International Research Journal of Biological Sciences ___________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202Vol. 3(5), 67-79, May (2014) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 67 Local folk use of plants in Dakshin Dinajpur district of West Bengal, IndiaChowdhury Tanmay, De Sarker Dilip and Roy Chandra Subhas2 Department of Botany, Raiganj College (University College), Raiganj, Uttar Dinajpur, West Bengal-733134, INDIA Plant Genetics & Tissue Culture Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal- 734013, INDIA Available online at: www.isca.in, www.isca.me Received 29th December 2013, revised 20th January 2014, accepted 8th February 2014Abstract Dakshin Dinajpur (2162 Sq. Km.) is a small ethnomedicinally active district, where most of the common tribals (Santal, Munda, Oraon, Rajbanshi, Lodha, Sabar etc.) still use plants as their remedies for various ailments. An ethnomedicinal study among the local tribal people of this district has been carried out during November 2009 to November 2011. Information is collected based on interviews and cross verified with other aged traditional practitioners. The present investigation documents the use of 132 plant species belonging to 65 families. The survey was conducted among different tribal and non- tribal communities of this district. Out of 132 recorded uses 56 uses are new report from this district. Keywords: Folk medicine, Dakshin Dinajpur district, ethnobotany, Kaviraj. IntroductionSince the early days of civilization plants have been used as medicine. Survival of tribals and backward class communities depend upon the use of these useful plants. Tribal people as well as traditional practitioner widely used the medicinal plants in their every day practice for safer, low cost, efficient and locally availability. Plants have been used as medicine from the beginning of civilization to present day. According to a report of World Health Organization (WHO), it is claimed that still 80% of the population of developing countries depend on traditional and folk medicine for primary healthcare. Dakshin Dinajpur of West Bengal is a small agriculturally active district having 8 blocks, where most of the rural people still use the medicinal plants as their remedies for different ailment. The district Dakshin Dinajpur lies between 26° 35' 15" N to 25° 10' 55" N latitude and 89° 00' 30" E - 87° 48' 37" E longitude and covering an area of 2162 Sq. Km. (Figure1). There are five tribal communities such as Santal, Munda, Oraon, Lodha, Sabar, which are about (16.12%) of total population. Along with these tribes, the other non-tribal population belongs to other category such as Rajbanshis (18.4%), Hindus, Mushlims and other minorities. This district has also a very old tradition of practicing Kabiraji, Ayurveda and Unani. Figure-1 Location map of the survey area (Dakshin Dinajpur district) International Research Journal of Biological Sciences ________________________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202 Vol. 3(5), 67-79, May (2014) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 68 The value of medicinal plants, herbs and spices as herbal remedies is getting lost due to lack of awareness, urbanization, deforestation and modernization. On the other hand, some traditional practitioners had a false apprehension that propagating the knowledge of medicinal plants by common people may reduce their efficacy and thus they kept it secret. However, the newer generations are not very keen to retain this traditional based knowledge from their predecessors. As a result important knowledge based tradition is fading away. Therefore, before this huge wealth of traditional knowledge is lost forever it must be documented properly. So far, some floristic works on this district have been done by different scientist1-6. De Sarker and co-authors have undertaken an elaborate systemic investigation on plants having medicinal value in this region comprising of three district viz. Uttar Dinajpur, Dakshin Dinajpur and Malda district. A very little work has been done in the field of ethnobotany of West Dinajpur and Dakshin Dinajpur district6-16. But no such work has been done in the field of folk medicine of entire Dakshin Dinajpur district after bifurcation of West Dinajpur district. With these above background a survey for documenting the traditional knowledge of use of plants which are in practice among the different tribal and non-tribal communities of Dakshin Dinajpur. Methodology The work was undertaken through field study carried out throughout the season conducted during November 2009 to November 2011. The present study is the outcome of two years of critical and intensive ethnomedicinal survey of Dakshin Dinajpur district. For conducting the study, exploration trips were regularly made in every season in such a manner that it covers all the blocks of the district. Data collection places were selected based on the high concentration of tribal and local scheduled caste populations (18.4%). ‘Kaviraj’ (persons having knowledge of Ayurveda), old and experienced tribal person provide important information regarding the use of different medicinal plants to cure various ailments (figure2). The information was also cross verified with some local aged and experienced practitioners. The method of collection of plant specimens, herbarium preparation and preservation was done following standard procedure17. To identify all the collected specimens relevant floras and standard literature were used18-20. As records, the voucher specimens were kept in the Herbarium of the Department of Botany, Raiganj College (University College), Uttar Dinajpur. The enumeration of the collected specimens was arranged alphabetically by scientific name, vernacular names, family, parts used and mode of preparation and application. Results and Discussion The study reveals that the district Dakshin Dinajpur is very rich in ethnobotanical diversity and local people still depend on plants for their daily needs. The present study reveals the use of 132 plant species belonging to 120 genera and 65 families by different tribal and non-tribal communities of this district (table1). As to their distribution among families the plants show that 8 species belonging to Asteraceae followed by Euphorbiaceae (6 species) and Papilionaceae (6 species). The Acanthaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Lamiaceae and Verbenaceae were having 5 species each. Poaceae (4 species) and Amaranthaceae, Apocyanaceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Combretaceae, Menispermaceae, Rutaceae, Solanaceae and Zingiberaceae contributed 3 plant species per family. Anacardiaceae, Convolvulaceae, Liliaceae, Malvaceae, Mimosaceae, Myrtaceae, Orchidaceae, Oxalidaceae, Piperaceae, Sterculiaceae and Vitaceae were having 2 plant species each. Other families included Acoraceae, Araceae, Aristolochiaceae, Basellaceae, Bombacaceae, Boraginaceae, Cannaceae, Capparaceae, Commelinaceae, Costaceae, Crassulaceae, Cyperaceae, Dioscoreaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Hypoxidaceae, Lauraceae, Lythraceae, Marsileaceae, Meliaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Nymphaeaceae, Oleaceae, Onagraceae, Ophioglossaceae, Palmae, Papaveraceae, Phyllanthaceae, Plumbaginaceae, Polypodiaceae, Portulacaceae, Rubiaceae, Salviniaceae, Sapotaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Smilaceae, Tiliaceae and Apiaceae were used by the tribal and non-tribal people in the region. A graphical representation of relative relation of families with respect to their numbers is shown in figure-3. Table-1 Enumeration of the medicinal plants used by the tribal and non-tribal people of Dakshin Dinajpur district Scientific name Vernacular name Family Parts used Medicinal uses Abroma augustum (L.) L. f. Ulatkambol Sterculiaceae Petiole Young petiole cut into small pieces and kept in a glass of water for overnight and infusion is used at early morning in empty stomach to cure “Meho” (gonorrhoea) and physical weakness. Abrus precatorius L. FigureKanch Papilionaceae Root Fresh root decoction used for “Meho” (gonorrhoea) and jaundice. Acacia nilotica L.Babla Mimosaceae Stem bark Stem bark decoction used to treat cough, diarrhoea, dysentery, indigestion, acidity, “Meho” (gonorrhoea) and diabetes. International Research Journal of Biological Sciences ________________________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202 Vol. 3(5), 67-79, May (2014) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 69 Achyranthes aspera L.Apang/ Chatchota Amaranthaceae Root Stem and root (2-3 piece) decoction mixed with "Ada" (Zingiber officinale) is used in jaundice. Acmella oleracea (L.) R.K.JansenRasun sag Asteraceae Whole plant Whole plant eaten as vegetable to treat body pain especially after child birth. Acorus calamus L.Bach Acoraceae Rhizome Fresh rhizome decoction clears the vocal cord. Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Bel Rutaceae Fruit One teaspoonful of young dried fruit powder mixed with water is given at early morning in empty stomach to cure dysentery and gastric problems. Alocasia macrorrhiza Schott.Man-kachu Araceae Petiole Petiole ash mixed with coconut oil is applied as emollient on carbuncle. Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br.Chatim/ Chatan Apocyanaceae Stem bark Stem bark paste applied onbreast for better lactation. Amaranthus spinosusL.Kanta Khuria Amaranthaceae Root Fresh mature root decoction gives physical strength and used in indigestion problem, dysentery and diphtheria. Ampelocissus latifolia(Roxb.) Planch.Goali lata Vitaceae Root Root paste mixed with 12 "Golmarich" (Piper nigram) and applied to cure gout and rheumatism. Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. Ex NeesKalmegh Acanthaceae Leaf Leaf decoction used for could and cough, diabetes and leaf paste applied on hair before 30 minutes of bath to control dandruff. Argemone mexicana L.Siyal kanta Papaveraceae Root Root decoction used for piles. Aristolochia indica L. FigureIswarmul Aristolochiaceae Root Fresh root and leaf decoction is given in early morning to cure stomachache, fever, indigestion problem and diarrhoea. Artemisia vulgeris L.Nagdona Asteraceae Leaf Fresh leaf paste applied externally on the forehead to reduce headache and sinus problem. Averrhoa carambola L.Kamranga Oxalidaceae Fruit Roasted fruit is kept under the sky overnight to catch the dew and make it juice mixed with pinch of sugar is given at early morning to cure cough and bronchitis especially for child. Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Neem Meliaceae Stem bark Stem bark and leaves boiled with water and applied on carbuncle, boil and skin diseases for quick healing. Bambusa tulda L.Bansh Poaceae Stem Juice of roasted young shoot is applied to cure earache. Basella alba L.Pui Basellaceae Stem Dried stem ash used as tooth paste to cure pyorrhea. Bauhinia acuminata L.Swet Kancan Caesalpiniaceae Flower Dried flowers crushed and then lightly wormed with mustered oil applied externally to cure skin diseases. Blumea lacera (Burm. f.) DC.Kukurmuta Asteraceae Root Root (2-3 pieces) decoction mixed with "Ada" Zingiber officinale) and pinch of salt is given to cure flatulence and indigestion problem. Boerhavia diffusa L. FigurePunarnaba Nyctaginaceae Whole plant Whole plant decoction is given to cure burning sensation during urination. Bombaxceiba L.Shimul Bombacaceae Root Fresh root (1-2 years old plant) used in “Meho” (gonorrhoea) and physical weakness. Borassus flabellifer L.Tal Palmae Root Fresh root decoction mixed with the roots of Achyranthes aspera are boiled and gargle to cure toothache. Buteamonosperma (Lam.) Taub.Palash Papilionaceae Leaf Fresh leaf juice used as aphrodisiac and enhances sperm count. Cajanus cajan (L.) HuthArhar Papilionaceae Leaf Fresh leaf juice is given at early morning to treat jaundice. Calotropis gigantea (L.) W. T. AitonAkanda Asclepiadaceae Leaf A leaf warm with “Ghee” is applied to relief from paralysis, rheumatism and body pain. Cannaindica L.Kalabati Cannaceae Root Root paste applied on the upper surface of the cheek International Research Journal of Biological Sciences ________________________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202 Vol. 3(5), 67-79, May (2014) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 70 to reduce toothache. Cassiafistula L.Sona gach Caesalpiniaceae Leaf Tender leaf decoction is given to cure constipation. Cassia sophera L.Chekenda / Kalkasunda Caesalpiniaceae Root Root decoction mixed with "Ada" (Zingiber officinale) is given to cure stomachache and fever. Leaf paste applied to treat gout and body pain. Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.Thankuni / Dholamonia Apiaceae Leaf Fresh leaves (5-6) chewed at early morning preferably in empty stomach to control diabetes, chronic dysentery, blood stool and diarrhoea. Chromolaena odorata (L.) R. M. King & H. Rob.Assam Lata Asteraceae Leaf Leaf paste applied on cuts and wound to stop bleeding. Cissus quadrangularis L. FigureHarjora Vitaceae Whole plant Stem paste warmed with "Ghee" is applied on the fractured bones. Whole plant eaten as vegetable to reduce constipation problem. Clerodendrum indicum (L.) KuntzeBhamot Verbenaceae Stem Fresh young stem used as a garland to cure a special type of boil in children. Clerodendrum viscosum Vent.Ghentu / Bhant Verbenaceae Leaf Fresh leaf decoction is given in empty stomach to expel intestinal worm (tapeworm, guinea worm). Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt.Telakucha Cucurbitaceae Leaf Fresh leaf juice is given to control diabetes, cold and cough. Decoction of leaf also applied on head to reduce the body temperature. Cocculushirsutus (L.) DielsJaljamani / Faritboti Menispermaceae Leaf Fresh leaf juice mixed with pinch of sugar is given to cure “Meho” (gonorrhoea), physical weakness. It also acts as sexual stimulant and delays ejaculation. Coix lacryma-jobi L.Kanch Poaceae Root Root decoction used for menstrual disorder. Commelina benghalensis L. FigureKanchire Commelinaceae Leaf Leaves are rubbed over the affected areas to treat skin irritation. Corchorus olitorius L. Tebra pat / Tita pat Tiliaceae Leaf Dried leaf infusion mixed with pinch of salt and turmeric powder is given at morning in empty stomach to expel intestinal worms. Costus speciosus (Konig) Smith.Kuttus / Jangli Ada Costaceae Rhizome Fresh rhizome decoction mixed with pinch of salt and "Ada" (Zingiber officinale) is given to cure indigestion and flatulence. Cratevareligiosa G. Forst.Barun Capparaceae Stem bark Stem bark paste used for rheumatism and burning sensation of body. Croton bonplandianumBaillonChurchuri Euphorbiaceae Latex Latex of the plant used for stop bleeding from cuts and wounds. Cryptolepis buchananii Schult. Figure9 Kalmashna Asclepiadaceae Root Root decoction mixed with sugar (100 g), garlic (50 g) and milk (250g) is boiled, the preparation is taking twice a day for curing rheumatic pain. Curculigo orchioidesGaertn. Figure-1Talmuli Hypoxidaceae Root Fresh root of the plant is used for increasing vitality and act as sexual stimulant. Root paste is used in arthritis and joint pain (gout). Root mixed with “Pan” (Piper betel) is given to cure piles. Curcuma aromatica Salisb.Shut Zingiberaceae Rhizome Fresh rhizome decoction mixed with honey is given to children to cure cough and bronchitis. Cuscuta reflexa RoxbSwarnalata Convolvulaceae Whole plant Whole plant decoction intake in empty stomach to cure “Meho” (gonorrhoea). Cynodondactylon (L.) Pers.Durba Poaceae Whole plant Whole plant chewed and the paste applied on cuts and wounds for stop bleeding. Fresh plant decoction mixed with one slice of Curcuma longa is given to cure leucorrhea and infertility. Cyperus rotundus L.Mutha Cyperaceae Tuber Decoction of tuber with pinch of salt is given at International Research Journal of Biological Sciences ________________________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202 Vol. 3(5), 67-79, May (2014) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 71 Ghas morning in empty stomach to cure chronic dysentery. Paste of the whole plant mixed with “Ada” (Zingiber officinale) is applied to cure a special type of boil on finger tip (locally called “Thosa”). Datura metel L.Dhutura Solanaceae Leaf Leaf paste applied as massage balm to get relief from rheumatic pain. Deeringia amaranthoides (Lam.) Merr. Figure11 Atmora Amaranthaceae Stem Young mature stem along with stem of “Chotchota” Triumfetta rhomboidea wear as garland to cure jaundice. Leaf also eaten as vegetable. Desmodium triflorum(L.) DC. Tin pata / Tepati Papilionaceae Leaf Fresh leaf decoction is given in empty stomach to cure flatulence. Dioscorea alata L. Pora alu / Mach alu Dioscoreaceae Rhizome Rhizome eaten as vegetable. Dregea volubilisBenth. ex Hook. f. Jukti Asclepiadaceae Stem Stem paste mixed with roots of Ampelocissus latifolia and “Golmarich” (Piper nigram) applied for bone fracture. Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. SmithPokhiraj Polypodiaceae Leaf Dried leaf mixed with 12-18 “Golmarich” (Piper nigrum) and warmed in mustard oil and is applied locally to reduce muscle pain. Eclipta prostrata L. Kesut Asteraceae Whole plant Whole plant decoction is taken to relief from irritation and inflammation during urination. The whole plant decoction is also applied on hair before 30 minutes of bath to reduce hair fall and promote hair growth. Eleusineindica (L.) GaertnKan Chulkani Poaceae Root Fresh root decoction mixed with sugar is given at morning in empty stomach to cure “Meho” (gonorrhoea). Euphorbia hirta L.Dudh kushi Euphorbiaceae Whole plant Whole plant paste used to treat rheumatism. Euphorbia nerifolia L.Manasa Sij Euphorbiaceae Leaf Leaf paste boiled in mustard oil and gently applied on the chest to cure bronchitis. Flacourtia indica (Burm. F.) Merr. Figure12Bainchi / Paniala Flacourtiaceae Stem bark Stem bark mixed with stem bark of "Shimul" Bombax ceiba) and boiled in water is given twice a day to cure physical weakness, Leucorhea and “Meho” (gonorrhoea). Geodorum densiflorum (Lam.) Schlt. Figure13Bon-ada Orchidaceae Tuber Tuber paste applied on joint pain and arthritis. Gloriosa superba L. Figure14Ulatchandal Liliaceae Root Tuber paste mixed with "Ada" (Zingiber officinale) and “Tepati" (Desmodium triflorum) applied to cure joint pain. Glycosmis pentaphylla Retz.Atiswar Rutaceae Root Root paste applied for rupture the boil or carbuncle and relief from joint pain. Mature stem used as tooth brush. Heliotropium indicum L.Hatisur Boraginaceae Root Root paste warm with mustard oil and massage to cure rheumatism. Helminthostachys zeylanica (L.) Hook. Akbir Ophioglossaceae Rhizome Rhizome paste applied to cure sciatica. Hemidesmus indicusR.Br.Anantamul Asclepiadaceae Root One teaspoonful fresh root decoction or dried powder mixed with a cup of lukewarm milk is given to promote sexual debilities and physical weakness. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. Jaba Malvaceae Leaf Leaves (5-7) decoction mixed with "Gur" (Jaggery) eaten in empty stomach to reduce dysentery. Holarrhena pubescens Kurci / Apocyanaceae Stem Stem bark infusion is given at early morning to cure International Research Journal of Biological Sciences ________________________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202 Vol. 3(5), 67-79, May (2014) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 72 Wall. ex G. Don Figure15Indrajab bark chronic dysentery and seed powder mixed with water is used in diabetes and guinea worm. Hygrophila auriculata(Schumach.) Heine Kulekhara Acanthaceae Leaf Fresh leaves (5-7) decoction is taken twice daily to relief from allergy. Ipomoea mauritianaJacq.Bhui Kumra Convolvulaceae Tuber One teaspoonful tuber powder mixed with one cup of lukewarm milk is given during bed time as sexual stimulant. Jatropha curcus L.Varenda Euphorbiaceae Latex Latex used in toothache. Jatropha gossypiifolia L.Lal Varenda Euphorbiaceae Latex Latex used in pyorrhea and applied on boil. Justicia adhatoda L.Harbashak Acanthaceae Leaf Leaves boiled with water and sugar candy, mixture is given for better lactation. Justiciagendarussa Burm. f.Bishtarak Acanthaceae Whole plant Whole plant paste used to treat rheumatism. Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers.Patharkuchi Crassulaceae Leaf Fresh leaf decoction used for dissolve kidney stones. Leaf juice is used to treat cold and cough, flatulence and acidity. Leaf paste applied also on burns to quick healing from burning sensation. Lawsonia inermis L.Mehendi Lythraceae Root Fresh root decoction is used as sexual stimulant. Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link.Dandakalash/ Dulfi Lamiaceae Root Fresh root decoction given in empty stomach and taking smell of the plant used to treat asthma and tuberculosis. Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C. B. Rob.Pipulti / Darod maida Lauraceae Leaf Leaf decoction mixed with pinch of salt and turmeric powder is given to cure dysentery and fresh leaf juice mixed with sugar is given to cure “Meho” (gonorrhoea). Only leaf decoction is applied on head to reduce body temperature. Ludwigia adscendens (L.) H. Hara Figure16Keshra-dam Onagraceae Whole plant Whole plant paste applied for bone fracture and rheumatism. Luffa echinata Roxb. Bhat-kalla Cucurbitaceae Fruit Fruit eaten as vegetable to control blood sugar level. Madhuca longifolia (Koen. ex L.) MacbrideMahua Sapotaceae Stem bark Stem bark boiled in water and the extract is given to cure physical weakness. Mangifera indica L.Aam Anacardiaceae Leaf Tender leaf decoction used for stomachache. Bark decoction mixed with lime water is given to cure dysentery and diarrhoea. Marsilea quadrifolia L.Susni Marsileaceae Leaf Leaf decoction mixed with a cup of lukewarm milk given at bed time to cure insomnia. Mimosapudica L.Lajjabati Mimosaceae Root Fresh root boiled with water and used as gargle to cure toothache. Root decoction also used for leucorrhea and blood dysentery. Molineria capitulata(Lour.) Herb. FigureBansmora Liliaceae Root Root decoction is given to cure piles. Momordica charantia L.Karola Cucurbitaceae Leaf Leaf decoction and fruit juice is used to treat diabetes, allergy and guinea worms. Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. Figure18Alkusi Papilionaceae Seed The seeds are fried with "Ghee" and sugar and make pills. Each pill taken during bed time for sexual stimulant and vitality. Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. Kari Pata Rutaceae Leaf Fresh leaf decoction is given at early morning to control blood sugar. Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L.Shiuly / Sephali Oleaceae Stem bark Stem bark and leaf decoction is given to control of remittent fever and blood sugar. Nymphaea rubra Roxb. ex Andrews Lal saluk Nymphaeaceae Flower Dried flowers powder mixed with water is given to cure piles. Dried flowers mixed with roots of International Research Journal of Biological Sciences ________________________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202 Vol. 3(5), 67-79, May (2014) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 73 Eleusine indica and pinch of sugar is given in empty stomach to cure leucorrhea. Ocimum basilicum L. Babu Tulsi Lamiaceae Seed Dried seeds are crushed with water and applied on the carbuncle for rupture. Ocimum gratissimumL. Ram Tulsi Lamiaceae Leaf Leaf decoction mixed with a few drops of honey is given at early morning for come out of dry cough. Ocimum sanctum L.Tulsi Lamiaceae Leaf The juice of leaves mixed with one teaspoonful honey used to treat cold and cough, bronchitis, whopping cough and fiver. Ocimum tenuiflorumL. Krishna Tulsi Lamiaceae Leaf Fresh leaf crushed with "Chini atap chaul" (aromatic rice) and made decoction is taken twice a day for curing tuberculosis. Oxalis corniculata L.Amrul Oxalidaceae Leaf Leaf decoction used to cure smokers cough. Phyla nodiflora (L.) GreeneKoi Okhra Verbenaceae Whole plant Whole plant paste used in bone fracture. Phyllanthus emblica L.Amlaki Phyllanthaceae Fruit Infusion of dried fruits useful in acidity, constipation, insomnia and also in diabetes. Physalis peruviana L. Fatki Solanaceae Root Fresh root decoction mixed with a few drops of honey is given to cure whooping cough. Piper betel L.Pan Piperaceae Leaf Leaf juice is given to cure indigestion and killing lice. Piper longum L. Pipul Piperaceae Whole plant Whole plant cooked as vegetable is given after child birth for better lactation and relief from birth pain. Plumbago zeylanica L.Sada chita Plumbaginaceae Root The root decoction used as emollient for gout and hydrocele. Pongamia pinnata (L.) PierreKaranja / Gokaranja Papilionaceae Seed Seed oil is useful for hair growth and gout. Stem helpful in reducing toothache when used as tooth brush. Portulaca oleracea L.Nunia sag Portulacaceae Whole plant Whole plant eaten as vegetable to reduce constipation. Premna serratifolia L.Ganiari Verbenaceae Leaf Dry leaf infusion is given in empty stomach to cure indigestion problem. Psidiumguajava L.Peyara Myrtaceae Leaf Tender leaves (2-3) chewed to cure mouth ulcer, pyrrohoea, bad breath and sluggish fever. Stem bark infusion mixed with lime water used to cure diarrhoea and dysentery. Pterospermum acerifolium (L.) Willd.Muchkunda Chapa Sterculiaceae Flower The dried flower’s powder mixed with jaggery and made tablets. One tablet is given once in a day in empty stomach to improve liver functions. Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz Sapagandh / Chandovado Apocyanaceae Leaf Leaves (2-3) kept under the pillow to reduce insomnia. Ricinus communis L.Reri / Varenda Euphorbiaceae Seed Seed oil applied to cure chronic arthritis and gout. The leaves are warmed with coconut oil and applied to breast for improve lactation. Salvinia auriculata AublKhudi pana / Musakarni Salviniaceae Whole plant Whole plant paste mixed with 8-21 "Golmarich" Piper nigram) applied to cure bone fracture. Scoparia dulcis L.Chinimichri / Jastimadhu Scrophulariaceae Leaf Fresh leaves decoction is given at early morning to cure dysentery. Sida cordifolia L. Swet Berala Malvaceae Root Root decoction is given in empty stomach to cure “Meho” (gonorrhoea). Smilax ovalifolia Bagnocha/ Smilaceae Root The roots are used for dysentery and rheumatism. International Research Journal of Biological Sciences ________________________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202 Vol. 3(5), 67-79, May (2014) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 74 Roxb. Kumarilata. Tender leaves act as sexual stimulant. Solanum virginianum L. Kantikari Solanaceae Fruit Mature fruits crushed with "Golmarich" (Piper nigrum) and make paste, which is used as massage to reduce pain, swelling of arthritis and paralysis. Solena amplexicaulis (Lam.) GandhiRakhal Sasa Cucurbitaceae Fruit Fruits are eaten as vegetable to control blood sugar level. Spondias pinnata (L.f.) Kurz.Amra Anacardiaceae Leaf Fresh leaves decoction mixed with pinch of salt is given to cure dysentery. Stephania japonica(Thunb.) Miers Aknadi / Takalati Menispermaceae Leaf Fresh leaf applied on carbuncle or boil for rupture and relief from pain. Syzygium cumini (L.) SkeelsJam Myrtaceae Leaf Fresh leaf decoction mixed with pinch of table salt is given in empty stomach to control dysentery. Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.ex DC.) Wt. & Arn.Arjun Combretaceae Stem bark Stem bark infusion is given at morning in empty stomach to cure gastrointestinal troubles and heart problems. Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb.Bahera Combretaceae Fruit Infusion of dried fruits is given at morning in empty stomach to cure chronic dysentery, piles and constipation. Terminalia chebula Retz.Haritaki Combretaceae Fruit Dried fruit infusion is given at early morning in empty stomach to promote liver functions and digestion. Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl.Swet Mahakal Acanthaceae Leaf Leaf decoction mixed with "Durba" (Cynodon dactylon) is given to cure leucorrhea. Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook. f.Gulancha Menispermaceae Stem Stem (1.5 kg) boiled with water (3 lit) and make into 1 lit from there half cup of mixture is given daily in empty stomach to control blood sugar, cholesterol and physical weakness. Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.Patol Cucurbitaceae Root Fresh root decoction is given at early morning in empty stomach to expel the intestinal worm of children. Tylophora indica (Burm.f.) Merr.Antamul Asclepiadaceae Leaf Leaf decoction is given to cure “Meho” (gonorrhoea). Vandatessellata (Roxb.) G. DonRasna / Pargacha Orchidaceae Root Root decoction is given to cure physical weakness and promote sexual performances. Vangueria spinosa Roxb. Moyena kanta Rubiaceae Thorn Thorns are fried in mustard oil and applied to cure piles. Vernonia anthelminctica (L.) Willd. Somraji Asteraceae Seed Seeds are crushed with cream and applied to cure scabies. Vernonia cinerea Less. Sahadebi Asteraceae Root Fresh root decoction used in piles, diarrhoea and stomachache. Vitex negundo L.Nishinda Verbenaceae Leaf Dried leaves boiled in mustard oil are applied to cure rheumatism. Leaf decoction used also in fever and diabetes. Wedelia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr Bhringaraj Asteraceae Leaf Leaves decoction applied on hair before 30 minutes of bath for promoting hair growth. Zingiber montanum (J. Koenig) Link ex A. Dietr. Bon Ada / Taraj Zingiberaceae Rhizome Infusion of the fresh rhizome is given to cure menorrhagia and physical weakness. Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Sm. Jabakusum Zingiberaceae Rhizome Decoction of fresh rhizome mixed with roots of "Aswagandha" (Withania somnifera) is given to cure leucorrhea and physical weakness. International Research Journal of Biological Sciences ________________________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202 Vol. 3(5), 67-79, May (2014) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 75 Figure-2 Interviewing the tribalsThe analysis of plants and ailments show that the ailments which are treated may be listed as “Meho” (gonorrhoea), allergy, asthma, cold and cough, bronchitis, whooping cough, tuberculosis, fever, cuts and wounds, rheumatism, scabies, boil, carbuncle, flatulence, leucorrhea, hydrocele, headache, stomachache, toothache, sciatica, intestinal worms, inflammation, paralysis, diarrhoea, jaundice, dysentery, bone fracture, piles, diabetes, insomnia, body pain, joint pain, constipation, physical weakness, skin diseases, pyorrhea etc. The plant parts used for medicinal purpose were leaf, whole plant, root, stem bark, fruit, stem, seed, tuber, latex, flower, petiole and thorn. The study shows that among the plant parts used, leaves is the single most important contributor (32%), followed by root (23%), whole plant (10%), stem bark (7%), fruit (6%), rhizome (5%) etc. for medicinal purposes (figure4). Figure-3 Family wise distributions of ethnomedicinal plants used by the tribals in Dakshin Dinajpur Figure-4 Graphical representation of number and percentage of plant parts used International Research Journal of Biological Sciences ________________________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202 Vol. 3(5), 67-79, May (2014) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 76 Figure-5 . precatorius Figure-6 A. indica Figure-7 B. diffusa Figure-8 C. benghalensis Figure-9 C. buchananii Figure-10 C. orchioides Figure-11 D. amaranthoides Figure-12 F. indica International Research Journal of Biological Sciences ________________________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202 Vol. 3(5), 67-79, May (2014) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 77 Figure-13 G. densiflorum Figure-14 G. superba Figure-15 H. pubescensis Tribal and non-tribal people of the district use one plant for curing only one or more ailments. In some cases, along with the other plant parts and a few amount of salt, sugar, sugar candy, jaggery, piper, turmeric powder, black pepper, honey and cream was used. On the other hand, at instance lukewarming, heating, boiling and roasting is also recommended to enhance the efficacy of the remedies or make it more palatable for oral consumption. It was observed that the parts of medicinal plant are utilized in the form of decoction, juice, infusion and pastes for external use. Figure-16 L. ascendens Figure-17 M. capitulata Figure-18 M. pruriens The relations between numerical uses of plants with respect to ailments have been presented in table-2. The table-2 interestingly show that for treatment of gastrointestinal problems 34 plants are used which is highest with respect to number of plants used. International Research Journal of Biological Sciences ________________________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202 Vol. 3(5), 67-79, May (2014) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 78 Table-2 Number of plant species used for the treatment of various ailments Ailments cured Number of plants used Gastrointestinal problems (Flatulence, diarrhoea, dysentery, stomachache, acidity, indigestion, intestinal worm, constipation)34 Sexual and gynecological problems “Meho” (gonorrhoea), Sexual stimulant, Leucorrhea, menorrhagia, lactation, urinary infection, hydrocele)32 Orthopedic problems (Joint pain, gout, Sciatica, rheumatism, bone fracture, body pain, paralysis, arthritis) 25 Diabetes 13 Respiratory problems (Cold and cough, whooping cough, bronchitis, tuberculosis, asthma, sinus) 13 Dental care(Toothache, pyorrhea) 8 Skin diseases (Boil, carbuncle, scabies, allergy) 8 Piles 7 Others(cholesterol, killing lice, earache, headache, diphtheria) 5 Fever 5 Jaundice 4 Hair problems Hair growth, hair fall, dandruff) 4 Blood clotting (Cuts and wound, stop bleeding)3 Insomnia 3 Conclusion A few medicinal plant species are used to treat the same ailments but mode of preparation and administration is different from earlier report. However, from our study we have recorded the use of plants for treating ailments other than that already reported6-16. This study may be used to preserve the knowledge of folk medicine used in Dakshin Dinajpur district. On the basis of this survey, further phytochemical investigation is needed for chemical characterization and specific active principle isolation. Acknowledgement The authors are thankful to DST, Government of West Bengal for providing financial assistance. Authors wish to express their thankfulness to the entire elderly peoples especially the tribal peoples who provided the information in the present study. 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