International Research Journal of Biological Sciences ___________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202Vol. 4(10), 62-65, October (2015) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 62 Review Paper Water Potability Test of Drinking Water collected from sub Regions of district Jalandhar, Punjab, India: A Review Kaur Jasmeen and Kaur HarshpreetAkal College of Agriculture, Department of Biotechnology, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Dist Sirmour, Himachal Pradesh, 173101, INDIACCSHAU, Hissar, Haryana, 125004, INDIA Available online at: www.isca.in, www.isca.me Received 24th July 2015, revised 21st August 2015, accepted 26th September 2015 Abstract Water not containing any sufficient quantity saline material and free from contaminants is fit for drinking and is regarded as a mineral water. A water is said to be portable which is without any hamful factor, but due to increase in urbanization , industries and interferance of human activities has lead to increase in water pollution level which causes water unfit for drinking to the human population and causes various harmful diseases. This paper includes the analysis of pHysico-chemical properties of drinking water like BOD, COD, Alkalinity ,hardness, chloride, pH and bacteriological examination of collected tap water from various sub regions of district Jalandhar. Various papers on water portability test by different researchers has also been summarized in this article which are helpful for further treatment of the water system. Keywords: pH, BOD, COD, minimum probable number (MPN), Eosin methylene blue (EMB) agar. Introduction Water is regarded as an essential and abundant source to the living organisms on the earth for their survival and growth but in India, 70% of the available water has been polluted by industries or domestic wastes. Drinking water contaminated with different chemical or physical sources has the greatest impact on health of human being, especially in developing countries. Common contaminants of water has been classified into pHysical, chemical and biological sources. PHysical sources are turbididty, colour, odour and other floating matter. Chemical sources comprises of Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), Chemical oxygen demand (COD), chlorides, alkalinity, pH, hardness etc. biological source of contaminants are the coliform bacteria and pathogens causing gastrointestinal diorders. Material and Methods For analysis of drinking water 10 samples of tap water from different regions of Jalandhar district were collected in sterile bottles. Different parameters were carried out to test the water potability of collected samples such as determination of chlorine for which (0.025N) silver nitrate solution and (5%) postassium dichromate solution were used. For calculating total alkalinity in water samples (0.1N) HCl solution and methyl orange indicator were used, for checking hardness of collected water samples, (0.01M) EDTA solution, Eriochrome black indicator and buffer solution of pH=10 were used. For determining BOD ferrous sulpHate solution, phenosafranin and fehling solution B was used. For determination of COD (0.1N) potassium dichromate, (0.1M) sodium thiosulpHate solution, conc sulpHuric acid and starch solution were used. PH strip was used for checking the nature of collected water samples whether the samples are acidic, basic or neutral and last biological parameter was carried out by determining most probable number count method for presumptive and confirmed test of coliform bacteria in the collected samples for which lactose broth culture tubes and Eosin methylene blue agar plates were cultured. Review of past work This study reveals the work done for the groundwater near the polluted canal area on Kiccha town in Uttarakhand state on water quality indexing (WQI).Seven samples were taken from the different hand pumps near the paha canal for analysing different parameters like pH, color, odor, hardness, alkalinity, chloride, BOD, COD, nitrogen, phosphorous and heavy metals. The values were compared with that of standard desirable limit and World Health Organization. The groundwater was found to be very hard in all the locations. The samples taken from near canal were having high values of BOD and COD. Arsenic and mercury were found to be in high concentration above the permissible limit. The values of WQI were found to be in the range of 63.91 to 72.53 revealing that sample collected from handpumps near the polluted canal area is in medium quality range wheras locating far away from the canal are of good quality. In this paper, physico-chemical properties such as Total dissolved solids (TDS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), Dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), alkalinity, hardness, pH, chloride, temperature and bacteriological examination of hot spring water from Vashisht Research Journal of Biological Sciences ___________________________________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202 Vol. 4(10), 62-65, October (2015) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 63 region of Kullu dist of Himachal Pradesh, India were studied and the results were compared with WHO potability parameters and it was found that water was potable for drinking. Hot springs are the places where temperature of the water lies above the mean of annual air temperature of that region and according to biological parameters, coliforms were found to be absent in this region. Below are the results of the experimental work as compared to the standard values of WHO2,3. The study was conducted in rural households of Udupi taluk, Dist Udupi, Karnataka. This study was conducted by using Bactoscope-water portability kit and interview scheduled. A total of 180 households were interviewed and sample of drinking water was collected from each of the households using two stage sampling. The analysis was done using SPSS 15 statistical package. The results were expressed in percentages and proportions. Chi square test was applied to find the results of bacteriological potability of water. And it was estimated that 52.8% of the household were using bacteriologically non potable water for drinking purposes. People below poverty line and Katcha house was significally associated with bacteriologically potable water. 62.8% of the households were collecting the water from open wells. 98.3% of households reported that drinking water is available around the year and majority of them collected the water from the source on a daily basis4,5. The study indicates that Examining the bacteriological factor of water depends mainly on the indicator microorganisms such as E.coli, coliforms and P.aeruginosa. E.coli comes under the coliform group and consider as an indicator of faecal pollution. Faecal coliforms are referred as thermotolerant coliforms. At present E coli provides best indication of bacterial contaminantion in drinking water. Isolation of E.coli from food as an indicator organism not proved for isolation of pathogenic strains of E.coli. Pathogenic strains shown delayed growth at 44 and 45.5 degree celcius. Some of the pathogenic bacteria will not produce acid and gas from lactose in LST or EC broth in between 48 hours of incubation. Media containing sodium lauryl sulpHate causes plasmid loss at 44.5 degree celcius growth which encode virulence factors with pathogenic strains. Therefore, the methods used for detection of E.coli as an indicator organism should not be consider for isolating pathogenic strains of bacteria from water or food. Isolating enterohemorrhagic E.coli 0157:H7, a strain of E.coliuses different methods for isolating other E.coli strain Below table shows E.coli 0157:H7 has some differences from other E .coli strains biochemically. From the recent studies we can say that defining E.coli by IMViC method is not adequate for identification of Ecoli strains which do not show IMViC test. Hense, additional tests are essential for identification.With the emergence of coliform test by using higher incubation temperature selection of coliforms of fecal origin became easy. EPEC-enteropathogenic E.coli, ETEC-enterotoxigenic E.coli,EIEC- enteroinvasive E.coli Problems related to E.coli used as a indicator for fecal contamination has been found. First it is difficult to find and count their number.Second its life span which is short. Third, it is found in the tropical environment.Therefore presence or absence of E.coli via bacterial culture method does not provide positive results.Therefore coliform test became the basis for quality water harvestingTable-1 Determination of PHysico-chemical properties and comparison of results with WHO PHysico-chemical properties Experimental values WHO standards Inference Total Dissolved solids 400mg/lt 500 mg/lt Portable Fixed residue 200 mg/lt 00 Portable Dissolved oxygen 2.52 mg/lt 7 mg/lt Portable Biochemical oxygen demand 4.8 mg/lt 30 mg/lt Portable Chemical oxygen demand 0.048 mg/lt 250 mg/lt Portable Alkalinity 196 mg/lt 200 mg/lt Portable Chloride 197.38mg/lt 250mg/lt Portable Hardness 165.2mg/lt 300mg/lt Portable PH 7 6.5-8.5 Portable Research Journal of Biological Sciences ___________________________________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202 Vol. 4(10), 62-65, October (2015) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 64 Table-2 Biochemical Tests of Bacterial Isolate Biochemical test performed Inferences/results Indole test - Methyl red test - Citrate utilization - Glucose fermentation + This study was also done for the quantification of E.coli from drinking water in Bangladesh. Fifty water samples were collected and E.coli was determined by observing gas formation in the test tubes after inoculation and incubation of water samples into the lactose fermentation broth (LB). Then quantification of E.coli was done on the basis of Minimal Probable number (MPN) method. Then the confirmation test was performed using Eosin Methylene Blue agar from which positive isolates were undergone Gram staining procedure. Out of fifty water samples five test were found to be positive. Microbiological study was carried out with 10 samples of tap water collected from various regions of Jalandhar district. These were collected in sterile bottles and brought into laboratory and kept at appropriate conditions before microbiological analysis. Isolation of coliform: The presumptive test for the presence of lactose fermenting coliform were determined in the collected tap water samples by observing gas formation in the durham tubes. For confirmative test positive bacteria from presumtive test were inoculated in Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) agar plates. After incubation of 24 hrs at 37 degree celcius morpHology of the growth of bacteria were observed. The MPN was done by determining the number of tubes showing gas formation. 4 out of 10 tubes shown positive test results for coliform bacteria ,and the results were compared with values given by Indian Standard Institute . Now on the basis of results carried out in sub regions of Jalandhar dist by collecting 10 water samples from taps in sterile bottles. By performing the water quality tests we have compared the results with that of ISI specifications and found that amount of chlorine to be greater than ISI standards in the areas of PHagwara and cantt dist Jalandhar, which confirms the salty nature of the water. Alkalinity is present in water samples but the amount is within the ISI limits ie: 200mg/lt. pH level is found to be normal in the study area.7 number of coliform bacteria were found to be present in the water samples which indicates sewage contamination in some of the regions. Hardness is found to be within ISI limits ie: 300mg/lt in the study area of Jalandhar dist. Discussion: From the above results of Jalandhar dist we can say that water of Jalandhar dist is potable for drinking purpose as the values of the tested parameters for water quality test are with in the specified limits of Indian standard specifications. Table-3 Showing results of IMViC Test by different strains of E.coli.Test performed E.coli EPEC EIEC 0.157:H7 ETEC Lactose fermentation test Positive Positive V Positive Positive Lactose test Positive Positive Negative Positive Positive Sorbitol fermentation test Positive Positive Negative V Positive Motility test Positive Positive Negative Positive Positive Indole test Positive Positive V Positive Positive Methyl red test Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Voges-proskauer test Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Citrate utilization test Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative Research Journal of Biological Sciences ___________________________________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202 Vol. 4(10), 62-65, October (2015) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 65 Table-4 Below are the results analysed in Jalandhar Dist, Punjab in comparison of ISI specifications. Sample Chlorine mg/lt Alkalinity mg/lt Hardness (ppm) Bod mg/lt Cod mg/lt PH Coliforms (mpn) T1 781 80 260 3.0 0.008 7.0 1 T2 710 90 240 3.2 0.008 7.0 0 T3 1420 40 300 2.3 0.007 7.5 2 T4 852 120 200 2.5 0.008 7.0 1 T5 852 120 200 4.0 0.007 7.0 0 T6 710 100 260 3.5 0.006 7.5 2 T7 1136 40 220 2.5 0.006 7.0 0 T8 781 40 240 2.5 0.007 8.0 0 T9 852 60 240 2.2 0.008 7.5 1 T10 710 40 200 4.0 0.0076 8.0 1 ISI specified limits 250 mg/lt 200mg/lt 300 ppm 0.3mg/lt 200 6.5-8.5 1-10 cfu/100 ml Conclusion By summarizing the results from the various studies we have concluded that water quality of drinking water has been decreased due to fecal contamination and industralization and health agencies need to take essential measures so as to ensure the safe drinking water among people. Water potability analysis is useful test for detecting water contamination by harmful chemicals or pathogens in order to take preventive measures for the safe drinking water among population. 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