International Research Journal of Biological Sciences ___________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202Vol. 3(10), 32-36, October (2014) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 32 Studies on Breeding, Health Care and Milking Management Practices Adopted by the Dairy Owners in Shahdol District of MP, India Sandip Kumar, Aklank Jain and Aroop Kumar Gupta MGCGV, Chitrakoot, Satna, MP, INDIAAvailable online at: www.isca.in, www.isca.me Received 10th May 2014, revised 25th July 2014, accepted 18th September 2014Abstract The present study was carried out in Shahdol district of Madhya Pradesh. The information was collected from 400 dairy owners from four blocks, five villages from each block in the district. It was observed that majority (94.25%) of the respondents resorted to natural services. About 65.25% of the dairy farmers used more than two services for the conception of the animals. About half of the owners (56.50%) preferred and consult first with livestock assistant for treatment of sick animals. Only 32.25% of the respondents followed vaccination and deworming practices regularly. They rarely used regular practices of deworming. Knuckling (62.25%) was the main method of milking. Keywords: Dairy animals, District, Shahdol, milk. IntroductionIndia ranks first in the world livestock population. District Shahdol is a tribal belt of Madhya Pradesh. Economy of rural people is significantly contributed by the livestock. The district has the breedable cattle and buffalo population 385574 and 210861, respectively. Profit of dairy enterprises solely depends on the regular and efficient breeding of animals. Thus, an attempt has been made to study various existing practices followed by the dairy owners in the aspect of breeding, health care and milking management. Material and Methods The study was conducted in the Shahdol district of Madhya Pradesh, which was selected purposively. Out of five block of Shahdol district four was selected i.e. Sohagpur, Burhar, Gohparu and Jaisinghnagar block. Five villages from each block and 20 dairy owners from each village were selected randomly. Thus, the entire sample consisted of 400 respondents from selected 20 villages in four blocks of the district. The data were collected by personal interview techniques through an interview schedule. The existing management practices related to breeding, health care and milking management included in the study. The data were collected and analysed statistically as per procedure. Results and Discussion Breeding management practices: The results regarding various breeding practices followed by the dairy farmers are presented in table 1. A persual of the results reveals that more than 90% of the farmers from all the areas can identify the animal in heat. The main symptoms for identification of animal in heat was bellowing for 41%, 45%, 52%, and 56% dairy farmers in Gohparu, Burhar, Jaisinghnagar and Sohagpur areas, respectively, however, 17% farmers of Burhar and Jaisinghnagar, 18% farmers of Sohagpur and 25% farmers of Gohparu areas were identifying the estrus by observing bellowing and discharge from vulva. Some farmers were also getting help from frequent urination for identifying heat in all the three areas which are supported by other. In the present survey, a significant (P0.05) difference was noticed between blocks and time of heat detection (X=8.25). Mainly farmers were checking their animals for heat in the morning, but some famers in all the areas, were also practicing both times inspection. As far as the method of breeding is concerned, Majority of them in all the areas were practicing natural service. Only 5% farmers of Sohagpur and Gohparu, 6% of Jaisinghnagar and 7% farmers of Burhar areas were using artificial insemination (A.I.). This finding is in consonance with other authors. The low incidence might be due to natural services considered more reliable and there is less chances of failure as well as more cost incurred on A.I. Bulls which are mainly used for breeding were from road side and hence, no breeding record were maintained by the farmers only 10% farmers used own reared bulls and about 7% farmers used bulls for breeding reared by others. More than 60% farmers provide more than two services for setup of pregnancy, about 12% farmers got animal pregnant by one service. International Research Journal of Biological Sciences ________________________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202 Vol. 3(10), 32-36, October (2014) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 33 Table-1 Breeding management practices followed by dairy farmers S.No. Characteristics/Categories No./percent Sohagpur Burhar Gohparu Jaisingh nagar Average 1. Symptoms used for heat detection a. Special sound 56 45 41 52 48.50 b. Discharge from vulva 10 13 15 15 13.25 c. Both (a and b) 18 17 25 17 19.25 d. Frequent urination 06 06 09 06 6.75 2. Time of heat detection a. Morning 70 64 69 68 67.75 b. Evening 05 12 09 19 11.25 X 2 Value 8.25* 3. Method of breeding a. Natural service 95 93 95 94 94.25 b. A.I. 05 07 05 06 5.75 X 2 Value 0.51 4. Bull used for Breeding a. From road 82 86 82 81 82.75 b. Own reared 11 09 10 12 10.50 c. Reared by others 07 05 08 07 7.50 5. No. of services done for pregnancy a. Once 12 15 09 13 12.25 b. Twice 23 26 22 19 22.50 c. More than twice 65 59 69 68 65.25 X 2 Value 3.57 * Significant (P0.05) Health care management practices: The results of the health management practices followed by the respondents are presented in table-2. A persual of the results revealed that more than 50% farmers were taking advice from livestock assistant. This might be due to less number of veterinary hospitals and veterinary doctor’s availability. Involvements of local people for treatment of animal were also more. Results revealed that 58% of the farmers were watching their animals daily for any disease symptoms in Jaisinghnagar areas but it was higher 61%, 62%, and 64% in Gohparu, Burhar and Sohagpur areas, respectively. 70% farmers were cleaned house once in a day. The prophylactic measures adopted against contagious diseases by dairy farmer, were hemorrhagic septicaemia (32%) in Jaisinghnagar and Sohagpur areas, 29% in Gohparu and 36% in Burhar areas and foot and mouth disease (FMD) it is highest in Jaisinghnagar areas 31% only. This might be due to lack of awareness about animal disease and their prevention. Deworming was done at regular interval in only 2% cases in all the three blocks except Burhar block where it was 3%. More than 60% farmers from all the areas were not using deworming practices in their animals, however, animals were seldomly dewormed by 21%, 22%, 32%, and 36% farmers in Jaisinghnagar, Gohparu, Burhar, Sohagpur areas, respectively. The less number of farmers practicing deworming might be due to lack of knowledge regarding the harm caused by the parasitic load. Disposal pattern of carcass were not proper, farmers were throwing, their animals at common open place. This was in contrary to author who found 80% of the farmers in Haryana were disposing carcasses properly. International Research Journal of Biological Sciences ________________________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202 Vol. 3(10), 32-36, October (2014) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 34 Table-2 Health care management practices followed by dairy farmers S.No. Characteristics categories No./percent Sohagpur Burhar Gohparu Jaisinghnagar Average 1. Advice regarding sick animals a. Veterinary doctor 11 09 08 08 9.00 b. Livestock assistant 55 57 56 58 56.50 c. Local 22 24 26 25 24.25 d. Other 12 10 10 09 10.25 2. Watching daily for disease symptoms 64 62 61 58 61.25 3. Cleaning of house daily 71 75 72 69 71.75 4. Prophylactic measures practiced a. Vaccination against H.S 32 36 29 32 32.25 b. Vaccination against FMD 25 22 29 31 26.75 5. Dewoming of animals a. At regular interval 02 03 02 02 2.25 b. Seldom 36 32 22 21 27.75 c. No 62 65 76 87 72.25 X 2 Value 10.80*** 6. Treatment of animals a. Using Ayurvedic drugs 78 73 79 81 77.75 b. Using Allopathic drugs 22 27 21 19 22.25 *** Significant (P0.1) The trend of using veterinary medicine was mainly ayurvedic/desi in Burhar (73%), Sohagpur (78%) Gohparu (79%) and Jaisinghnagar (81%). In Burhar areas 27% of farmers were using allopathic drugs for the treatment of their animals, whereas it was only 19% in Jaisinghnagar areas. This might be due to lack of allopathic medicine shop, lack of veterinary doctor and high cost of treatment, which was similar to the findings of other researchear. Milking management practices: The data on the various milking practices followed by the dairy farmers are presented in table 3. The results indicated that place of milking were same where farmers were keeping their animals in 89%, 91%, 93% and 94% cases in Burhar, Sohagpur, Gohparu and Jaisinghnagar areas, respectively. In contrary to this other authors reported that 61.1% farmers in Haryana milking their buffaloes at a separate dry place. About 30% farmers from all the ares, were having clean and dry environment during milking, however, farmers from Gohparu, Burhar, Jaisnghnagar and Sohagpur blocks 45%, 46%, 53% and 59% respectively, milked the animals in clean and wet environment. Cleaning of animals before milking was not much in practice. Udder washing was followed by 52%, 53%, 58% and 59% farmers in Jaisinghnagar, Gohparu, Sohagpur and Burhar areas, respectively, which is supported to other researchear. Calf was allowed to suckle before milking, after milking and both before and after milking 11%, 1%, and 88% in Sohagpur areas, 10%, 3% and 87% in Burhar areas whereas calf did not allowed for after milking in both Gohparu and Jaisingnagar areas. They allowed to suckle before and both before and after milking 9% and 91% in Gohparu and 7% and 93% in Jaisinghnagar areas. A large number of farmers were not have weaning practice. This might be due to they rears their calves and not have thought of economics. As far as process of milk let down is concerned more than 90% farmers were using calf suckling which is also reported earlier in Karnal district of Haryana. Some also practicing hand massaging method due to death of calves. Cleanliness of milkers in Sohagpur and Burhar areas were 56% and 55% respectively, however, this was same in both Gohparu and Jaisinghnagar 53%, this might be due to self involvement of farmers in milking, but cleanliness of pail was more than 60% in all the three blocks except Sohagpur areas 53%. Mainly open types of milking pail or bucket were used for milking in all the four areas, under the study. 60% farmers of Sohagpur blocks was milking twice in a day, however in all the three areas there were no significant difference in frequency of milking once or twice in a day. International Research Journal of Biological Sciences ________________________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202 Vol. 3(10), 32-36, October (2014) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 35 Table-3 Milking management practices followed by dairy farmers S.No. Characteristics categories No./percent Sohagpur Burhar Gohparu Jaisinghnagar Average 1. Place of Milking a. At same place 91 89 93 94 91.75 b. At separate place 09 11 07 06 8.25 X 2 Value 1.95 2. Milking environment a. Clean and dry 26 31 33 31 30.25 b. Clean and wet 59 46 45 53 50.75 c. Dirty 15 23 22 16 19.00 3. Washing of udder 58 59 53 52 55.50 4. Feeding animal at the time of milking 45 53 43 48 47.25 5. When the calf is allowed to suckle a. Before milking 11 10 09 07 9.25 b. After milking 01 03 - - 1.00 c. Both 88 87 91 93 89.75 X 2 Value 7.20 6. Cleanliness of milkers a. Dirty 13 12 12 10 11.75 b. Sometime clean 31 33 35 37 34.00 c. Clean 56 55 53 53 54.25 7. Type of milking pail used a. Completely open 83 88 87 85 85.75 b. Somewhat open 17 12 13 15 14.25 8. Cleanliness of pail a. Dirty 13 11 11 13 12.00 b. Somewhat clean 34 28 23 25 27.50 c. Clean 53 61 66 62 60.50 9. Frequency of Milking a. Once in a day 40 47 49 47 45.75 b. Twice in a day 60 53 51 53 54.25 10. Interval between milking c. Equal interval 67 63 62 65 64.25 d. Different interval 33 37 38 35 35.75 10. Time of milking a. Morning 24 28 23 20 23.75 b. Evening 05 - 07 - 3.00 c. Both morning and evening 71 72 70 80 73.25 X 2 Value 14.90* 11. Method of milking a. Knuckling method 63 66 61 59 62.25 b. Stripping method 16 18 10 07 12.75 c. Full hand method 21 16 29 34 25.00 X 2 Value 14.37* 12. Milk drying off in animals a. Intermittent milking 13 11 19 17 15.00 b. Self drying 87 89 81 83 85.00 * Significant (P0.05). International Research Journal of Biological Sciences ________________________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202 Vol. 3(10), 32-36, October (2014) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 36 This might be due to low yield of milk. Interval between milking was almost equal 62%, 63%, 65% and 67% in farmers of Gohparu, Burhar, Jaisinghnagar and Sohagpur areas respectively. In all the areas, mostly about 70% farmers both morning and evening time were choosen for milking. There were significant association (X=14.90*) between blocks and time of milking. In the study area, the effect of blocks on method of milking was significant (X=14.37*). Knuckling method were followed about 60% in all the areas, full hand method which is a healthy practice was followed by 16%, 21%, 29% and 34% in Burhar, Sohagpur, Gohparu and Jaisinghnagar, areas respectively. This might be due to lack of awareness of full hand milking and easiness in practicing knuckling. Stripping was also in practice in some cases and it was practiced by about 10% farmers. This finding was in contrary toauthor in Baran district of Rajasthan where no farmers were practicing full hand method of milking. Thus in this areas farmers were somewhat more aware about method of milking.shows that 36.1% farmers were practicing full hand milking in Hissar district of Haryana, it means farmers from these areas were more aware in milking9, 10 . Most of the farmers in all the areas were not using any drying off procedure, and animals got self dried in 85% cases. In view of above facts there is a need to educate dairy owners about the new technology of managemental practices through conducting demonstration, trainings or planned extension programmes. Conclusion It was observed that 95%, 93%, 95% and 94% of farmers in Sohagpur, Burhar, Gohparu and Jaisinghnagar areas were practicing natural service for breeding. Prophylactic vaccination against H.S. were 32%, 36%, 29% and 32% and F.M.D. were 25%, 22%, 29% and 31% followed by farmers in Sohagpur, Burhar, Gohparu and Jaisinghnagar areas, respectively. Deworming was done seldomly by 36%, 32%, 29% and 25% farmers in Sohagpur, Burhar, Gohparu and Jaisinghnagar areas, respectively. A large percentage of farmers were also not practicing deworming practices.For the treatment of animals 78%, 73%, 79% and 81% farmers were practicing desi medicines in Sohagpur, Burhar, Gohparu and Jaisinghnagar areas, respectively. Calf suckling was the major process of let down of milk in all the areas. It was found that 63%, 66%, 61% and 59% farmers were using knuckling method, for milking in Sohagpur, Burhar, Gohparu and Jaisinghnagar areas, respectively. However, 21%, 16%,29% and 34% of farmers were also using full hand method of milking in Sohagpur, Burhar, Gohparu and Jaisinghnagar areas, respectively, which is the ideal practice. 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