International Research Journal of Biological Sciences ___________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202Vol. 3(10), 83-89, October (2014) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 83 Agroecological management of Diseases originating in Soil for the Cultivation of Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill)Lino-García N, Huerta-Lara M, Bautista-Calles J, Rivera Antonio and Romero-Arenas O5 Manejo Sostenible de Agroecosistemas, ICUAP; Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla-MÉXICO Departamento Universitario de Desarrollo Sustentable, BUAP-MÉXICO Colegio de Postgraduados Campus Montecillo, Edo. de México-MÉXICO Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, BUAP-MÉXICO Centro de Agroecología, BUAP-MÉXICO Available online at: www.isca.in, www.isca.me Received 19th May 2014, revised 22th July 2014, accepted 23rd August 2014Abstract The tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) ranks first in the world in surface area and volume of production. In Mexico creates major currencies for the country as it generates a large economic value and high demand for labor. However, the lack of knowledge on the management of phytopathogens, has placed to the tomato as one of the crops that presents more risk of contamination by excessive use of agrochemicals to control fungal diseases mainly. The objective of this research was to conduct an agroecological tomato crop management for soil-borne diseases, using organic fertilizers and an antagonist under greenhouse conditions trough a random block design with five replications and nine treatments. The variables evaluated were stem diameter, plant height, leaf number, incidence of soil-borne disease, and yield. At 90 days, the best values were: for diameter (FC=1.35 cm), for height (FCTR =216.8 cm) and number of leaves (FC=23.3), occurring in all cases significant difference (p 0.05) on the group control (TE). The disease incidence data exhibited statistically significant difference (p 0.05) between treatments, the lowest values for soil-borne disease incidence were (FCTR=1.25%), yield (FC=93.08 ton/ ha) exceeded statistically (p 0.05) at the treatments (TE =60.44 ton/ ha) and (LOFC =70.22 ton/ ha). Coconut fiber organic manure, presented the best results in varying yield and development of the tomato crop, being inoculated with Trichoderma, reduces the incidence of soil-borne disease, showing an alternative agroecological management of pathogens originating in soil. Keywords: Organic fertilizer, tomato, agroecological management of disease, incidence of disease, suppressiveness,Trichoderma spp. IntroductionThe tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) is the most widely cultivated vegetable in the world, reaching 4.7 million hectares with a production of 159 million tonnes by 2011, ranking as the most important vegetable, take first place in both area and production. Mexico is in eleventh place with 2,436 million tonnes with an average yield of 51.38 ton/ ha on 85 thousand hectares of tomato. Growing tomatoes for marketing is a highly profitable business that generates significant income for the country, as they have entered Mexico on average per year, up dollars billion. In Mexico, the tomato was placed in the number one position in export of agri-food products and is one of the most profitable investment opportunities and greater future, since it is a root vegetable that generate high economic value and a high demand labor due to its intensive use. This activity generates 72,000 direct jobs and 10.7 million indirect jobs. Susceptibility to high levels of humidity (80-100%), has placed the tomato as one of the crops that presents more risk of contamination due to overuse of agrochemicals, especially for pathogens control such as fungi, bacteria and viruses which cause disease, which affect the optimal development of cultivation5 -7. Among the major diseases, are caused by the fungal pathogens Pythium spp soil as Phytophthora spp, Fusarium spp , Rizhoctonia spp among others, that attack the root and stem inducing different symptoms that can be easily observed, ranging from wilting rot, stunting, leaf spots and blights with affectations from 90% yield to complete loss of crop7-9. The combat disease is mostly done with the use of chemical fungicides, but their indiscriminate use has caused contamination problems with the environmental persistence of toxic waste, negatively impacting production resources such as soil and water, also, in the same agro- biodiversity, causing instability to cause pathogen resistance and induce a higher incidence of disease in crops10,11. The indiscriminate use of agrochemicals in conventional agriculture fosters interest in the ecological control, which can be defined as any form of control that reduces the incidence or severity of disease, or increase crop production, even when there is not apparently an significant effect on the reduction in disease or inoculum, and its harmful impact on the environment is minimal or zero7, 9-10. International Research Journal of Biological Sciences ________________________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202 Vol. 3(10), 83-89, October (2014) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 84 Agroecosystems can be optimized through the use of two pillars: habitat manipulation via crop diversification and improving soil fertility9,12. For the specific case, the application of organic matter through organic fertilizers is the main nature reserve of potentially assimilable nutrients by plants, conservation and management of it is the most economical way to optimize nutrition and plant health, therefore, plays an important role in soil fertility, in addition to its potential to control pathogen populations originating in the soil13-14. It has been shown that species of beneficial fungi such as Trichoderma spp., Penicillium spp., and actinomycetes showed suppression against Phytophthora spp, Rhizoctonia spp., and Fusarium spp., such beneficial fungi colonize the organic material which depends on the composition of it during the maturation phase, for the case of Trichodermaspp colonize the rich organic material in lignocellulosic substances (wood waste and coir), while Penicillium spp colonizes the low organic cellulose material but high in sugars (food waste and vegetable )15 Given the advances in research at national and global level, you can not remain indifferent to the use of improper practices in the management of agroecosystems, as conventional disease control through the use of agrochemicals, such as pesticides and fertilizers minerals to optimize agricultural production, since these activities has led to the deterioration of the chemical, physical and biological soil characteristics, and has led to the susceptibility of plants to pests and diseases, causing major problems in most cases irreversible, drastically reducing production capacity, becoming unstable and unsustainable agro-ecosystems as a result of their high economic, ecological and social costs7,9. So, the purpose of this paper is to agroecological management of soil-borne diseases in the tomato crop under greenhouse conditions, to develop an alternative to practices to diseases conventional control, enabling the sustainable management of the agroecosystem in the cultivation of tomato and thus reduce the high economic, ecological, social costs. Material and Methods The research was carried out during the spring-summer season 2013 under greenhouse conditions in the community of Atempan, Puebla-Mexico. The factors studied were: soil of the region (as a witness), organic fertilizers; coconut fiber, bocashi, vermicompost from the pulp of coffee and walnut shell more the same organic manures inoculated with the antagonistic Trichoderma spp., (table 1). The experimental design was random blocks with five replications and nine treatments (table 2). The experimental unit was 2.4 m (1.2 m x 2.0 m) which includes two beds with double rows 0.4 m and a total of 16 plants (planting density of 5.8 plants m). Ground preparation began with the development of raised to a height of 30 cm beds, which were irrigated with 10 liters of water prior to the application of fertilizer, which is made with the following dose, vermicompost at the rate of 2.7 kg/m, coconut fiber 2.7 kg/m, Bocashi 2.7 kg/m, in the case of the vermicompost more coconut fiber mixture 50 + 50% at a rate of 1.35 kg for the first and 1.35 kg/m for the second, the treatments which were inoculated with Trichoderma spp, the application rate was also 2.7 kg of manure by m, the inoculation of the antagonist was 9 g of Trichoderma spp., per 20 kg of organic fertilizer sprayed with 7 liters of water, all fertilizers were applied in a trench 30 cm wide by 20 cm deep, allowing the distribution of the fertilizer over the entire bed, later to cover the same ground. Organic fertilizers were obtained in advance; the bocashi was prepared a month and a half before planting. The vermicompost was made from the pulp of coffee and walnut shell. Coconut fiber used was the Cocoplus® trademark. The biofunguicida used was Trichoderma spp., trademark Tricofungi AFAO®. The transplant took place on April 30, 2013 with seedling variety SUN 7705 (Nunhems USA Inc). Fertilization was realized with vermicompost extract, mixed 0.5 L in 19.5 L of water enriched with 20 g of fertilizer (13-40-13) during the first 60 days after transplanting, the rest of the cycle was applied 0.75 L vermicompost extract mixed in 19.25 L of water enriched with 40 g of fertilizer (13-40-13), irrigation was performed according to the needs of the crop and fertilization was performed in periods of 10 days during the same cycle applied manually to the base of the stem in a proportion of 100 ml per plant. Controlling pests (whiteflies, aphids and fleahopper) was performed based on plant extracts and traps. Control foliage disease was performed with mineral broths, plant extracts, and sodium bicarbonate. Table-1 Properties of organic fertilizers used in the production of greenhouse Tomato in Atempan, Puebla-México Treatment pH E.C. (dS/m) OM % N % P % K % Ca % Mg % Na % C/N FC 6.6 2.35 60.00 2.80 2.60 3.00 3.10 2.10 - - BO 6.9 4.34 40.50 0.63 0.21 1.29 1.72 0.37 0.26 37.30 LO 5.6 0.51 79.50 1.75 0.04 0.15 0.98 0.17 0.04 26.30 EL 8.6 20.5 - 0.568 0.225 0.878 0.036 0.027 0.187 - FC= Coconut fiber, BO= Bocashi, LO= Vermicompost; VE= Vermicompost extract, pH: Potential of hydrogen, E.C= Electrical conductivity and OM= Organic matter. International Research Journal of Biological Sciences ________________________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202 Vol. 3(10), 83-89, October (2014) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 85 Table-2 Fertilizers organic for greenhouse tomato production in Atempan, Puebla-México Treatment Code Organic substrates mixture T1 TE (Soil of the region) T2 FC Coconut fiber T3 BO Bocashi T4 LO Vermicompost T5 LOFC Coconut fiber 50% Vermicompost 50% T6 FCTR Coconut fiber Trichoderma spp T7 BOTR Bocashi Trichoderma spp T8 LOTR Vermicompost Trichoderma spp T9 LOFCTR Coconut fiber 50% Vermicompost 50% Trichoderma spp T1= TE (Soil of the region), T2= Coconut fiber (FC), T3= Bocashi (BO), T4= Vermicompost (LO), T5= 50% + vermicompost + coconut fiber 50% (LOFC) T6= Coconut fiber + Trichoderma spp (FCTR), T7= Bocashi + Trichoderma spp (BOTR), T8= Vermicompost + Trichoderma spp (LOTR), T9= 50% Vermicompost + coconut fiber + 50% Trichoderma spp (LOFCTR). The variables evaluated were: i. Diameter of plant stem (cm), measured with vernier hand at the base of the stem or base of the plant, 1 cm from the ground. ii. Plant height (cm), which was measured with measuring tape 5 m, whereas from the base of the stem or base of the plant to the tip of it. iii. Number of leaves per plant, having compound leaves from the stem base to apex. iv. Incidence of soil-borne disease (%), which was monitored every 15 days counting plants with symptoms of wilt, root rot or dead plant in relation to total plant from the experimental unit. v. Crop yield (kg). The yield was determined in each court, weighing the fruits harvested in each experimental unit. The data obtained were processed using Statgraphics version centurion 16.01.0002 for analysis of variance (ANOVA) test and subsequent Tukey multiple comparison (p 0.05) was used to determine differences between treatments. Results and Discussion Stem diameter: In the first 60 days after transplantation excelled significantly (table 3) FC treatment (1.17 cm) and LOFCTR (1.14 cm), exceeding significantly to TE (0.97 cm). At 75 days after transplantation treatments highlights FC (1.27 cm), LOFCTR (1.25 cm) and BOTR (1.24 cm), which statistically outperformed the TE (1.07 cm). At 90 DAT highlights were significantly (p 0.05 ) treatments FC (1.35 cm) , LOFCTR (1.33 cm), BOTR (1.32 cm), LO (1.31 cm), FCTR (1.31 cm ) and LO (1.31 cm ) by overcoming statistically TE (1.13 cm). Stem diameter is related to the crop yield, since more area means more reserve parenchyma similar that can be used in fruit growing, as well as increased xylem area allows greater transport of water and nutrients to the reproductive organs, so that a larger diameter increases the number of fruits and consequently yield crop16-17. In this trial, with most treatments values stem diameter statistically greater the witness were obtained, however, are low (1.26 to 1.35 cm at 90 days after transplantation) compared to those obtained by Ortega-Martínez et al.,17 who reported values of stem diameter of 1.8 cm at 100 days after transplantation organic substrates sawdust-compost and 1.4 cm in substrate compost, thus also, Zarate18reports values of stem diameter in hydroponic production to the 13th week of 1.2 and 1.6 cm corresponding to the highest value to variety 7705 in coconut fiber substrate. These low values in stem diameter is largely due to the low radiation received during the crop cycle, as probably cloudy days occurred in most of the crop cycle, since the average temperature fluctuated around 15 °C and relative humidity was maintained around 90%, also lower luminosities are known to give rise to thin and weak stems with higher proportion of parenchymal tissue; that is, a larger area of parenchyma may involve larger pool of similar category, under stringent conditions, some form of stress such as high density or excessive leaf area may lead to that these reserves are partially remobilized to the fruits growing16,17, this statement can be proven with the values reported in diameter Sánchez del Castillo et al.,19 in hydroponic tomato with high densities, these values vary between 1.22 and 1.27 cm recorded at 90 days after transplantation, these being lower than those reported in this paper. Plant height: In the first 60 days after transplantation, apparent significant difference between treatments (table 3) is not made. At 75 days showed significant difference (p 0.05 ) treatments FC (189.5 cm) and FCTR (189.4 cm), exceeding significantly (p 0.05) TE (164.9 cm). At 90 days the FCTR (216.8 cm) treatment showed significant difference (p 0.05) TE (164.9 cm) surpassing statistically. With regard to plant height, taller consequently gives a greater number of leaves and clorofila. The best height at 90 days after transplantation, which threw the FCTR (216.8 cm) above the treatment FC (212.4 cm) is possibly due to the Trichoderma spp., colonizes plant roots favoring radical development as both air and prevents the attack root pathogens also in some species of Trichoderma spp., noted its capacity as stimulator of growth in many vegetable crops and plants ornamentales20. The results obtained here agree with those reported by authors such as: Rodríguez-Dimas et al.,21who obtained values of plant height for two tomato genotypes produced in different organic fertilizers, height for Granitio genotype ranged from 158-206 cm and Romina genotype height was between 170 and 180 cm both at 90 days after transplantation. Also, Marquez- Hernandez et al.,22 reported values final plant height of tomato genotypes Bosky 174.8 to International Research Journal of Biological Sciences ________________________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202 Vol. 3(10), 83-89, October (2014) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 86 202.8 cm and Big Beef with values of 148.1 to 235.7 cm, all obtained with different organic fertilizer sources. However, Ortega-Martinez et al.,17 reported values greater height to those discussed above with the genotype Sun 7705 ranging between 280 and 380 cm to 100 days after transplantation, this difference may be due to the application of the nutrient solution fertilization system unlike fertilization with vermicompost extract used in this experiment. It is worth noting that although there are contrasts in tomato genotype with different authors, all common organic fertilizers applied as a substrate or as an amendment. Number of leaves: The cultivation showed a homogeneous development within 75 days after transplantation, (table-3), however at 90 days after transplantation, treatment FC (23.3 leaves) showed statistically significant difference (p 0.05) on LOFC treatments (20.2) and TE (20.3). Although the variable number of leaves is not used in several studies as an indicator of crop development, it is important according to the functions performed, example of this is that the leaves have the ability to assimilate nutrients by penetration, absorption and traslocaciónalso increased the number of sheets increases photosynthesis occurring, resulting in weight fruit gain and consequently yield21. For this research the nutritional contribution balanced organic fertilizer coir allowed to have as many leaves as the adequate supply of nutrients, especially nitrogen, is associated with adequate levels of chlorophyll, vegetative growth vigorous, high photosynthetic activity and synthesis of carbohydrates, which depends yield Means with the same letter within columns and sampling dates are equal according to the Tukey test at p 0.05. Incidence of soil-borne disease: Pathogenic Fusarium and Phytophthora spp showed statistically significant difference (p 0.05) between treatments (table 4), the lowest values of incidence occurred in treatments FCTR value of 1.25%, 2.55% BOTR and FC with 3.75%, contrasting with the highest incidence values that corresponded to the TE, LO and LOFC whose values were 12.5%, 11.25% and 8.75% respectively. It is clear that the higher incidence of disease originating in soil was observed in TE (12.5 %), treatment will not apply any organic fertilizer. Lores et al.,23 showed that, depending on the species of worm used and the organic source material, microbial communities originated after the vermicomposting process were different, which could lead to different capacities for disease suppression, so in this paper the ability of suppression of vermicompost used was low. In contrast, compost coir showed lower incidence of disease in the first place is significant attribute this property to the contents of ligno-cellulosic substances; this is because it has been demonstrated that beneficial fungi species as Trichoderma and Penicillium spp. showed suppression against Phytophthora, Rhizoctonia and Fusarium spp., such beneficial fungi colonize the organic materials depending on the composition of the organic material, for the case of Trichoderma spp colonize the rich organic material in ligno-cellulosic substances (coconut fiber), while Penicillium spp colonize organic material low in sugar but high in cellulose (vermicomposting and bokashi )15. Very importantly data, it has been shown that the properties of suppression diseases take more than three years with compost or organic materials with high content of cellulose and lignin (wood waste and coir), unlike those that are products high in sugar it takes between six and twelve months15. For all mentioned, in addition to the inoculation of Trichoderma spp to compost coir, made the treatment FCTR which presented lower incidence of disease in this research with a value of 1.25%. Likewise, the Trichodermaspp., as biocontrol agent of diseases originating from the ground, presents a strong aggression should face phytopathogenic fungi, and high efficiency in promoting plant growth and stimulating the defense mechanisms, also its ability to modify the rhizosphere, ability to survive under unfavorable conditions, high reproductive capacity, and efficient use of nutrients24, this situation is reflected in the present work, since all the treatments inoculated with Trichoderma spp. , had lower disease incidence with respect to its corresponding uninoculated treatment. The results presented in this paper allows us to observe the effect that different organic fertilizers on the incidence of diseases originating in soil, as these also play an important role in fertility natural body function, generate a potential to control pathogen populations originating in the soil13,14, allowing assert, that the optimization of agroecosystems can be achieved by improving soil fertility9,12Since the contribution of organic fertilizer increases organic matter and the conservation of soil biodiversity, ensuring the fertility and health of it, an alternative optimal agroecological management of pathogens originating from soil of the tomato agroecosystem becomes apparent. Crop yield: The treatment FC scored the best yield in greenhouse tomato production (93.08 ton/ha) statistically outperformed the TE and LOFC treatments, with yields 60.44 ton/ha and 70.22 ton/ha respectively. Also, the treatments LOTR and FCTR obtained yields 86.72 ton/ha for the first and 83.82 ton/ha for the second statistically outperformed the TE (table 4). It is important to note, that the nutrimental characteristics different from organic fertilizers, caused different crop yield, and since manure of coconut fiber presented a better nutritional balance (table 1), therefore, presented the best values of the variables of development of cultivation and yield, outperformed witness for 35%. The high content of organic matter and nitrogen ratio better manure vermicompost (table 1), in addition to which the vermicompost improves the texture and structure of the soil allowing better nutrient retention, moisture and air for the better development of the crop25,26, were the possible properties to overcome both variables of development of the crop value and yield on Bokashi and vermicompost-coconut fiber mix. International Research Journal of Biological Sciences ________________________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202 Vol. 3(10), 83-89, October (2014) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 87 Table-3 Diameter, height and number leaves average of tomato plants in different organic fertilizers under greenhouse conditions in Atempan, Puebla-Mexico Treatment 60 days 75 days 90 days Diameter (cm) Height (cm) Num. leaves Diameter (cm) Height (cm) Num. leaves Diameter (cm) Height (cm) Num. leaves TE 0.97 b 121.5 a 16.8 a 1.07 b 151.3 b 18.2 a 1.13 b 164.9 b 20.3 b FC 1.17 a 146.0 a 18.1 a 1.27 a 189.5 a 20.8 a 1.35 a 212.4 ab 23.3 a BO 1.09 ab 134.8 a 17.4 a 1.21 ab 170.8 ab 19.5 a 1.27 ab 191.6 ab 21.9 ab LO 1.13 ab 142.7 a 18.2 a 1.24 ab 184.9 ab 20.7 a 1.31 a 206.5 ab 22.9 ab LOFC 1.09 ab 130.6 a 16.5 a 1.18 ab 162.4 ab 18.7 a 1.26 ab 183.1 ab 20.2 b FCTR 1.12 ab 144.5 a 18.1 a 1.24 ab 189.4 a 20.1 a 1.31 a 216.8 a 22.7 ab BOTR 1.14 ab 138.9 a 18.0 a 1.24 a 175.7 ab 19.1 a 1.32 a 196.3 ab 22.8 ab LOTR 1.11 ab 139.9 a 17.2 a 1.24 ab 177.1 ab 19.6 a 1.31 a 196.7 ab 22.0 ab LOFCTR 1.14 a 145.2 a 17.7 a 1.25 a 181.6 ab 19.7 a 1.33 a 202.0 ab 22.4 ab Table-4Disease Incidence originating from soil, foliage incidence and average disease of tomato plants in different organic fertilizers under greenhouse conditions in Atempan, Puebla-México Treatments Incidence of disease originating from soil % Yield crop ton/ha TE 12.50 f 60.44 c FC 3.75 b 93.08 a BO 5.00 c 75.08 abc LO 8.75 e 81.94 abc LOFC 11.25 f 70.22 bc FCTR 1.25 a 83.82 ab BOTR 2.50 a 79.58 abc LOTR 5.00 c 86.72ab LOFCTR 6.25 d 81.46 abc Means with the same letter within columns and sampling dates are equal according to the Tukey test at p 0.05. It was observed in all cases, except for the coconut fiber manure, the positive effect of the antagonist Trichoderma spp., on yield in inoculated treatments compared to treatments without inoculation. Effects demonstrated by Ousley et al.,27who found that some species of the genus Trichoderma are able to increase the growth of lettuce plants (Latuca sativa L); also Gravel et al.,28 tested the ability of Trichoderma spp., to promote the growth of tomato plants. There is evidence from other studies, which reported higher yields compared to those obtained in this experiment, as in the case of Rodriguez-Dimas et al.,21 who obtained yields of 179 to 222.2 ton/ha in a hydroponic system where used sand as substrate and nutrient solutions in organic tomato genotypes Granitio and Rominia. Also, Ortega-Martínez et al.,17 reported yield values between 73 and 250 ton/ha using different organic substrates fertilized with nutrient solution Steiner genotype Sun 7705. Marquez-Hernandez et al.,22 scored yield averages 116.41 and 136.7 ton/ha genotypes Big beef y Bosky, using bio-compost and sand as substrate and fertilized with nutrient solution Biomix (NPK). The high yields of the three aforementioned works argue for the continued provision of nutrients to plants in the hydroponic system; another job with similar characteristics but with the variant have used organic fertilizers and soil amendments and nutrient solution applied in fertigation Bioagro is Mendoza-Netzahual et al,.29 who reported yields between 88.5 and 132.6 ton/ha DRW3410 genotype; by comparison with those reported in this trial of 93.08 ton/ha, are still being higher, this difference can be attributed to the effect of the application of the nutrient solution at each irrigation , unlike in the present work the application of fertilization with vermicompost extract was performed every 10 days throughout the growing season. Yield data reported by De la Cruz Lázaro et al.,30 ranging between 40.499 and 57.375 ton/ha (lower than those obtained in this work) can confirm the aforementioned assertion, as these yields were obtained using mixtures as substrate vermicomposts and compost with sand, watered witness except only with water, so that the contribution of nutrients occurred only with organic substrates, thus proving the difference in yield, and that investigations were made under ambient conditions fully different. Conclusion Coconut fiber organic manure, yielded the best results from developmental variables and crop yield of tomato (93.08 ton/ha), which when inoculated with Trichiderma spp., reduced International Research Journal of Biological Sciences ________________________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202 Vol. 3(10), 83-89, October (2014) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 88 the incidence of soil-borne disease (1.25%), demonstrating an alternative optimal agroecological management of pathogens originating from the ground. References1.Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO-FAOSTAT, Trade, Accessed January 31, http:// faostat.fao.org/site/342/default.aspx, (2012)2.SIAP-SAGARPA, Atlas agroalimentario 2013, www.siap.gob.mx. (2013)3.SIAP-SAGARPA, Panorama agroalimentario y pesquero de México 2011, www.siap.gob.mx(2011)4.Lucero-Flores J.M, Sánchez-Verdugo C., Almendarez-Hernández M.A., Inteligencia de mercado de tomate saladette, Edit, Cent. de Invest. Biol. del Noroeste, S.C. La Paz, Baja California Sur, México, 74 (2012)5.Agrios G., Plant Pathology, 5th Ed. Academic Press, San Diego, 952 (2005)6.Jaramillo J., Rodríguez V.P., Guzmán M., Zapata M.Y., Rengifo T., Manual Técnico: Buenas Prácticas Agrícolas en la Producción de Tomate Bajo Condiciones Protegidas, FAO, Gobernación de Antioquia, Mana, Corpoica, Centro de Investigación La Selva. FAO, 314 (2007)7.Huerta-Lara M., Bautista J., Reyes D., Romero O., Ibáñez A. and Franco O., Manejo agroecológico de fitopatógenos con origen en el suelo, En: Manejo agroecológico de sistemas Vol I. Aragón G.A; M.A. Damián H. y López-Olguín J.F. (Eds.), México, 203-221 (2009)8.Bautista C.J., R. García, J. Pérez, E. Zavaleta, R. Montes and R. Ferrera., Inducción de supresividad a fitopatógenos del suelo, Un enfoque holístico al control biológico Interciencia,332), 96-102 (2008)9.Bautista C.J., R. García, R. Montes E., Zavaleta J., Pérez R., Ferrera R., García M., Huerta., Disminución de la marchitez del chile por introducción de antagonistas en cultivos de rotación, Interciencia, 359), 673-679 (2010)10.Zavaleta-Mejía E., Alternativa de manejo de las enfermedades de las plantas, Revista Mexicana de Fitopatología,17, 201-207 (2000)11.Pawan M. and Minkashi V., Organic Agricultural Crop Nutrient, Res.J.chem.sci.,4(4), 94-98 (2014)12.Altieri M. and Nicholls C., Optimizando el manejo agroecológico de plagas a través de la salud del suelo. Agroecología, , 29-36 (2008)13.Hoitink H.A.J., Inbar Y. and Boehm M.J., Status of compost-amended potting mixes naturally suppressive to soil borne diseases of floricultural crops, Plant Disease 75, 869-873 (1991)14.Rodríguez A., La Agricultura Urbana en Cuba, Impactos económicos, sociales y productivos, Rev. Bimestre Cubana; 9520), 115-137 (2004)15.Recycled Organics Unit, Compost use for pest and disease suppression in NSW. Recycled Organics Unit, internet publication: http://www.recycledorganics.com(2006)16.Moorby J., Transport systems in plants, New York, EUALonman and technical, 169 (1981)17.Ortega-Martínez L.D; Sánchez-Olarte, J; Ocampo-Mendoza, J; Sandoval-Castro, E; Salcido-Ramos, B. A; Manzo-Ramos, F., Efecto de diferentes sustratos en crecimiento y rendimiento de tomate (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill) bajo condiciones de invernadero, Ra Ximhai, vol. , núm. , 339-346. (2010)18.Zarate, B., Producción de tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) hidropónico con sustratos, bajo invernadero, tesis de maestría. C.I.D.I.R. Oaxaca, México,(2007)19.Sánchez-del Castillo, F.E., Moreno-Pérez, C. y CruzArellanes, E.L., Producción de jitomate hidropónico bajo invernadero en un sistema de dosel en forma de escalera, Revista Chapingo Serie Horticultura,15, 67-73 (2009)20.Santos M., Diánez F., Los antagonistas microbianos en el manejo de micosis de la parte aérea de la planta. En: Organismos para el control de patógenos en los cultivos protegidos. Prácticas culturales para una agricultura sostenible, Ed.Fundación Cajamar, 523-528 (2010)21.Rodríguez-Dimas, N., P. Cano-Ríos, U. Figueroa-Viramontes, E. Favela-Chávez, A. Moreno-Reséndez; C. Márquez-Hernández; E. Ochoa-Martínez y P. Preciado-Rangel., Uso de abonos orgánicos en la producción de tomate en invernadero, Terra Latinoamericana, 27), 319-327 (2009)22.Márquez-Hernández, C; Cano-Ríos P; Figueroa-Viramontes U; Avila-Diaz J.A; Rodríguez-Dimas N; García-Hernández J.L., Rendimiento y calidad de tomate con fuentes orgánicas de fertilización en invernadero, Phyton (B. Aires), 82), 55-61 (2013)23.Lores, M., M. Gómez-Brandon, D. Pérez-Díaz, and J. Domínguez., Using FAME profiles for the characterization of animal wastes and vermicomposts, Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 38: 2993-2996 (2006)24.Romero O., Tello I., Damian M., Villareal O., Aragon A. and Parraguirre C., Identification and Evaluation of Trichodermaspp Native, Present on eroded soils in Tetela de Ocampo, Puebla-Mexico, Int. Res. J. Biological Sci.,2(4),1-7 (2013) 25.Shrivastava S. and Singh K., Vermicompost to Save Our Agricultural Land, Res. J. Agriculture and Forestry Sci.,1(4), 18-20 (2013) International Research Journal of Biological Sciences ________________________________________________ ISSN 2278-3202 Vol. 3(10), 83-89, October (2014) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. International Science Congress Association 89 26.Gnanaprakasam A., Kannadasan T., Manoj Prasath K.V., Syed Ashif A. and Elangovan K., Production of Organic Fertilizer by Vermi-Composting Method,Res. J. Chem. Sci.,3(5), 89-92 (2013)27.Ousley, M.A., Lynch, J.M. and Whipps, J.M., The effects of addition of Trichoderma inocula on flowering and shoot rowth of bedding plants, Scia Hortic. 59, 147-155 (1994b)28.Gravel, V., H. Antoun and R.J. Tweddell., Growth stimulation and fruit yield improvement of greenhouse tomato plants by inoculation with Pseudomonas putida or Trichoderma atroviride: Possible role of Indole Acetic Acid (IAA), Soil Biol. Biochem., 39: 1968-1977 (2007)29.Mendoza-Netzahual, H., Carrillo-Rodríguez, J. C., Perales-Segovia, C., and Ruiz-Vega, J., Evaluación de fuentes de fertilización orgánica para tomate de invernadero en Oaxaca, México. Man Int. de Plagas y Agroecol., 70, 30-35 (2003)30.De la Cruz-Lázaro E., Osorio-Osorio R; Martínez-Moreno E; Lozano del Río A. J; Gómez-Vázquez A. y Sánchez-Hernández R., Uso de compostas y vermicompostas para la producción de tomate orgánico en invernadero, Interciencia35, 363-368 (2010)