (not through mouth), twice a day for three days, particularly in the evening during bed time to cure sinusitis. Treatment of muscle injuries was found to practize with traditional phytomedicine. The outer bark of Emblica officinalis(Goose berry) is gently removed and the inner layer of the bark is slowly removed by rubbing with sharp knife into powder form. This powdered part of inner layer of the bark when applied on the opened injury wound helps to heal it within few days. Several kidney Ailments were found to treat by the Naga community medicine men. Kidney patients were found to give the root decoction of Costus speciosus (Konothie) to heal ailment. One of the practitioners say its decoction of any part of the plant dilutes concentrated accumulation of blood vessels, heals internal swellings, joint pains, relieves kidney problem etc. Treatment of several eye problems is recorded to cure with traditional phytomedicines such as Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. Phyagye root are cleaned, soaked in clean water overnight and prescribed to apply on the eyes gives soothing affect. Wild grape is cut and the exudates of the vine stem when apply to the eyes cures the eye sores. Application of honey is prescribed to improve the eyes eye sight. Application of own urine to the injured eyes was found to prescribed to heal injury. Scurvy is also treated traditionally with 4 plant species i.e. Cissus quadrangularis L. Sesuvium portulacastrum L., Schefflera venulosa (Wight and Arn.) Harms and Oxalis corniculata L. Grinded Perilla (Ena) inflorescence and or leaves were found to apply to treat itching and Dhobi itch. Leprosy a kind of skin diseases found to treat with 2 plant species i.e.Bombax ceiba L. and Ficus hispida Linn.f. Allergy of skin or painful spot on the skin or Kewucu, where its not getting healed and even touching it creates enormous inconvenience can be healed by Herpes zoster, locally called as Tewhuomiwu (Viketou Kiso). Syphilis (Sexually transmitted disease) and Gonorrhoea Cure are found to treat with traditional phytomedicine by a few medicine men of Ao and Angami communities. It was observed that the seed ofRicinus communis are crushed into a paste and applied on the venereal disease cure the disease. As per traditional medicine men Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. Ex Schult. (Püpünha or Kerhepinha) is good for stomach, kidney, swelling of heart having breathlessness. The smaller variety is better. Boiled Sonchus wightianus DC.(Gadzü) is prescribed to take as soup or eat raw leaves or any part of the plant can relieve pain of Uterus and abdomen. Gyazü’s milky exudates cure the bruises between the thigh and body i.e the groin itching. The study indicated that Equisetum arvense L. (Shiehi) is ideal for urinary tract remedy. Apart from that Rhus semialata Murr,, Aquilaria malaccensis Lam, Cephalotaxus griffithii Hook.f., are some endangered plant species found to utilized the people of the state. Foregoing results convincingly demonstrated the rich traditional knowledge and practices with regards to natural resources and ethno medicine confined among tribal communities of Nagaland. Exploration and documentation of such knowledge has immense importance in policy making, development planning, formulation of conservation and management strategies and scientific intervention for socioeconomic development of the region. Conclusion Traditional healing system is unique and suitable strategies are adopted by the tribals for sustenance as they are endowed with a vast knowledge concerning the use of these wild plants. Several reasons act upon for use of traditional medicinal plants by tribal communities. Because the tribal's living in rural areas, they cannot afford or access to formal health care systems and therefore, largely depend on the indigenous knowledge of traditional medicines. Still today, the bioresources are so intrinsically interwoven with the life style of tribals that medicinal plants are inseparable to the poor tribal communities. The use of medicinal plants and its products to cure different ailments is very much reported and recorded, but confirmation and systematic clinical test of these medicinal plants are yet to be scientifically validated for most of the plants till date. Research Journal of Biological Sciences ___________________________________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202 Vol. 4(4), 89-106, April (2015) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 104 Panax pseudo-ginsengSchefflera venulosaStephania gladuliferaAsclepias curassavica Gymnema sylvestreAsparagus racemosusAcmella oleracea (L.)Bidens pilosa L. Blumea lacera L.Sonchus wightianusTithonia diversifoliaDiplazium esculentum Balanophora dioicaImpatiens tripetalaBasella alba L.Begonia roxburghii Berberis spp.Oroxylum indicum Phlogacanthus thryrsiflorus Blechnum capense Cyphomandra betaceaCardia myxaRorippa indicaRhus semialata Murr.Figure-3 Medicinal plant parts used by various tribes of Nagaland Research Journal of Biological Sciences ___________________________________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202 Vol. 4(4), 89-106, April (2015) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 105 Stemona tuberosa Melastoma malabathricum Lysimachia laxa Punica granatum Aconitum paniculatum Clematis buchnaniana Rhamnus nepalensis Fragari a moscata Prunus cerasoides Anthocephalus chinensis Coffea bengalensis Gardenia angusta Musaenda hirsutissima Paederia foetida Rubia cordifolia Polygonatum kingianum Aegle marmelos Murraya koenigii Zanthxylum rhetsa Salix tetr asperma Carea arborea Abutilon indicum Houttuynia cordata Woodfordia floribunda Figure-4 Medicinal plant parts used by various tribes of Nagaland Research Journal of Biological Sciences ___________________________________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202 Vol. 4(4), 89-106, April (2015) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 106 Medicinal plants practitioners and healers are available and their helps are sought local people for treatment of various ailments and injuries and earn good income too, by way of treatment and sell of medicines. The knowledge thus gained by tribals has been passed on from generation to generation as a guarded secret and, therefore, remained confined to their near and dear ones only. The medicinal plants practitioners do not divulge nor are they willing to share their knowledge with others not only because their source of income will be affected but also are aware that random harvesting would deplete these valuable plants. Research reveals that in order to improve health care of the poor tribal we can build on the existing wealth of experience and the presence of experienced practitioners and revalidate the applications with scientific applications for future generations. Acknowledgement Authors are thankful to the Director, Rain Forest Research Institute, Jorhat; Assam; Department of Forests, Ecology, Environment and Wildlife, Govt. of Nagaland, Kohima- 797001 and Deemed University, FRI, Dehra Dun-248006, Uttaranchal for timely permission and facilities provided to complete this study. 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