@Research Paper <#LINE#>Genomic Discrimination of Eleven Commercial Mushrooms by DNA Fingerprinting using RAPD Marker<#LINE#>K.@Agarwal,M.P.@Prasad,G.@Rindhe<#LINE#>1-5<#LINE#>1.ISCA-IRJBS-2013-121.pdf<#LINE#>Sangenomics Research Labs, 16, 2nd Cross, Krishna Reddy Colony, Domlur Layout, Airport Road, Bangalore- 560071, INDIA <#LINE#>23/5/2013<#LINE#>5/6/2013<#LINE#>In today’s world with burgeoning population the growth cultivation of edible mushrooms holds great significance because of their nutritive and therapeutic properties. The advances in research on mushroom breeding and production are highly constrained compared to other crops; due to lack of previous knowledge in mushroom genetic. Present study focuses on establishing phylogenetic relationship among the eleven elite edible mushrooms using RAPD markers. Eleven mushroom samples namely 1) A. bisporus (Button), 2) A. bisporus (Portobello), 3) P. eryngii (King Oyster), 4) L. edodes (shiitake), 5) H. tessellatus (Brown Shimeji), 6) H. tessellatus (White Shimeji), 7) F. velutipes (Enoki), 8) P. ostreatus (Oyster), 9) P. djamor (Pink Oyster), 10) C. indica (Milky), and 11) P. florida (Florida Oyster) were used. Molecular markers serve as quick and reliable tool to establish the identities of mushrooms and are helpful in mushroom taxonomy. Among the various primers used to OPZ 10 gave the most distinguished and scorable band pattern. To estimate the similarity and genetic distance among different mushroom, cluster analysis based on frequency similarity was performed. The RAPD analysis in this study has proven to be useful in discrimination, characterization and differentiation of the fungal cultivars. <#LINE#> @ @ Iwalokun B.A., Usen U.A., Otunba A.A. and Olukoya D.K., Comparative phytochemical evaluation, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of Pleurotus ostreatus, AJB, 6 (15), 1732-1739 (2007) @No $ @ @ Sadler M., Nutritional properties of edible fungi, Br. Nutr. Found. Nutr. Bull., 28, 305-308 (2003) @No $ @ @ Khan S.M., Nawaz A., Malik W., Javed N., Yasmin T., Rehman M.U., Qayyum A., Iqbal Q., Ahmad T. and Khan A.A., Morphological and molecular characterization of Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus spp.), AJB, 10(14), 2638-2643 (2011) @No $ @ @ Sharma N., Medicinal uses of macrofungi, Ethnobotan, 15, 97-99 (2003) @No $ @ @ Çaglarirmak N., The nutrients of exotic mushrooms (Lentinulaedodes and Pleurotusspecies) and an estimated approach to the volatile compounds, Food Chem., (105), 1188–1194 (2007) @No $ @ @ Elmastas M., Isildak O., Turkekul I. and Temur N., Determination of antioxidant activity and antioxidant compounds in wild edible mushrooms, J. Food Comp. Anal., 20, 337–345 (2007) @No $ @ @ Lindequist U., Niedermeyer T.H.J. and Julich W.D., The pharmacological potential of mushrooms, eCAM, 2(3), 285-299 (2005) @No $ @ @ Hadar Y., Keren Z., Gorodecki B., and Ardon O., Utilization of lignocellulosic waste by the edible mushroom Pleurotus. Biodegradation, ,189-205 (1992) @No $ @ @ Jaradat A.A., Genetic resources of energy crops: biological systems to combat climate change, AJCS, , 309-323 (2010) @No $ @ @ Jose N. and Janardhanan K.K. Antioxidant and antitumor activity of Pleurotus florida, Curr Sci, 79(7), 941-943 (2000) @No $ @ @ Yang J.H., Lin H.C. and Mau J.L. Antioxidant properties of several commercial mushrooms, Food Chem., 77, 229-235 (2002) @No $ @ @ Ribeiro B., Rangel J., Valenta’o P., Baptista P., Seabra R. M. and Andrade P. B., Contents of carboxylic acids and two phenolics and antioxidant activity of dried portuguese wild edible mushrooms, J. Agric. Food Chem., 54, 8530–8537 (2006) @No $ @ @ Chandra S., Ghosh K. and Acharya K. Comparative studies on the Indian cultivated Pleurotus species by RAPD fingerprinting. Nature and Science, 8(7), 90-94 (2010) @No $ @ @ Williams J.G., Kubelik A.R., Livak K.J., RafalskiJ.A. and Tingey S.V. DNA polymorphisms amplified by arbitrary primers are useful as genetic markers. Nucleic Acids Res., 18 (22), 6531-6535 (1990) @No $ @ @ Ravash, R., Shiran, B., Alavi, A. and Zarvagis, J. Evaluation of genetic diversity in Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii) isolates using RAPD marker, J. Sci. & Technol. Agric. & Natur. Resour., 13, 739-741 (2009) @No $ @ @ Staniaszek M., Marczewski W., Szudyga K., Maszkiewicz J., Czaplicki A. and Qian G. Genetic relationship between Polish and Chinese samples of the mushroom Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Sing., determined by the RAPD method, J. Appl. Genet., 43, 43-47 (2002) @No $ @ @ Stajic M., Sikorski J., Wasser S.P. and Nevo E., Genetic similarity and taxonomic relationships within the genus Pleurotus (higher Basidiomycetes) determined by RAPD analysis, Mycotoxon, 93, 247-255 (2005) @No $ @ @ Pei-Sheng Y., Luo X.C. and Zhou Q., RFLP analysis of amplified nuclear ribosomal DNA in the genus Auricularia, Myco system, 18, 206–213 (1999) @No $ @ @ Magdum S.S., A Reliable and High Yielding Method for Isolation of Genomic DNA from Ammi majus, Int. Res. J. Biological Sci., 2(1,), 57-60 (2013) @No <#LINE#>Influence of Growth Media on Hydrphobicity of Phenol-Utilizing Bacteria Found in Petroleum Refinery Effluent<#LINE#>Nwanyanwu@C.E.,G.O.@Abu<#LINE#>6-11<#LINE#>2.ISCA-IRJBS-2013-128.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Microbiology, Federal university of Technology, P.M.B.1526, Owerri, NIGERIA @ Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5323, Port Harcourt, NIGERIA <#LINE#>30/5/2013<#LINE#>27/6/2013<#LINE#>The effect of growth medium on hydrophobicity of phenol-utilizing bacteria isolated from petroleum refinery effluent was investigated. The hydrophobicity expression of the isolates were assessed via BATH, SAT and CRB assays. Four different growth media: tryptone soy broth (TSB), nutrient broth (NB), peptone water (PW) and Bushnell Haas broth (BH) was used. All the test isolates exhibited high to moderate hydrophobicity when grown on all the media. However, using SAT assay, Pseudomonas sp. RWW was found to be strongly hydrophobic (1.0) when grown in all the media while Escherichia sp. OPWW was found to be moderately hydrophobic (1.0 – 2.0) in all the media using the same SAT assay. Using Congo red binding assay, Bacillus sp. RBD was found to express weak hydrophobicity when grown in BH medium with Congo red up take value of 9.0 µg. All the media used for the assays were observed to be quite well for expression of hydrophobicity by refinery effluent bacteria in the following order: TSB � HB � PW � BH.<#LINE#> @ @ Ojumu T.V., Bello O.O., Sonibare J.A., Solomon B.O., Evaluation of microbial systems for bioremediation of petroleum refinery effluents in Nigeria, African Journal of Biotechnology,4(1), 31-35 (2005) @No $ @ @ 2.Wisjnuprapto J, Kardena E., Biotreatment of natural oil and gas industry wastes. Proceedings of the sixth AEESEAP Triennial Conference Kula, Bali Indonesia, August, pp, 23-25 (2000) @No $ @ @ Wake H., Oil refineries: a review of their ecological impacts on the aquatic environment, Estuary and Coastal Shelf Science,62, 131-140 (2005) @No $ @ @ Nwanyanwu C.E. and Abu G.O.,Assessment of viability responses of refinery effluent bacteria after exposure to phenol stress, Journal of Research in Biology,8, 594–602 (2011) @No $ @ @ Krishnakumar P.K., Dineshbabu A.P., Sasikummar G. and Bhat G.S.,Toxicity of treated refinery effluent using brine Shrimp (Artemia salina) egg and larval bioassay, Fishery Technology,44, 85–92 (2007) @No $ @ @ Walsh S.E., Maillard J.Y., Rusell A.D., Catrenich C.E., Charonneau D.L. and Bartolo RG.,Activity and mechanism of action of selected biocidal agents on gram positive and gram negative bacteria, Journal of Applied Microbiology,94, 240–247 (2003) @No $ @ @ Mafu A.A., Roy D., Savoie L. and Goulet J., Bioluminescence assay for estimating the hydrophobic properties of bacteria as revealed by hydrophobic interaction chromatography, Applied and Environmental Microbiology 57: 1640 – 1643, (1991) @No $ @ @ Noda Y. and Kanemasa Y., Determination of hydrophobicity on bacterial surfaces by nonionic surfactant, Journal of bacteriology, 167: 1016 – 1019, (1986) @No $ @ @ Fattom A., and Shilo M., Hydrophobicity as an adhesion mechanism of benthic cyanobacteria, Applied Environmental Micrbiology,47, 135–143 (1984) @No $ @ @ Cover W.H. and Rittenberg S.C., Changes in the surface hydrophobicity of substrate cells during bdelloplast formation by Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus 109, Journal of Bacteriology,157, 391–397 (1984) @No $ @ @ Vastsos I.N., Thompson K.D. and Adam A., Adhesion of the pathogen Flavobacterium psychrophilum to unfertilized eggs of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and n-hexadecane, Letter of Applied Microbiology,33,178–182 (2001) @No $ @ @ Doyle R.J.,Contribution of the hydrophobic effect to microbial infection, Microbes and Infection,2, 391 400 (2000) @No $ @ @ Rosenberg M., Bacterial adherence to hydrocarbons: a useful technique for studying cell surface hydrophobicity, FEMS Microbiology Letters,22, 289–295 (1984) @No $ @ @ Abu G.O. and Chikere B.O., Cell surface properties of hydrocarbon-utilizing bacterial isolates from the Port Harcourt marine environment, Nigerian Journal of Microbiology,20(1): 809 – 816, (2006) @No $ @ @ Jirku V., Masak J. and Cejkova A., Significance of physical attachment of fungi for bio-treatment of water, Microbiol. Res.,156: 383 – 386, (2001) @No $ @ @ Balebona M.C., Morinigo M.A. and Borrego J.J., Hydrophobicity and adhesion to fish cells and mucus of Vibrio strains isolated from infected fish, Int. Microbiol.,: 21 – 26, (2001) @No $ @ @ Heard J., Johnson B.B., Wells J.D. and Angove M.J.,Measuring ‘hydrophobicity’ of filamentous bacteria found in wastewater treatment plants, Colloidal and Surface B: Biointerface,72, 289–294 (2009) @No $ @ @ Daffonchio D., Thaveesri J. and Verstraete W., Contact angle measurement and cell hydrophobicity of granular of sludge from anaerobic sludge bed reactors, Applied and Environmental Microbiology 61: 3676 – 3680, (1995) @No $ @ @ Payne S.M. and Finkelstein R.A.,Detection and differentiation of iron-responsive avirulent mutants on Congo red agar, Infect. Immun.,18, 94–98 (1977) @No $ @ @ Nwanyanwu C.E., Alisi C.S., Nweke C.O., Orji J.C., Cell surface properties of phenol-utilizing bacteria isolated from petroleum refinery wastewater, Journal of Research in Biology, 2(4): 383 – 391, (2012) @No $ @ @ Basson A., Fleming L.A. and Chenia H.Y.,Evaluation of adherence, hydrophobicity, aggregation and biofilm development of Flavobacterium johnsoniae-like isolates, Microbiology Ecology,37, 1–14 (2008) @No $ @ @ Lindahl M., Faris A., Wadstrom T. and Hjerten S.,A new test based on salting out to measure relative surface hydrophobicity of bacterial cells, Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 677, 471–476 (1981) @No $ @ @ Majtan V. and Majtanova L., In vitro effect of fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides on surface hydrophobicity and motility of Salmonella entericaserotype Typhimurium DT104, Biologia Brtislava,56(6): 625 – 631, (2001) @No $ @ @ Qadri F., S.A.Hossan, I.Ciznar, K.Haider, A.Ljungh, T.Wadstrom and D.A.Sack., Congo red binding and salt aggregation as indicator of virulence in Shigella species, J. Clin. Microbiol.,26, 1343 - 1348 (1988) @No $ @ @ Chrzanowski L., Bielicka-Daszkiewicz K., Owsianiak M., Aurich A., Kaczorek E. and Olszanowski A., Phenol and -alkanes (C12 and C16) utilization: influence on yeast cell surface hydrophobicity. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology,24, 1943–1949 (2008) @No $ @ @ Sorongon M.L., Bloodgood R.A. and Burchard R.P.,Hydrophobicity, adhesion and surface-exposed proteins of gliding bacteria, Applied and Environmental Microbiology,57, 3193-3199 (1991) @No $ @ @ Lachica R.V. and Zink D.L., Plasmid-associated cell surface charge and hydrophobicity of Yersinia enterocolitica, Infect. Immun, 44, 540–43 (1984) @No $ @ @ Prembrey R.S., Marshall K.C. and Schniedier R.P., Cell surface analysis techniques: What do cell preparation protocols do to cell surface properties, Applied and Environmental Microbiology,65, 2877-2894 (1999) @No $ @ @ Mamo W., Rozgonyi F., Brown A. and Hjerten H., Cell surface hydrophobicity and charge of Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococci from bovine mastitis, Journal of Applied Bacteriology,62, 241–249(1987) @No $ @ @ Jonsson P. and Wadstrom T., Cell surface hydrophobicity of Staphylococcus aureus measured by the salt aggregation test (SAT), Current Microbiology,10, 203–210 (1984) @No $ @ @ Das S.C.and Kapoor K.N., Effect of growth medium on hydrophobicity of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Indian J. Med. Res. 119: 107 – 109 (2004) @No $ @ @ Sanin S.L., Sanin F.D. and Bryers J.D., Effect of starvation on the adhesive properties of xenobiotic degrading bacteria, Process Biochemistry,38, 909-914 (2003) @No <#LINE#>Effect of Pharmaceutical Effluent on Morphological Parameters and Chlorophyll Content of Cicer arietinum and Vigna radiate<#LINE#>Bafna@Angoorbala,Iti@Rathi<#LINE#>12-17<#LINE#>3.ISCA-IRJBS-2013-138.pdf<#LINE#>Dept. of Biochemistry, Govt. Holkar Science College, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, INDIA<#LINE#>10/6/2013<#LINE#>18/7/2013<#LINE#> Experiment was conducted to analyse whether pharmaceutical effluent used to irrigate crops is safe or not. Germinated seedlings of Cicer arietinum (black gram) and Vigna radiata (moong) were treated with varying dilutions of untreated pharmaceutical effluents (100 %, 75%, 50%, 25% and 0%) and their effect was calculated on various parameters like viability %, germination%, vigour index, root length, shoot length, dry weight, fresh weight and chlorophyll. From the results of experiment, it was observed that highest reduction in viability % (6%), germination% (13.89%), vigour index (16.01%), root length (16.95%), shoot length (26.50%), fresh weight (22.33%), total chl (36.36%), chl a (28.57%), chl b (37.57%) was obtained at 0% dilution of pharmaceutical effluent while the highest reduction in dry weight (13.11%) was at 75% of pharmaceutical effluent in Cicer arietinum. In case of Vigna radiata the highest reduction in viability % (5%), germination% (2.78%), vigour index (41.74%), root length (38.26%), shoot length (42.06%), fresh weight (22.33%), dry weight (41.17%), chl a (28.57%), chl b (37.67%) was obtained at 0% dilution of pharmaceutical effluent while in case of total chl (20%) maximum reduction was found at 75%.The results of present study showed that pure pharmaceutical effluent is not safe for irrigation but in case of scarcity of water, pharmaceutical effluent could safely be used for irrigation purpose after proper processing and dilution. <#LINE#> @ @ Manunatha N., Effect of industrial effluents on seed quality attributes of cereal crops, Thesis submitted to the University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science (Agriculture) In Seed Science and Technology, 7-95 (2008) @No $ @ @ Dhevagi P. and Oblisami G., Effect of paper mill effluent on germination of agricultural crops, J. Ecobiol., 12(4), 243-249 (2002) @No $ @ @ Kabir M., Iqbal M.Z., Shafiq M. and Faroogi Z.R.,Reduction in germination and seedling growth of Thespesiapopulnea Ls, caused by lead and cadmium treatments, Pak. J. Bot.,40(6), 2419-2426 (2008) @No $ @ @ Rehman S., Harris P.J.C. and Bourne W.F., Effect of pre-sowing treatment with calcium salts, Acacia seeds, J. Plant Nutrition,21, 277-285 (1998) @No $ @ @ Abdul-Baki A.A. and Anderson J.D., Vigour determination of soyabean seeds by multiple criteria,Crop.Sci.,13:630-633 (1973) @No $ @ @ Lakon G.,The vigour of seeds and its determination by Topographically Tetrazonium method, Saatwirtschaft, 2, 37-41 (1942) @No $ @ @ Sadasivam S. and Manickam A., In: Biochemical method for Agricultural sciences Wiley eastern ltd, New Delhi, 184-185 (1992) @No $ @ @ Sheela D. and Soumya D.M., Effect of K.S.D.P. effluent on Abelmoschus esculenlus, Geobios, 31, 155-157 (2004) @No $ @ @ Chandra R., Bharagava R.N., Yadav S. and Mohan B., Accumulation and distribution of toxic metals in wheat Triticum aestivum) and Indian mustard (Brassica juncea)irrigated with distillery and tannery effluents, Journal of hazardous matter, 169, 1514-1521 (2009) @No $ @ @ Shrestha M.K. and Niroula B., Germination behaviour of pra seeds on municipality sewage and some industrial effluents of Biratragar, Our Nature,, 33-36 (2003) @No $ @ @ Mittler R., Oxidative stress antioxidants and stress tolerance, Trends Plant Science, 7, 405-410 (2002) @No $ @ @ Sharma K.R. and Agrawal M., Biological effects of heavy metals: An overview, Journal of Environmental Biology, 26, 301 – 313 (2005) @No $ @ @ Oladele E.O., Odeigah P.G.C. and Yahaya T., Toxic Effects of Three Industrial Effluents on Growth and Development of Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp (Cultivar it 84 E-124), Journal of Biological Sciences, 11, 320-325(2011) @No $ @ @ Verma L. and Sharma J., Effect of dairy and textile waste water on growth of plant wheat, RASAYAN J.Chem.,5(3),351-355 (2012) @No $ @ @ Elayarajan M., Land application of treated paper board mill effluent on soil, water and plant ecosystem, Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Environmental Science, TNAU, Coimbatore (2002) @No $ @ @ Bazai Z.A. and Achakzai A.K.K., Effect of waste water from Quetta city on germination and seedling growth of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L), Journal of Applied Science,6,380–382 (2006) @No $ @ @ Kaushik P., Garg V.K. and Singh B., Effect of textile effluents on growth performance of wheat cultivars,Bioresour. Technol, 96, 1189-1193 (2005) @No $ @ @ Sundaramoorthy P., Kunchithapatam J., Thamizhiniyan P. and Venkatesalu V., Effect of fertilizer factory effluent on germination and seedling growth of groundnut varieties, J. Ecobiol., 13, 3-8 (2001) @No $ @ @ Huma Z., Naveed S., Rashid A., Ullah A. and Khattak I.,Effect of domestic and industrial waste water on germination and seedling growth of some plants,Curi.Opin.Argic.,1(1), 27-30 (2012) @No $ @ @ Mishra P.C.,Effect of chrome plating industry effluent on cowpea, The Ecoscan, 3, 241-246 (2013) @No <#LINE#>Phytochemical screening and Antibacterial Activity of Western Region wild leaf Colocasia esculenta<#LINE#>B.@NakadeDhanraj,Kadam@MaheshS.,Kiran@N.Patil,Mane@VinayakS.<#LINE#>18-21<#LINE#>4.ISCA-IRJBS-2013-142.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Microbiology, Govt. Rajaram College, Kolhapur-416004, MS, INDIA @ Department of Microbiology, Dr. Ghali College, Gadhinglaj-416502, Dist. Kolhapur, MS, INDIA @ Department of Chemistry, Dr. Ghali College, Gadhinglaj-416502, Dist. Kolhapur, MS, INDIA <#LINE#>19/6/2013<#LINE#>8/7/2013<#LINE#>The present study aims at evaluating the antibacterial activity and phytochemical screening of Colocasia esculenta. It is an important medicinal plant in India which is used in traditional medicine. The leaves are rich in vitamins and minerals. Leaves of Colocasiaesculenta were extracted with organic solvent like ethyl acetate and its biological activity against antibacterial strain was checked for 100 ppm concentration. Leaf juice of this plant is applied over scorpion sting or in snake bite as well as it is used in food poisoning of plant origin. <#LINE#> @ @ www.wikipedia.org (2013) @No $ @ @ Chandra Subash,SakalaniSarala and Sing Jaybardhan,International Journal of Pharmacy, 3(3), 181-186, (2012) @No $ @ @ Sharma P.C., Yelne M.B. and Dennis T.J., Database on Medicinal Plants Used in Ayurveda., 369-377 (2001) @No $ @ @ Sahoo K.P., Pawan K. Kasera and Sher Mohammed, Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research, 2(6), 650-652 (2012) @No $ @ @ Bhagyashree R. Patil and Hussein M. Ageely,International Journal of Advanced Biotechnology and Research, 2(2), 296-304 (2011) @No $ @ @ Tarun Agarwal, Rachana Singh, Amar Deep Shukla and Imran Waris, Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research 2(1), 36-40 (2012) @No $ @ @ Lewu M.N., Adebola P.O. and Afolayan A.J., African Journal of Biotechnology 8(8), 1619-1622 (2009) @No $ @ @ Prajapati A., Synthesis, Antimicrobial and Insecticidal Activity Studies of 5-Nitro N’ -[Arylidenhydrazidomethyl Indole] 2-(Substituted Aryl) -3-(N’-Indolyl Acetamiddyl)-4- Oxothiazolidines, Research Journal of Recent Sciences, 1(ISC-2011) , 99-104 (2012) @No $ @ @ Mangale S.M., Chonde S.G. and Raut P.D., Use of Moringa Oleifera (Drumstick) seed as Natural Absorbent and an Antimicrobial agent for Ground water Treatment, Research Journal of Recent Sciences, 1(3), 31-40 (2012) @No $ @ @ Lawrence Drew, A.L. Barry, Richard O’Toole, AND John C. Sherris, Applied Microbiology 24(2), 240-247 (1972) @No $ @ @ Signe Ringertz, Margareta Rylander and Goran Kronyall, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 29(8), 1604-1609 (1991) @No $ @ @ Khan J.A. and Tewari S., Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research, 1(1), 22-30 (2011) @No $ @ @ Bauer A.W., Kirby W.M., Sherris J.C. and Truck M., Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disc method, J. clin.path., 45, 493-496 (1996) @No $ @ @ Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute performance standards (CSLI) for antimicrobial discs tests: approved guidelines, 31(1) (2011) @No $ @ @ Anantnarayan R. and Paniker, Textbook of microbiology,8th edition, Orient longman, ltd., 186-307 (2009) @No $ @ @ Negi B.S. and Dave B.P., Antimicrobial activity of Acacia and its phytochemical analysis, Indian Journal of Microbiology, 50, 369-374 (2010) @No $ @ @ Govindrajan M.A, Jebanesan D., Reetha R., Asmath T., Pushpanathan and Samidurai K., Antibacterial activity of Acalypha indica, Europian review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 12, 299-302 (2008) @No $ @ @ Aqil F., Ahma D.I. and Owais M., Evaluation of AntiMethicillin Resistant Staph aureus activity and synergy of some bioactive plant extracts, Biotechnology Journal, 1, 1093-1102 (2006) @No $ @ @ Durodola J.I., Antibacterial property of crude extracts from a herbal wound healing remedy Ageratum conyzoides L. Planta Medicaa, 32, 388-390 (1977) @No <#LINE#>A Solid Liquid State Culture Method to Stimulate Monascus Pigments by Intervention of Different Substrates<#LINE#>T.@Padmavathi,Prabhudessai@Tanvi<#LINE#>22-29<#LINE#>5.ISCA-IRJBS-2013-144.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Microbiology, Centre for PG Studies, Jain University, 18/3, 9th Main road, Jayanagar, Bangalore–560011, Karnataka, INDIA<#LINE#>22/6/2013<#LINE#>15/7/2013<#LINE#> The present study illustrates the investigation carried out on the production of pigment by Monascus sanguineus and Monascus purpureus MTCC 410 under solid state and submerged conditions. Also, in addition to that, various aspects of pigments, the effect of physical and nutritional factors and different substrates for enhanced pigment production were studied. Growth pattern of M. purpureus and M. sanguineus was studied in tryptone glucose yeast extract and it was found that maximum biomass and pigment yield was noticed on 15th day of incubation in this growth medium and dry weight obtained was 2.25g/l. Screening of substrates for both the sp. was also carried out. Both sp. were able to grow in all the experimented substrates. Coconut residue was found to be the best substrate for Monascus purpureus MTCC 410 whereas Potato peel was recognized to be the best substrate for Monascus sanguineus. Different polar and non polar solvent were used for extraction of pigment and among them methanol was found to be best solvent for extraction of red pigment. <#LINE#> @ @ Juzlova P., Martinkova L. and Kren V., Secondary metabolites of the fungus Monascus: A review, J ind microbiol., 16, 163-173 (1996) @No $ @ @ Lee C.L., Hung H.K., Wang J.J., and Pan T.M., Improving the ratio of manacolin K to citrinin production of Monascus purpureus NTU568 under Dioscorea medium through the mediation of pH value and ethanol addition, J. of Agric. and Food Chem., 55, 6493–6502 (2007) @No $ @ @ Babitha S., Soccol C.R. and Pandey A., ‘Jackfruit seed—novel substrate for the production of Monascus pigment solid-state fermentation, Food Technology and Biotechnology,44, 465–471 (2006) @No $ @ @ Hasim D., Optimizing Angkak pigments and Lovastatin production by Monascus purpureus’, Hayati J. Biosci., 15(2), 61-66 (2008) @No $ @ @ Kunz B. and Ober P., Monascus fermentate: A new dietetic raw material, BioEngineering, , 18-26 (1987) @No $ @ @ Miyake T., Mori A., Kii T., Okuno T., Usui Y., Fumi-hiro S., Sammoto H., Watanabe A. and Kariyama M., Light effects on cell development and second-ary metabolism in Monascus, J. of Indus Microbiol & Biotechnol., 32, 103–108 (2005) @No $ @ @ Lee C.L., Wang J.J., Kuo S.L. and Pan T.M., Monascusfermentation of dioscorea for increasing the production of cholesterol-lowering agents – mona-colin K and antiinflamation agent – monascin, Appl. Microbiol & Biotechnol, 72, 1254–126 (2006a) @No $ @ @ Lee C.L., Tsai T.Y., Wang J.J. and Pan T.M., in vivo hypolipidemic effects and safety of low dosage Monascus powder in hamster model of hyperlipid-emia, Appl. Microbiol & Biotechnol,, 70, 533–540 (2006b) @No $ @ @ Panda B.P., Saleem J. and Mohamed A., Engineering Rice Based Medium for Production of Lovastatin with Monascus Species Czech J. Food Sci 27 ( 5), 352–360 (2009) @No $ @ @ Pandey A., Solid-state fermentation, Biochem. Eng. ., 14, 81–84 (2003) @No $ @ @ Rashmi D. and Padmavathi T., Comparative study of Monascus sanguineus and Monascus purpureus as potential sources for red pigment production, Int J Pharm Bio Sci., 3(4), 885–895 (2012) @No $ @ @ Babitha S., Soccol C.R. and Pandey A., Effect of stress on growth, pigment production and morphology of Monascussp. in solid cultures, J. of Basic Microbiol.,47, 118–126 (2007) @No $ @ @ Rashmi D. and Padmavathi T., Exploring Monascus sanguineus as a Potential Natural Source for Pigment Production, Int. Res. J. Biological Sci.,2(5)59-67 (2013) @No $ @ @ Lin T.F. and Demain A.L.,Effect of nutrition of Monascusspp. on formation of red pigment, App. Micro.& Biote., 36, 70-75 (1991) @No $ @ @ Chatterjee S., Sharmistha M., Chattopadhyay P., Sarkar A., Subrata L. and Sen S.K., Characterization of Red Pigment from Monascus in Submerged Culture Red Pigment from MonascusPurpureus, J. Appl. Sci. Res.,, 2102-2108 (2009) @No $ @ @ Mukherjee G. and Singh S.K., Purication and Characterization of a New Red Pigment from Monascus purpureus in Submerged Fermentation, Process Biochem., 46, 188–192 (2010) @No $ @ @ Vidyalakshmi R., Paranthaman R., Murugesh S. and Singaravadivel K., Stimulation of Monascus Pigments by Intervention of Different nitrogen Sources, Global J. Biotechnol. Biochem.4, 25-28 (2009) @No $ @ @ Pongrawee N. and Lumyong S., Improving Solid-State Fermentation of Monascus purpureus on Agricultural Products for Pigment Production, Food Bioprocess Technol.,, 1384-1390 (2011) @No $ @ @ Ratana S. and Toshima Y., Solid-State Fermentation for Yellow Pigments Production by Monascus purpureus,World. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 6, 347-352 (1987) @No $ @ @ Carvalho J.C., Oishi O.B., Woiciechowski L., Adenise Pandey A., Babitha S. and Socco R.C., Effect of substrate on production of Monascus biopigment by solid state fermentation and pigment extraction using different solvents, Ind. J. Biotechnol., , 194-199 (2006) @No $ @ @ Lin T.F. and Demain A.L., Leucine interference in the production of water soluble red pigments, Arch. Microbiol., 162, 114-119 (1994) @No $ @ @ Chen M.H. and Johns M.R., Effect of pH and nitrogen source on pigment production by Monascus purpureus, Appl. Microbiol., 40, 132-138 (1993) @No $ @ @ Hajaj H., Francois J.M. and Blanc P.J., Effect of amino acids on red pigments and citrinin production in Monascus ruber, J. Food Sci., 77(3), M156-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02579.x. (2012) @No $ @ @ Hölker U., Fermentation auf festen Substraten, BioTec., 34, 32–33 (2003) @No $ @ @ Lin T.F., Yakushijin K., Büchi G.H. and Demain A.L., Formation of water-soluble Monascus red pigments by biological and semi synthetic processes, J. Indus Microbiol & Biotechnol., , 173–179 (1992) @No $ @ @ Shepherd D. and Carels M., Product formation and differentiation in fungi, Fungal Differentiation, Smith, J.E. (Ed.), Dekker, New York, 515 (1983) @No $ @ @ Chairote E., Chairote G., Niamsup H. and Lumyong S., The presence and the content of monacolins in red yeast rice prepared from Thai glutinous rice, World J. Microbiol & Biotechnol., 24, 3039–3047 (2008) @No <#LINE#>Autonomic Response to Cold Pressor Test in Relation to ABO Blood Groups<#LINE#>Anthony@DavidM.,HashmiSyed@SalmanHamid,T.M.@Rashmi<#LINE#>30-35<#LINE#>6.ISCA-IRJBS-2013-146.pdf<#LINE#>Dept of Physiology, Deccan College of Medical Sciences, DMRL X Roads, Kanchanbagh, Hyderabad 500 058, INDIA @ Deccan College of Medical Sciences, DMRL X Roads, Kanchanbagh, Hyderabad 500 058, INDIA <#LINE#>25/6/2013<#LINE#>8/7/2013<#LINE#>Studies show that subjects with high cardiovascular sensitivity accompanied by delayed recovery time after the stimulus subsides, are at a comparatively greater risk of cardiovascular morbidity, in specific hypertension, in the later life. The cold press or response is an indicator of sympathetic activity after cold stress. The cold pressor test was done on subjects with various blood groups. The study was conducted on medical students in the age group 17-30 years. The data was analyzed for statistical significance. In the seated blood pressure more than half had a high normal blood pressure (63.31%) followed by normal (35.91%) and grade one hypertension. In the cold pressor reaction more than half ( 83.1%) were normo- reactors and the remaining hyper -reactors (16.9%). More than half (65%) and all (100%) the hyper- reactors had atleast one hypertensive parent in males and females respectively. After the test, blood pressure did not return to normal in more than half of both males (63.45%) and females (57.15%). The relation between the blood pressure and blood group was not statistically significant. We deduce that blood groups have no effect on the cold pressor test. In the seated blood pressure most subjects had a high normal blood pressure which were higher in males compared to females. The hyper- reactors were significantly high in males compared to females. And the history of hypertension even in one parent seems to be a significant factor in hyper -reactors in both males and females. Thus hyper- reactors can take preventive care so as to prevent the cardiac morbidity . The children of hypertensive patients can take preventive life style changes to decrease their risk for developing hypertension in future thus cardiac morbidity. <#LINE#> @ @ Meian He, Brian Wolpin, Kathy Rexrode, JoAnn E. Manson, Eric Rimm, Frank B. Hu and Lu Qi, ABO Blood Group and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Two Prospective Cohort Studies Author Affiliations Correspondence to Lu Qi, MD, PhD, Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115.PMID: 22895671 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] PMCID: PMC3488453 [Available on 2013/9/1] (2013) @No $ @ @ Pramanik T., Regmi P. and Shrestha P., Detection of individuals prone to develop hypertension in their future life, Nepal Med Coll J., 10, 35–37 (2008) @No $ @ @ Schneider G.M., Jacobs D.W., Gevirtz R.N., O’Connor D.T., Cardiovascular haemodynamic response to repeated mental stress in normotensive subjects at genetic risk of hypertension: evidence of enhanced reactivity, blunted adaptation and delayed recovery, J Human Hypertens, 17, 829–840 (2003) @No $ @ @ Wood D.L., Sheps S.G., Eleback L.R. and Schirger A., Cold pressor test as a predictor of hypertension, Hypertension, , 301–306 (1984) @No $ @ @ Briggs J.F. and Getting H., Vasomotor response of normal and hypertensive individuals to thermal stimulus (cold), Minn Med., 16, 481–486 (1981) @No $ @ @ Hines E.A., Jr. Significance of Vascular Hyper reaction as measured by Cold-Pressor test, American Heart J., 19, 408–416 ( 1940) @No $ @ @ Kelsey R.M., Patterson S.M., Barnard M. and Alpert B.S., Consistency of hemodynamic responses to cold stress in adolescents, Hypertension, 36, 1013–1017 (2000) @No $ @ @ Jacques de Champlain and Marie Reine Van Amerigen, Regulation of Blood Pressure by Sympathetic Nerve fibres and Adrenal Medulla in Normotensive and Hypertensive Rats, Circulation Research, 31, 617–628 (1972) @No $ @ @ Mancia G., Di Rienzo M., Giannattasio C., Parati G. and Grassi G., Early and late sympathetic activation in hypertension, Scand Cardiovasc J Suppl., 47, 9–14 (1998) @No $ @ @ DeQuattro V. and Feng M., The Sympathetic nervous system: the muse of primary hypertension, J Hum Hypertens, March 16 Suppl 1, S64–S69 (2002) @No $ @ @ Hines E.A., Jr. Reaction of the Blood Pressure of 400 school children to a standard stimulus, JAMA, 108, 1249–1250 (1937) @No $ @ @ Barnett P.H. and Hines E.A., Jr., Alaxander Schirger and Robert P. Gage: Blood pressure and vascular reactivity to the cold pressor test, JAMA, 183(10), 845–848 (1963) @No $ @ @ McIlhany M.L., Shaffer J.W., Hines E.A., Jr. The heritability of blood pressure : an investigation of 200 pairs of twins using the cold pressor test, Johns Hopkins Med J., 136(2), 57–64 (1975) @No $ @ @ Gupta A.K., Influence of family history of morbid cardiovascular events on blood pressure levels of school children, Indian Pediatrics, 28, 131–139 (1991) @No $ @ @ Thacker EA. A comparative study of normal and abnormal blood pressures among university students including the cold pressor test. American Heart J., ,89 (1940) @No $ @ @ Verma V., Singh S.K. and Ghosh S., Identification of susceptibility to hypertension by the cold pressor test, Indian J Physiol Pharmacol, 49(1), 119-20 (2005) @No $ @ @ Kasagi F., Akahoshi M. and Shimaoka K., Relation between cold pressor test and development of hypertension based on 28 year follow up, Hypertension, 25, 71-6 (1995) @No $ @ @ Germano G., Lintas F., Truini A., Raggazzo M., Lannetti G.D. and Sperduti L et al., Blood pressure, High Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Prevention, 2(10), 87-90(2003) @No $ @ @ Global Database on Body Mass Index - World Health Organization, www.who.int/bmi/index,The International Classification of adult underweight, overweight and obesity according to BMI (2013) @No $ @ @ K. PARK, Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine XX Edition, classification of hypertension ,page number 323 (2009) @No $ @ @ Nishi K., Gupta N.K. and Sharma S.C. Study on the Incidence of Hypertension and Migraine in ABO Blood Groups, ISCA J. Biological Sci., 1(2), 12-16 (2012) @No <#LINE#>Antifungal potential of Clove essential oil (Syzigium aromaticum L.) in the post-smoking preservation of mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) in Benin<#LINE#>Rene@DegnonG.,Abed-Nego@Faton,S.@AdjouEuloge,Jean-Pierre@Noudogbessi,Edwige@Dahouenon-Ahoussi,M.@SoumanouMohamed,C.K.@SohounhloueDominique<#LINE#>36-42<#LINE#>7.ISCA-IRJBS-2013-151.pdf<#LINE#>Laboratory for Study and Research in Applied Chemistry, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey, 01 P.O.B: 2009,Cotonou, BENIN<#LINE#>27/6/2013<#LINE#>19/7/2013<#LINE#>The present work aims to study the effectiveness of essential oil of Syzygium aromaticum (L.) in the post-smoking preservation of mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) in Benin. A total of sixty-seven (67) processors selected on smoking zone of Djidje (South of Benin) were surveyed. This survey was coupled with the sampling of smoked fish. Microbiological analyses were performed to identify potential sources of microbial contamination and investigate the bioactivity potential of essential oil extracted from leaves of Syzygium aromaticum as antifungal agent in the post-smoking preservation of mackerel (Trachurus trachurus). Results obtained showed that smoked fishes collected are contaminated by microorganisms, such as coliforms, Staphylococcus spp, yeasts and molds. Results of in vitro antifungal tests revealed that the essential oil has strong antifungal activity with the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) of 10 µl/ml against fungi strains isolated from smoked fishes. Results of microbial count on smoked fish preserved with essential oil of S. aromaticum indicated that after five days of storage, no visible growth of bacteria and fungi was detected in samples of smoked fish preserved by adding the essential oil using adjunction method in all essential oil concentrations (0.25, 0.5 and 1ml/70g)tested. However, with the injection method, only the essential oil concentration of 1ml/70g has totally inhibited the bacteria and fungi growth. In opposition, major signs of tampering were noted in control smoked fish after 5 days. The preservation of smoked fish by incorporation essential oil increased the shelf life of the product. However, this protection is not for a long time due to the volatile property of the essential oil. <#LINE#> @ @ FAO, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, FAO yearbook, Fishery statistics capture production, 86 1), 99- 100, (2000) @No $ @ @ Tossou S., Rapport national d’évaluation de l’application des mesures sanitaires et phytosanitaires dans la commercialisation des produits de la pêche au Bénin, 8 (2010) @No $ @ @ Anihouvi V.B., Hounhouigan J.D., Ayernor G.S., La production et la commercialisation du Lanhouin, un condiment à base de poisson fermenté du Golfe du Bénin, Cahiers Agricultures, 14(3), 23-330 (2005) @No $ @ @ Anoh K.P., Contribution à l’étude du réseau de distribution des ressources halieutiques marines en Côte d’Ivoire. Thèse 3eme cycle : géographie : Université de Cocody (Côte d’Ivoire), faculté des arts et sciences humaines, Département de géographie, 323 (1998) @No $ @ @ Gbaguidi A., Fiogbe E., Rapport national sur la pêche au Bénin, 20 (1999) @No $ @ @ WHO, Salubrité des Aliments et Santé : Analyse de la situation et perspectives, 19 (2003) @No $ @ @ Hammer K.A., Carson C.F., Riley T.V., Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and other plant extracts, J. Appl. Microbiol.,86, 985–990 (1999) @No $ @ @ Hammer K.A., Carson C.F., Riley T.V., Antifungal activity of the components of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil, J Appl Microbiol, 95, 853–860 (2003) @No $ @ @ Adjou E.S., Kouton S., Dahouenon-Ahoussi E., Soumanou M.M., Sohounhloue D. C.K., Effect of essential oil from fresh leaves of Ocimum gratissimum L. on mycoflora during storage of peanuts in Benin, Mycot. Res., 29, 29–38 (2013) @No $ @ @ Adjou E.S., Kouton S., Dahouenon-Ahoussi E., Sohounhloue D. C.K., Soumanou M. M. Antifungal activity of Ocimum canum Essential oil against Toxinogenic Fungi isolated from Peanut Seeds in post-harvest in Benin, Int. Res. J. Biol. Sci., 1(7), 20-26 (2012) @No $ @ @ Yehouenou B., Noudogbessi J.P., Sessou P., Wotto V., Avlessi F., Sohounhloué C .K.D., Etude chimique et activités antimicrobiennes d’extraits volatils des feuilles et fruits de Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich. contre les pathogènes des denrées alimentaires, J Soc. Ouest-Afr. Chim., 29, 19–27 (2010) @No $ @ @ Suhr K.I., Nielsen P.V., Antifungal activity of essential oils evaluated by two different application techniques against rye bread spoilage fungi., J. Appl. Microbiol., 94 (4), 665–674 (2003) @No $ @ @ Bankole S.A., Effect of essential oil from two Nigerian medicinal plants (Azadirachta indica and Morinda lucida) on growth and aflatoxin B production in maize grain by a toxigenic Aspergillus flavus. Letters Appl Microbiol, 24, 190–192 (1997) @No $ @ @ de Billerbeck V.G., Roques C.G., Bessière J.M., Fonvieille J.L., Dargent R., Effect of Cymbopogon nardus (L) W. Watson essential oil on the growth and morphogenesis of Aspergillus niger, Can. J. Microbiol., 47, 9–17 (2001) @No $ @ @ Adams R.P., Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography  \n \r\n \r\r \r\nIL: Allured Publishing Corporation (2007) @No $ @ @ Singh K., Frisvad J.C., Thrane U., Mathu S.B., An illustrated manual on identification of some seed borne Aspergilli, Fusaria, Penicillia and their mycotoxins. Heller up, Denmark: Danish Government, Institute of seed pathology for developing countries, 133 (1991) @No $ @ @ Khallil A.R.M., Phytofungitoxic properties in the aqueous extracts of some plants, Pakistan J. Biol. Sci., 4(4), 392-394 (2001) @No $ @ @ Yehouenou B., Ahoussi., Sessou P., Alitonou G.A., Toukourou F., Sohounhloue C.K.D., Chemical composition and antimicrobial activities of essential oils (EO) extracted from leaves of Lippia rugosa A. Chev against foods pathogenic and adulterated microorganisms, Afr. J. Microbiol. Res.6(26), 5496-5505 (2012) @No $ @ @ Kumar R., Dubey N.K., Tiwari O.P., Tripathi Y.B., Sinha K.K., Evaluation of some essential oils as botanical fungi toxicants for the protection of stored food commodities from fungal infestation, J. Sci. Food Agric.,87,1737–1742 (2007) @No $ @ @ Djinou H.P.A.B, Etude de la qualité microbiologique du poisson fumé artisanalement en Côte d’Ivoire et destiné à l’exportation. Thèse : Méd. Vét., Dakar, 231 (2001) @No $ @ @ Huss H.H., Reilly A., Embarek B.P.K., Prevention and control of hazards in seafood, Food Control, 11(2), 149-156 (2000) @No $ @ @ Goueu B., Contribution à l’étude de l’évolution de la qualité microbiologique du poisson fumé en Côte d’Ivoire et destiné à l’exportation, Thèse de doctorat en Médecine Vétérinaire de l’Ecole Inter Etats des Sciences de l’Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, 55–127 (2006) @No $ @ @ CTA, Conserver et transformer le poisson- Guide Technique et méthodologie. Collection le point sur BP: 380, 6700 Wageningen, Pays Bas, 295, (1990) @No $ @ @ Degnon R.G., Dahouenon-ahoussi E., Adjou E.S., Sohounhloue D.C.K., Transformation artisanale des crevettes (Penaeus spp) au sud du Bénin: évaluation des performances techniques des équipements et procédés de fumage,Nature & Technologie, 08, 23- 31 (2013) @No $ @ @ WHO/FAO, Forty-ninth meeting of the Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nation. Rome, 140 (1998) @No $ @ @ Leclerc H., Schwarrtzbrod L., Dei-Cas E., Microbial agents associated with waterborne diseases, Crit. Rev. Microbiol., 28, 371–409 (2002) @No $ @ @ Oulaï S.F., Koffi R.A., Koussemon M., Djè M., Kakou C., Kamenan A., Evaluation de la qualité microbiologique des poissons Etmalosa fimbriata et Sardinella aurita fumés traditionnellement, Microbiologie et Hygiène Alimentaire, 19(55), 37-42 (2007) @No $ @ @ Sutra L., Federighi M. and Jouve J-L., Manuel de Bactériologie Alimentaire, 4 th ed, Polytechnica, Paris, France (1998) @No $ @ @ Filtenborg O., Frisvad J.C. and Thrane U., Moulds in food spoilage, Int. J. Food Microbiol,. 33, 85-102 (1995) @No $ @ @ Ahmadi B., Hashemi S.J., Zaini F., Shidfar M.R., Moazeni M., Mousavi B., Noorbakhsh F., GheramishoarM., Rezaie L.H.S., A case of onychomycosis caused by Aspergillus candidus, Med. Mycol.Case Rep.,1(1), 45–48 (2012) @No $ @ @ Dorman H.J.D. and Deans S.G., Antimicrobial agents from plants: antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils, J. Appl.Microbiol., 88, 308–316 (2000) @No $ @ @ Hyldgaard M., Mygind T. and Meyer R. L., Essential oils in food preservation: mode of action, synergies and interactions with food matrix components, Front in Microbiol., 3(12), 1-24 (2012) @No <#LINE#>Comparative Study of Extraction Methods for Intracellularly Produced Glucose Isomerase by Streptomyces sp. SB – AII4<#LINE#>Sheetal@Bhasin,Prachi@Sharma,Rajpal@Pinkey,H.A.@Modi<#LINE#>43-50<#LINE#>8.ISCA-IRJBS-2013-153.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Biosciences, Maharaja Ranjit Singh College of Professional Sciences, Khandwa Road, Indore, MP, INDIA @ Department of Life Sciences, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, INDIA <#LINE#>1/7/2013<#LINE#>11/8/2013<#LINE#>An array of diverse kinds of Actinomycetes was screened for production of Glucose isomerase. Isolates were analyzed for the production of extracellular and intracellular glucose isomerase. The isolate Streptomyces sp. SB – AII4 was identified as the highest intracellular GI yielding strain. The isolate produced GI extracellularly as well as intracellularly. The optimum fermentation period required for GI production was 96 hours at 30\rC and 100 RPM. A comparative analysis was done for maximum extraction of intracellular enzyme. Treatment with CTAB and Ultrasonication were found to be efficient methods for extraction of glucose isomerase. <#LINE#> @ @ Bhosale S.H., Rao M.B. and Deshpande V.V., Molecular and Industrial Aspects of Glucose Isomerase, Microbiological Reviews, 60(2), 280-300 (1996) @No $ @ @ Borges da Silva E.A., de Souza A.A.U., de Souza S.G.U.,Rodrigues A.E. and de Souza S.M.A.G.U., Glucose isomerization in simulated moving bed reactor by glucose isomerase, Brazilian Archives of @No $ @ @ Mishra A. and Debnath M., Effect of pH on simultaneoussaccharification and isomerization by glucoamylase and glucose isomerase, Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 102–103 (1-6), 193-199 (2002) @No $ @ @ Converti A. and Borghi M.D., Kinetics of glucose isomerization to fructose by immobilized glucose isomerase in the presence of substrate protection,Bioprocess Engineering, 18(1), 27-33 (1998) @No $ @ @ Chandrakant P. and Bisaria V.S., Simultaneous bioconversion of glucose and xylose to ethanol by Saccharomycescerevisiae in the presence of xylose isomerase, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,53(3), 301-309 (2000) @No $ @ @ Liu S., Wiegel J. and Gherardini F.C., Purification and cloning of a thermostable xylose (glucose) isomerase with an acidic pH optimum from Thermoanaerobacterium Strain JW/SL-YS 489, Journal of Bacteriology, 178(20), 5938–5945 (1996) @No $ @ @ Lee C. and Zeikus J.G., Purification and characterization of thermostable glucose isomerase from Clostridium thermosulfurogenes and Thermoanaerobacter strain B6A,The Biochemical Journal, 273(3), 565-571 (1991) @No $ @ @ Bandlish R.K., Hess J.M., Epting K.L., Vieille C. and Kelly R.M., Glucose-to-fructose conversion at high temperatures with xylose (glucose) isomerases from Streptomyces murinus and two hyperthermophilic Thermotoga species, Biotechnology and Bioengineering,80(2), 185-194 (2002) @No $ @ @ Azin M., Moazami N. and Nemat M., Production, purification and immobilization of glucose isomerase from Streptomyces olivochromogenes PTCC 1547, World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 13(5), 597-598 (1997) @No $ @ @ Al-Tai A.M., Alit Y. and Abdul-Razzak S.H., Isomerization of glucose to fructose: production and some properties of glucose isomerase from Streptomycessp.strain C, Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 9 (10), 632-634 (1987) @No $ @ @ Epting K.L., Vieille C., Zeikus J.G. and Kelly R.M.,Influence of divalent cations on the structural thermostability and thermal inactivation kinetics of class II xylose isomerases, FEBS Journal, 272(6), 1454–1464 (2005) @No $ @ @ Gaikwad S.M., Rao M.B. and Deshpande V.V., DGlucose/Xylose isomerase from Streptomyces: differential roles of magnesium and cobalt ions, Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 14(4), 317 (1992) @No $ @ @ Manhas R.K. and Bala S., Thermostable glucose isomerase production by some bacteria and Streptomyces, Indian Journal of Microbiology, 44(2), 129-132 (2004) @No $ @ @ Srih-Belghith K., and Bejar S., A thermostable glucose isomerase having a relatively low optimum pH: study of activity and molecular cloning of the corresponding gene,Biotechnology Letters, 20(6), 553–556 (1998) @No $ @ @ Chen W.P., Anderson A.W. and Han Y.W., Production of glucose isomerase by Streptomyces flavogriseus, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 37(2), 324-331 (1979) @No $ @ @ Bhasin S., Studies on glucose isomerase from Streptomyces sp. [Ph.D. thesis], Gujarat University,Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India, (2011) @No $ @ @ Chen W.P. and Anderson A.W., Purification,immobilization and some properties of glucose isomerase from Streptomyces flavogriseus, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 38(6), 1111-1119 (1979) @No $ @ @ Dische Z. and Borenfreund E., A new spectrophotometric method for the detection and determination of keto sugars and trioses, The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 192(2), 583-587 (1951) @No $ @ @ Pawar H.S., Deshmukh D.R., Immobilization of D-Xylose (D-Glucose) Isomerase from a Chainia Species,Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 24(2), 143 –150 (1994) @No $ @ @ Debnath M. and Majumdar S. K., Glucose Isomerase Activity of Streptomyces Kanamiyceticus, Biotechnology Letters, 7(5), 373-375 (1985) @No $ @ @ Williams S.T., Sharpe M.E. and Holt J.G. Bergey’sManual of Systemic Bacteriology, Ed: William R. Hensyl,Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, ISBN 0-683-09061-5, 4 (1984 - 1989) @No $ @ @ Bhasin S., Cameotra S.S. and Modi H.A., Actinomycetal diversity of western region of Madhya Pradesh, Journal of Advances in Developmental Research, 1(2), 132–138 (2010) @No $ @ @ Bhasin S. and Modi H.A., Optimization of fermentation medium for the production of Glucose Isomerase using Streptomyces sp. SB-P1, Biotechnology Research International, doi 10.1155/2012/874152 (2012) @No $ @ @ Hasal P., Cejkova A. and Vojtisek V. Glucose isomerase production by Streptomyces sp. CCM 4102, Folia Microbiologia, 37(5), 365-371 (1992) @No $ @ @ Givry S. and Duchiron F. Optimization of culture medium and growth conditions for production of L-arabinose isomerase and D-xylose isomerase by Lactobacillus bifermentans, Microbiology, 77(3), 281–287 (2008) @No $ @ @ Dhungel B., Subedi M., Tiwari K.B., Shrestha U.T.,Pokhre S. and Agrawal V.P., Thermostable glucose isomerase from psychrotolerantStreptomyces species,International Journal of Life Sciences, (1), 6-10 (2007) @No $ @ @ Lama L., Nicolaus B., Calandrelli V., Romano I., Basile R.and Gambacorta A., Purification and characterization of thermostable xylose (glucose) isomerase from Bacillus thermoantarcticus, Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 27(4), 234–240 (2001) @No $ @ @ Raykovska V., Angelova P.D., Paskaleva D., Stoeva S.,Abashev J., Kirkov L. and Voelter W., Isolation and characterization of a xylose–glucose isomerase from a new strain Streptomyces thermovulgaris 127, var. 7-86,Biochemistry and Cell Biology, 79(2), 195–205 (2001) @No $ @ @ Teeradakorn S., Kishimoto M., Seki T., Pinphanichakarn P. and Yoshida T., Process development and simulation of glucose isomerase production from birchwoodxylan by a Streptomycetes fusant, Biochemical Engineering Journal,1(2), 159-168 (1998) @No $ @ @ Deshmukh S.S., Deshpande M.V. and Shankar V.,Medium optimization for the production of glucose isomerase from thermophilic Streptomyces thermonitrificans, World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 10(3), 264-267 (1994) @No $ @ @ Bok S.H., Seidman M., and Wopat P.W. Selective isolation of acidophilic Streptomyces strains for glucose isomerase production, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 47(6), 1213-1215 (1984) @No $ @ @ Srinivasan M.C., Vartak H.G., Powar V.K. and Khire J.M.High activity extra cellular glucose (xylose) isomerase from a Chainiaspecies, Biotechnology Letters, 5(9), 611-614 (1983) @No $ @ @ Chou C.C., Ladisch M.R. and Tsao G.T., Studies on glucose isomerase from a Streptomyces Species, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 32(4), 489-493 (1976) @No $ @ @ Lobanok A.G., Sapunova L.I., Dikhtievski Y.O. and Kazakevich I.O. Screening of glucose isomeraseproducing microorganisms, World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 14(2), 259-262 (1998) @No $ @ @ Gong C.S., Chen L.F. and Tsao G.T. Purification and properties of glucose isomerase of Actinoplanes missouriensis, Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 22(4), 833-845 (1980) @No $ @ @ Demnerova K., Safarik I. and Kralova B., Glucose isomerase extraction from Streptomyces nigrificans: A comparison of methods, Biotechnology Letters, 4(7), 431-435 (1982) @No <#LINE#>Frogs and their Microhabitat Preferences in the Agricultural and Secondary Forest areas in the Vicinity of Mt. Kalatungan Mountain, Bukidnon, Philippines<#LINE#>Warguez@DennisA.,Eddie@P.Mondejar,Demayo@CesarG.<#LINE#>51-63<#LINE#>9.ISCA-IRJBS-2013-170.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, PHILIPPINES<#LINE#>17/7/2013<#LINE#>25/7/2013<#LINE#>An inventory of amphibians was conducted in the lower montane forest and immediate vicinity of Mt. Kalatungan, Bukidnon. The study was conducted in 2 sampling sites of the mountain. Site 1 was an agricultural area, located at 1100-1200 masl while sampling site 2 was a secondary forest, located at 1300-1600 masl. Using visual encounter survey, a total of 94 individuals belonging to 15 different species was collected. A total of 60% of the amphibians observed were Philippine endemics; six species were under Vulnerable Category in the 2004 IUCN Red List Threatened Species; one species was listed under the near threatened category; and one species was listed under the endangered category. Species richness was moderate (H’=2.145) and evenness was relatively higher (E=0.792) in the lower montane forest and vicinity of Mt. Kalatungan. Most of the recorded amphibians were observed to inhabit type IV microhabitat (substrate level or the ground litter microhabitat) suggesting that the area still has considerable thermal and hydrologic conditions for the survival of amphibians and/or it also suggests good water quality and watershed condition. There are however the existence of many threats such as deforestation, illegal logging and mining, clearing of the forest for agriculture, hunting and overexploitation of forest resources by the communities and increasing human settlements in the area. Protection of the remaining habitat and promotion of conservation programs in Mt. Kalatungan is needed to minimize the decline of amphibian population in the area. <#LINE#> @ @ National Ecotourism Strategy, DENR-PAWB, (2002) @No $ @ @ Oliver W.L.R and Heaney L.R., Biodiversity and conservation in the Philippines, International Zoo News, 43, 329-337 (1996) @No $ @ @ Hampson K., An Account of Amphibian Species found in Pollilo Island, Philippines. http://polillo.www6.50megs.com/frogs.html, (2001) @No $ @ @ MacKinnon J., Rees C. and Uriarte C., Guidebook of Biodiversity Principles for developers and Planners.. ASEAN Regional Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, www.arcbc.org.ph, (2002) @No $ @ @ Alcala A.C. and Brown W.C., Philippine Amphibians: An Illustrated Guide. Bookmark, Inc., (1998) @No $ @ @ Heaney L.R., Island biogeography, Paradigm lost? Frontiers of Biogeography, , 94-07, (2001) @No $ @ @ Gonzales J.C.T. and Dans A.T.L., Microhabitats of Endemic Diminutive Frogs and Skinks in Mt. Makiling Forest Reserve, Luzon, Philippines, Asia Life Sciences, 3(2), 227- 234 (1994) @No $ @ @ Spellerberg I.F. (Editor), Conservation Biology, Longman, London (1996) @No $ @ @ Ludwig J.A. and Reynolds J.F., Statistical Ecology: a primer on methods and computing, Wiley & Sons, N.Y., (1988) @No $ @ @ Odum E.P. Fundamentals of Ecology. W.B. Sounders Company Ltd. Philadelphia, (1971) @No $ @ @ American Museum of Natural History, Amphibian Species of the World 3.0: An Online Reference. www.reseach.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibian, (2004) @No $ @ @ Iskandar D.T. The Amphibians of Java and Bali. LIPI Field Guide Series, Yayasan Hayati, Bogor, Indonesia (1998) @No $ @ @ Inger R.F., Systematics and zoogeographyof Philippine Amphibia, Fieldiana: Zool., 33,183-531, (1954) @No $ @ @ IUCN, IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, www.iucnredlist.org, (2004) @No $ @ @ Nuzzo V. and Mierzwa K. S., The effect of forest structure on amphibian abundance and diversity in the Chicago región, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes National Program Office, Chicago. 36, (2000) @No $ @ @ Welsh H.H., Jr., Ollivier L.M. and Hankin D.R., A habitat-based design for sampling and monitoring stream amphibians with an illustration from Redwood National Park, Northwestern Naturalist, 78,1–16, (1997) @No $ @ @ Dupuis L.A., Wahbe T. and Bunnell F., The importance of stream and riparian habitats to amphibians in natural and altered landscapes. Unpublished Interim report. Research Branch, BC Ministry of Forests, BC. Victoria, BC., (1995) @No $ @ @ Scheffer M., Carpenter S., Foley J.A., Folke C. and Walkerk B., Catastrophic regime shifts in ecosystems: Linking theory to observation. Trends in ecology and evolution,18(12), 648-656 (2003) @No $ @ @ McNeely J. and Scherr S. Ecoagriculture: Strategies to feed the world and save wild biodiversity, Island Press, Washington, D.C., (2003) @No $ @ @ Dorcas M. and Gibbons W., Frogs and Toads of the Southeast, University of Georgia Press, Athens, GA., (2008) @No $ @ @ Hoffman J. and Katz U., The ecological significance of burrowing behaviour in the toad (Bufo viridis), Oecologia,81, 510-513 (1989) @No <#LINE#>Phylogenetic Relationship of Some Ipomoea Seed Proteins by SDS-PAGE<#LINE#>Pragati@V.G.Parameshwar,K.P.@Sreenath<#LINE#>64-67<#LINE#>10.ISCA-IRJBS-2013-233.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Botany Bangalore University, Bangalore, Karnataka 560056, INDIA <#LINE#>14/9/2013<#LINE#>3/10/2013<#LINE#> To investigate the phylogenetic relationship of nine Ipomoea species, seed proteins were analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Based on the analysis, total 50 bands were identified. The number of bands varies from 8 bands in Ipomoea obscura to 4 in Ipomoea mauritiana. Phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the presence or absence of protein bands using Freetree and Treeview software programme. <#LINE#> @ @ Saensouk S., The Family Convolvulaceae in Muang District, Nongkhai province Thailand, KKU Res. J., 12(3), 237-243 (2007) @No $ @ @ Judd S.W., Campbell S.C., Kellogg A.E., Stevens F.P. and Donoghue J.M., Plant systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach 2nd ed. Massachusettes, USA: Sinauer Associates,Inc. (2002) @No $ @ @ Biju S.D., Taxonomic and morphologic studies on the family Convolvulaceae of southern peninsular India., PhD. thesis submitted to Calicut University, Kerala, (1997) @No $ @ @ Das S. and Mukherjee K.K., Morphological and biochemical investigations on Ipomoea seedlings and their species interrelationships, Ann. Bot., 79, 565-571 (1997) @No $ @ @ Miller R.E., Rausher M.D., Manos P.S., Phylogenetic systematics of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) based on ITS and waxy sequences, Syst Bot.,24, 209-227 (1999) @No $ @ @ Wilkin P., A morphological cladistic analysis of the Ipomoeae (Convolvulaceae), Kew Bull, 54, 853-876 (1999) @No $ @ @ Manos P.S., Miller R.E. and Wilkin P., Phylogenetic analysis of Ipomoea, Argyreia, Stictocardia and Turbina suggests a generalized model of morphological evolution in morning glories, Syst Bot.,26, 585-602 (2001) @No $ @ @ Laemmli U.K., Cleavage of structural proteins during assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4, Nature, 227, 680-685 (1970) @No $ @ @ Bradford M.M., A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein dye binding, Anal. Biochem., 72, 248-254 (1976) @No $ @ @ Pavlicek A., Hrda S. and Flegr J., Free tree free ware program for construction of phylogenetic trees on the basis of distance data and bootstrap/Jack Knife analysis of the tree robustness, Application in the RAPD analysis of genus Frenkelia, Folia Biologiica., 45, 97-99 (1999) @No $ @ @ Jaccard P., Nouvelles rescherches sur la distribution florale, Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sci. Nat., 44, 223-270 (1908) @No $ @ @ Roderic D.C., Treeview 32, Versionl. Retrieved from: http:// taxonomy, zoology, gla. ac. uk. /rod/rod. Html., (2001) @No <#LINE#>Comparative Studies on the Production of Glucose and High Fructose Syrup from Tuber Starches<#LINE#>Regy@Johnson,Padmaja@G.<#LINE#>68-75<#LINE#>11.ISCA-IRJBS-2013-239.pdf<#LINE#> Division of Crop Utilization, Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram- 695 017, Kerala, INDIA<#LINE#>20/9/2013<#LINE#>4/10/2013<#LINE#>Glucose and high fructose syrup (HFS) are made extensively from corn starch and the high cost of production demands the lookout for alternative starches as raw material. The present study was to compare the potential of tuber starches such as arrowroot, cassava, Curcuma, Dioscorea, sweet potato and Xanthosoma with corn starch for HFS production. The process consisted of liquefaction followed by saccharification and isomerization using three enzymes such as Liquezyme, Dextrozyme and Sweetzyme respectively. High performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) profile showed that the starch conversion to glucose for the starches was equivalent or superior to that for corn starch. Sugar profile of the saccharified slurry had a composition of 98.28 to 98.84% glucose, maltose (1.03 to 1.69%) and maltotriose (0.03 to 0.10%) for arrowroot, Curcuma and cassava, while a lower range of glucose (94.76-97.28%) and higher range of maltose and maltotriose (2.0-4.3% and 0.49-0.75% respectively) for the other starches. Percentage conversion to fructose as well as fructose yield (g/100g starch) was the highest for arrowroot and Curcuma starches. Tuber starches offer promise as substitute for corn starch in the production of glucose and high fructose syrup. <#LINE#> @ @ Cock J.H., (Ed.) Cassava - NeCrop, Boulder, Westview Press,(1985) @No $ @ @ Piyachomkwan K., Walapatit S., Vetthaisong T., Keawsompong S. and Sriroth K., Advanced technology in ethanol production from cassava chips, in the 2nd International Symposium Cassava, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,14-15 june (2005) @No $ @ @ Shetty J., Chotani G., Gang D. and Bates D., Cassava as an alternative feedstock in the production of renewable transportation fuel, Intern. Sugar J.,109,3-11 (2007) @No $ @ @ Bindumole V.R. and Balagopalan C., Saccharification of sweet potato flour for ethanol production, 27(1), 89-93 (2001) @No $ @ @ Blanchard P.H. and Katz F.R., Starch hydrolyzates, in: Stephan A.M., (Ed.), Food Polysaccharides and Their Applications, Marcel Dekker, Inc., 6.Hanover L.M. and White J.S., Manufacturing, composition and applications of fructose, 724S-732S (1993) @No $ @ @ Hanover L.M. and White J.S., Manufacturing, composition and applications of fructose,Am.J.Clin.Nutr.,58(5),724S-732S (1993) @No $ @ @ White J.S., Fructose syrup: production, properties and applications, in: Schenck, F.W. and Hebeda, R.E., (Eds.), Starch Hydrolysis Products- Worldwide Technology, Production and Applications, VCH Publishers Inc, New York, 177-200 (1992) @No $ @ @ Cabello C., Amylases using in glucose syrup production, in: Seminário brasileiro de tecnologia enzimática - enzitec, 4, Rio de Janeiro, Anais, 1, V1-V3 (1999) @No $ @ @ Schenck F.W. and Hebeda R.E., (Eds.), Starch hydrolysis products – worldwide technology, production and applications, VCH Publishers, New York (1992) @No $ @ @ Abraham E.T., Krishnaswamy C. and Ramakrishna S.V., Hydrolytic depolymerization of starch raw materials, Starch/ Stärke, 40, 387-392 (1988) @No $ @ @ Aschengreen N.H., Nielsen B.H., Rosendal P. and Ostergaard J., Liquefaction, saccharifaction and isomerization of starches from sources other than corn, Starch/Stärke, 31(2), 64-66 (1979) @No $ @ @ Gorinstein S. and Lii C., The effects of enzyme hydrolysis on the properties of potato, cassava and amaranth starches, Starch/ Stärke, 44(2), 461-466 (1992) @No $ @ @ Voragen A.G.J., Technological aspects of functional food-related carbohydrates, Review, Trends Food Sci. Technol., 9(6), 328-335 (1998) @No $ @ @ Bandlish R.K., Hess J.M., Epting K.L., Vieille C. and Kelly R.M., Glucose-to-fructose conversion at high temperatures with xylose (glucose) isomerases from Streptomyces murinus and two hyperthermophilic Thermotoga species, Biotechnol Bioeng., 80(2), 185-194 (2002) @No $ @ @ Van der Veen M.E., Van der Goot A.J. Boom R.M., Production of glucose syrups in highly concentrated systems, Biotechnol. Progr., 21(2), 598- 602 (2005) @No $ @ @ Arasaratnam V. and Balasubramaniam K., Synergistic action of - aylase and glucoamylase on raw corn, Starch/Starke,45(6), 231-233 (1993) @No $ @ @ Regy Johnson, Moorthy S.N. and Padmaja G., Comparative production of glucose and high fructose syrup from cassava and sweet potato roots by direct conversion techniques, Inn. Food Sci. Emer. Technol., 10,616-620 (2009) @No $ @ @ Moorthy S.N. and Padmaja G., A rapid titrimetric method for the determination of starch content in cassava tubers, J. Root Crops, 28(1), 30-37 (2002) @No $ @ @ Regy Johnson, Moorthy S.N. and Padmaja G., Enzyme kinetics in the liquefaction and saccharification of cassava starch for High Fructose Syrup (HFS) production, in stNational Seminar on Root and Tuber Crops NSRTC 1, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, 246-256 (2004) @No $ @ @ Regy Johnson, Moorthy S.N. and Padmaja G, Optimized parameters for the enzyme catalysed liquefaction and saccharification of sweet potato starch, J. Root Crops, 31(1), 7-13 (2005) @No $ @ @ Nelson N., A photometric adaptation of the somogyi method for determination of glucose, J. Biol. Chem., 153,375-380 (1944) @No $ @ @ Somogyi M., Notes on sugar determination, J. Biol. Chem., 195, 19-23 (1952) @No $ @ @ Bergmeyer H.U. and Bernt E., D-glucose: Determination with GOD and POD, in: Bergmeyer, H. U. (Ed.), Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, vol. 3, New York, Academic Press, 1205- 1212 (1974) @No $ @ @ Chen W.P. and Anderson A.W., Extraction of hemicelluloses ryegrass straw for the production of glucose isomerase and the use of the resulting straw residue for animal feed, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 22(3), 519-531 (1980) @No $ @ @ GenStat 7th, DE 3, Service Pack 1, Version 7.2.0.220, Lawes Agricultural Trust, VSN International Ltd., UK. (2007) @No $ @ @ Moorthy S.N., Physicochemical and functional properties of tropical tuber starches – a review, Starch/ Stärke, 54,559-592 (2002) @No $ @ @ Rasper V., Investigations on some starches from some West African root crops, in Proc. International Symposium of Tropical Root Crops, 2(6), Trinidad, 48-61 (1967) @No $ @ @ Tian S.J., Rickard J.E. and Blanshard J.M.V., Physicochemical properties of Sweet Potato starch, J. Sci. Food Agric., 57, 459-491 (1991) @No $ @ @ Lii C.Y. and Chang S.M., Studies on the starches in Taiwan, Sweet potato, cassava, yam and arrowroot starches, in Proc. Natl. Sci. Counc. Republic of China, 2, 416-423 (1978) @No $ @ @ Jyothi A.N., Moorthy S.N. and Vimala B., Physico-chemical and functional properties of starch from two species of Curcuma,Intern. J. Food Prop., 6, 135-145 (2003) @No $ @ @ Arasaratnam V., Thayananthan K. and Balasubramanian K., Sugar syrup (DE 50-70) from corn flour, Starch/Stärke, 50,95-98 (1998) @No $ @ @ Berghofer E. and Sarhaddar S., Production of glucose and high fructose syrup by enzymatic direct hydrolysis of cassava roots, Proc. Biochem., 32, 910-915 (1988) @No $ @ @ Ghildyal N.P., Ramakrishna M. and Lonsane B.K., Comparative economics of the production of high fructose syrup from cassava chips and cassava starch, Starch/ Stärke, 41(2), 64-68 (1989) @No $ @ @ Souza R.C.R. and Andrade C.T., Investigation of the gelatinization and extrusion processes of corn starch, Adv. Polymer Technol., 21(1), 17–24 (2001) @No $ @ @ Snyder E.M., Industrial Microscopy of starches, in: Whistler R.L., BeMillen J.N., Paschall E.F., (Eds.), Starch- chemistry and technology, 2nd ed, Academic Press, New York, (1984) @No $ @ @ Rickard J.E., Asaoka M., Blanshard J.M.V., The physicochemical properties of cassava starch, Trop. Sci., 31, 189-207 (1991) @No $ @ @ Perez E.E., Breene W.M. and Bahnassey Y.A., Gelatinization profiles of Peruvian carrot, cocoyam and potato starches as measured with Brabender Viscoamylograph, Rapid Visco Analyzer and DSC, Starch/ Stärke 50, 14-16 (1998a) @No $ @ @ Perez E.E., Breene W.M. and Bahnassey Y.A., Variation in the gelatinization profiles of cassava, sago and arrowroot native starches as measured with different thermal and mechanical methods, Starch/ Stärke, 50, 70-72 (1998b) @No $ @ @ Collado L.S., Mabesa R.C. and Corke H., Genetic variation in the physical properties of sweet potato starch, J. Agric. Food Chem., 47, 4195-4201 (1999) @No $ @ @ Kainuma K., Structure and chemistry of the starch granule, in: Stumpf P.K. and Conn E.E. (Eds.), The Biochemistry of Plants, vol.14, Academic Press, New York, (1988) @No $ @ @ Delpeuch F. and Favier J.C., Characteristics of starches from tropical food plants, - amylase hydrolysis, swelling and solubility patterns, Ann. Technol. Agric., 29, 53-67 (1980) @No $ @ @ Noda T., Takahata Y. and Nagata Y., Developmental changes in properties of sweet potato starch, Starch/Stärke, 44, 405-409 (1992) @No $ @ @ Moorthy S.N. and Padmaja G., Comparative study on digestibility of raw and cooked starch of different tuber crops, J. Root Crops, 17, 255-258 (1991) @No $ @ @ Nebesny E., Rosicka J. and Pierzgalski T., Enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat starch into glucose, Starch/ Stärke, 50,337-341 (1998) @No $ @ @ Chen W.P. and Chan Y.C., Production of high-fructose syrup and high-protein flour from broken rice, J. Sci. Food Agric., 35, 1128-1135 (1984) @No $ @ @ Nebesny E., Rosicka J. and Tkaczyk M., Influence of conditions of corn starch enzymatic hydrolysis on physicochemical properties of glucose syrups, Starch/ Stärke, 56, 132-137 (2004) @No $ @ @ Morrison W.R., Starch lipids: a reappraisal, Starch/ Stärke, 33, 408-410 (1981) @No $ @ @ Moorthy S.N., Wenham J.E., Blanshard J.M.V., Effect of Solvent extraction on the gelatinization properties of starch and flour of five cassava varieties, J. Sci. Food Agric., 72,329-336 (1996) @No $ @ @ MacAllister R.V., Nutritive sweeteners made from starch, in: Tipson S., Horton D., (Eds.), Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academic Press, New York, 36, 15-56 (1979) @No $ @ @ Khalid M. and Markakis P., Production of high fructose syrup from cassava starch, in: Charalambous, G., Inglett, G. E., (Eds.), The Quality of Food and Beverages; Chemistry and Technology, London, Academic press, 319-326 (1981) @No $ @ @ Nikolov Z.L., Meagher M.M. and Reilly P.J., Kinetics, equilibrium and modeling of the formation of oligosaccharides from D-glucose with Aspergillus niger glucoamylase I and II, Biotechnol. Bioeng.,34, 694–704 (1989) @No $ @ @ Rastall R.A., Adlard M.W. and Bucke C., Synthesis of heterooligosaccharides by glucoamylase in reverse, Biotechnol. Lett., 13, 5014 (1991) @No $ @ @ Fullbrook P.D., The enzymatic production of glucose syrups, in: Dziedzic S.Z., Kearsley M.W., (Eds.), Glucose syrups, Science and Technology, Elsevier Applied Science, London, 65–115 (1984) @No $ @ @ Reeve A., Starch hydrolysis: processes and equipment, in: Schenck F.W., Hebeda R.E., (Eds.), Starch hydrolysis products, worldwide technology, production and applications, VCH Publishers, New York, 79-120 (1992) @No $ @ @ Regy Johnson and Padmaja G., Utilization of Cassava Fibrous Residue for the Production of Glucose and High Fructose Syrup, Industrial Biotechnology,7(6),448-455 (2011) @No $ @ @ Dziedzic S.Z., Production and physico-chemical properties of isomerized glucose syrups, Starch/ Stärke, 33(11), 369-372 (1981) @No @Research Article <#LINE#>Nanobiosensors: Diagnostic Tool for Pathogen Detection<#LINE#>Priyanka@Srivastava,P@,Shashank@ey,Aslam@M.K..Muhammad,Prashant@Singh,Pal@SinghKrishan<#LINE#>76-84<#LINE#>12.ISCA-IRJBS-2013-141.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Chemistry, D.A.V (P.G.) College, Dehradun-248001, Uttarakhand, INDIA @ District coordinator, Uttarakhand State council for Science and Technology (UCOST), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, INDIA @ Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi-29, INDIA @ Theriogenology Lab, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal - 132001, Haryana, INDIA @ Biophysics and Nanotechnology, C.B.S.& H.G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and technology, Pantnagar-263145, Uttarakhand, INDIA<#LINE#>16/6/2013<#LINE#>30/7/2013<#LINE#> Biosensors could be a thrilling alternative to the conventional systems for the detection of toxins and pathogens. Biosensors are reliable which allow the specific detection of target analyte at minimum cost. Recent advancement in the field of nanotechnology has been used to develop highly sensitive bio-sensor’s chips by using multidisciplinary approach. This strategy could be seen as a key for developing bio-sensing devices and demonstrates rapid responses combined with high sensitivity and specificity. Indeed, these traits have nearly become standard attributes of this technological development and come up from the extremely high surface and small size nanostructure areas as nanotubes, nanowires and nanoparticles. In view of above, it is acceptable to state that biosensor technology has the prospective to augment the sensitivity and specificity, hasten the detection and enable high-throughput analysis.<#LINE#> @ @ Cavalcanti A., Shirinzadeh B., Zhang M. and Kretly L.C., Nanorobot Hardware Architecture for Medical Defense, Sensors, 8 (5), 2932–2958 (2008) @No $ @ @ Rasooly A., Guest Editorial, Moving biosensors to point-of-care cancer diagnostics, Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 21,1847–1850 (2006) @No $ @ @ Newman J.D. and Turner A.P.F., Home blood glucose biosensors: a commercial perspective, Biosensors and Bioelectronics,20, 2435–2453 (2005) @No $ @ @ Cai Z., Song Y., Wu Y., Zhu Z., James Y.C. and Chen X., An electrochemical sensor based on label-free functional allosteric molecular beacons for detection target DNA/miRNA, Biosens Bioelectron. doi:pii: S0956-5663(12)00677-X. 10.1016/j.bios.2012.10.002. (2012) @No $ @ @ Park B.W., Zheng R., Ko K.A., Cameron B.D., Yoon D.Y. and Kim D.S., A novel glucose biosensor using bi-enzyme incorporated with peptide nanotubes, Biosens Bioelectron. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.06.005. (2012) @No $ @ @ Chouteau C., Dzyadevych S., Chovelon J.M. and Durrieu C., Development of novel conductometric biosensors based on immobilised whole cell Chlorella vulgarismicroalgae, Biosens. Bioelectron, 19, 1089–1096 (2004) @No $ @ @ Zhou D., Han Y. and Yang, R., Molecular and physiological insights into plague transmission, virulence and etiology, Microbes Infect,8(1), 273-284 (2006) @No $ @ @ Kulys J. and Baronas R., Modelling of amperometric biosensors in the case of substrate inhibition, Sensors,, 1513–1522 (2006) @No $ @ @ Sezgintürk M.K., Göktugw T. and Dinçkaya E., Detection of benzoic acid by an amperometric inhibitor biosensor based on mushroom tissue homogenate, Food Technol. Biotechnol, 43(4), 329–334 (2005) @No $ @ @ Evtugyn G.A., Goldfarb O.E., Budnikov H.C., Ivanov A.N. and Vinter V.G., Amperometric DNA-Peroxidase sensor for the detection of pharmaceutical preparations, Sensors,5,364-376 (2005) @No $ @ @ Arvinte A., Valentini F., Radoi A., Arduini F., Tamburri E., Rotariu L., Palleschi G. and Bala C., The NADH electrochemical detection performed at carbon nanofibers modified glassy carbon electrode, Electroanalysis, 19, 1455-1459 (2007) @No $ @ @ Ming L., Xi X. and Liu J., Electrochemically platinized carbon paste enzyme electrodes: A new design of amperometric glucose biosensors, Biotech. Letters, 28,1341-1345 (2006) @No $ @ @ Stefan R.I., Bokretsion R.G., van Staden J.F., Aboul-Enein H.Y., Simultaneous determination of creatine and creatinine using amperometric biosensors, Talanta.,60, 844–847 (2003) @No $ @ @ Stefan R.I., Nejem R.M., Van Staden J.F. and Aboul-Enein H.Y., New amperometric biosensors based on diamond paste for the assay of l- and d- pipecolic acids in serum samples, Prep. Biochem. and Biotech.,34, 135–144 (2004) @No $ @ @ Lakard B., Herlem G., Lakard S., Antoniou A. and Fahys B., Urea potentiometric biosensor based on modified electrodes with urease immobilized on polyethylenimine films, Biosens. Bioelectron., 19, 1641–1647 (2004) @No $ @ @ Campbell D.W., Müller C. and Reardon K.F., Development of a fiber optic enzymatic biosensor for 1, 2-dichloroethane, Biotech. Letters,28, 883–887 (2006) @No $ @ @ Cao C. and Sim S.J., Signal enhancement of surface plasmon resonance immunoassay using enzyme precipitation-functionalized gold nanoparticles: A femto molar level measurement of anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody, Biosens. Bioelectron, 22, 1874-1880 (2007) @No $ @ @ Horswell J., Weitz H.J., Percival H.J. and Speir T., Impact of heavy metal amended sewage sludge on forest soils as assessed by bacterial and fungal biosensors, Biol. fertil. Soils,42, 569–576 (2006) @No $ @ @ Li F. and Jiang Z., Design and analysis of a biosensor transducer with multifunctions, J. Intelligent Mat. Syst. Struct.,17, 823-830 (2006) @No $ @ @ Sauerbrey G., Use of quartz crystal vibrator for weighting thin films on a microbalance, Z. Phys.,155, 206–222 (1959) @No $ @ @ Wang F. and Hu S., Electrochemical sensors based on metal and semiconductor nanoparticles, Microchim. Acta., 165, 1–22 (2009) @No $ @ @ Nam J.M., Thaxton C.S. and Mirkin C.A., Nanoparticle-based bio-bar codes for the ultrasensitive detection of proteins, Science,301(5641) , 1884-1886 (2003) @No $ @ @ Jin R., Xing Y., Yu X., Sun S., Yu D., Wang F., Wu W. and Song S., Facile Synthesis of Well-Dispersed Silver Nanoparticles on Hierarchical Flower-like Ni(3) Si(2) O(5) (OH)(4) with a High Catalytic Activity towards 4-Nitrophenol Reduction, Chem. Asian J.,7(12), 2955-2961 (2012) @No $ @ @ Regiel A., Irusta S., Kyzio\n A., Arruebo M. and Santamaria J., Preparation and characterization of chitosan-silver nanocomposite films and their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Nanotechnology,24(1) 015101 (2013) @No $ @ @ G´omez R., Bashir R., Sarikaya A., Ladisch M.R., Sturgis J., Robinson J.S., Geng T., Bhunia A.K., Apple H.L., Wereley S., Biomed, Microdevices,3(3), 201–209 (2001) @No $ @ @ Gau J.J., Lan E.H., Dunn B., Ho C.M., Woo J.C., A MEMS based amperometric detector for E. coli bacteria using self-assembled monolayers, Biosens Bioelectron. 16(9-12), 745-755 (2001) @No $ @ @ Mura S., Greppi G., Marongiu M.L., Roggero P.P., Ravindranath S.P., Mauer L.J., Schibeci N., Perria F., Piccinini M., Innocenzi P., Irudayaraj J., 2012, FTIR nanobiosensors for Escherichia coli detection. Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 3, 485-492 (2012) @No $ @ @ Yoon JY, Kim B. Lab-on-a-chip pathogen sensors for food safety. Sensors (Basel).,12 (8), 10713-41 (2012) @No $ @ @ Wang Y., Knoll W., Dostalek J., Bacterial pathogen surface plasmon resonance biosensor advanced by long range surface plasmons and magnetic nanoparticle assays. Anal Chem.,84 (19), 8345-8350 (2012) @No $ @ @ Cheng M.S., Ho J.S., Tan C.H., Wong J.P., Ng L.C., Toh, C.S., Development of an electrochemical membrane-based nanobiosensor for ultrasensitive detection of dengue virus. Anal Chim Acta., 725, 74-80 (2012) @No @Short Communication <#LINE#>Ixodes (Ixodes) Himalayensis Dhanda and Kulkarni, 1969 (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae) Description of Male<#LINE#>M.N.@Shaikh<#LINE#>85-87<#LINE#>13.ISCA-IRJBS-2013-139.pdf<#LINE#> National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune-411001, Maharashtra, INDIA<#LINE#>11/6/2013<#LINE#>26/7/2013<#LINE#>Ixodes himalayensis Dhanda and Kulkarni 1969 is a rare tick species recorded from Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh states of India. The species is related to Ixodes kashmiricus. The present paper gives a detailed description of male.<#LINE#> @ @ Dhanda V. and Kulkarni S.M., Ixodes himalayensis sp. n. (Acarina: Ixodidae) Parasitizing Small Mammals in Himachal Pradesh, India. J. Parasitol., 55(3), 667-672(1969) @No $ @ @ Ramchandra Rao T., Dhanda V., Bhat H.R. and Kulkarni S.M., A survey of Haematophagus Arthropods in Westeren Himalayas, Sikkim and Hill Districts of West Bengal a General Account, Indian J. Med. Res., 61(10), 1421-1416 (1973) @No <#LINE#>Effect of Azolla Extract on Growth Performance of Pisum Sativum<#LINE#>K.B.@Bindhu<#LINE#>88-90<#LINE#>14.ISCA-IRJBS-2013-152.pdf<#LINE#> Department of Botany, Carmel College, Mala, Thrissur, Kerala, INDIA<#LINE#>28/6/2013<#LINE#>8/7/2013<#LINE#>A study on the effect of biofertilizer Azolla pinnata extract on growth performance of Pisum sativum was carried out. The seeds were soaked in both azolla extract and water. Former performed better when compared to the control. The (20%) concentration of aqueous extract of Azolla promoted the better seedling growth in terms of shoot length, root length, fresh weight and dry weight. <#LINE#> @ @ Venkataraman G.S., Blue-Green Algae for rice production, FAO Soils Bull., 46, Rome, Italy, (1981) @No $ @ @ Mandal B.K., Velk P.L.G and Mandal L.N., Beneficial effects of blue-green algae and Azolla, excluding supplying nitrogen, on wetland rice fields: A review, Biol. Fertil. Soils,.28, 329-342 (1999) @No $ @ @ Choudhury A.T.M.A and Kennedy I.R., Prospects and potentials for systems of biological nitrogen fixation in sustainable rice production, Biol. Fertil. Soils., 39, 219–227 (2004) @No $ @ @ Wagner G.M., Azolla, a review of its biological utilization, Bot. Rev., 63, 1-26 (1997) @No $ @ @ Marwaha T.S., Singh B.V. and Goyal S.K., Effect of incorporation of Azolla on wheat (Triticum aestivum var HD-2329) , Acta Bot. Indica 20, 218-220 (1992) @No $ @ @ EL-Zeky M.M., El-Shahat R.M., Metwaly Gh. S and Aref-Elham M., Using of cyanobacteria or Azolla as altenative nitrogen source for rice production, J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Unvi., 30, 5567-5577 (2005) @No $ @ @ Simpson J.R., Muirehead W.A., Bowmer K.H and Frondi J.R., Conyrol of gaseous nitrogen losses from urea applied in flooded rice soils, Fertil. Res., 18, 31-37 (1994) @No $ @ @ EL-Ayouty Y.M., Ghazal F.M., Hassan A.Z.A. and Azza A.M. Abd EL-Aal, Effect of algal inoculation and different water holding capacity levels on soils under tomato cultivation condition, J. Agric Sci. Mansoura Univ., 29(5), 2801- 2809 (2004) @No $ @ @ Rao D.L.N. and Batra L., Ammonia volatilization from applied nitrogen in Alkali soils, Plant and Soil., 70, 219–228 (1983) @No $ @ @ Strik W.A. and Staden J.V., Occurrence of cytokinin-like compounds in two aquatic fern and their exudates, Environ. Exp. Botany, 37, 569-571 (2003) @No $ @ @ Singh P.K., Prakash J., Singh S.K. and Shukla M., Cyanophycean algae inhabiting acidic soil exhibit Diverse morphology: An adaptation to high exchangeable sodium, Ecoprint,15, 15–21 (2008) @No $ @ @ Abd EL- Baky-Hanaa H., Hussein M.M. and EL-Baroty G.S., Algal extracts improve antioxidant defense abilities and salt tolerance of wheat plant irrigated with sea water, Afr. J. Biochem. Res., 2(7), 151–164 (2008) @No $ @ @ Mussa-EL-Shymaa, S., Role of Azolla in different ecosystem. M. Sc. Thesis, Botany Dept., Fac. Sci., (Girls branch), Al-Azhar, University, Cairo, Egypt, (2005) @No @Review Paper <#LINE#>Oxidative Stress and Heavy Metals: An Appraisal with Reference to Environmental Biology<#LINE#>Manoj@K.,P.K.@Padhy<#LINE#>91-101<#LINE#>15.ISCA-IRJBS-2013-145.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Science, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, 731235, Birbhum, West Bengal, INDIA <#LINE#>24/6/2013<#LINE#>1/7/2013<#LINE#>Rapid developmental activities and other anthropogenic influences have made heavy metals (HM) ubiquitous contaminants of the environment. Investigations on pollution due to HM and their possible effects on living world have increasingly become a prime focus of the environmental biology. An increasing body of evidence shows that excessive presence of essential metals as well as minute presence of non-essential metals can cause many patho-physiological complications in the living organisms via generation of reactive species. This article discusses functional role of some HM in inducing oxidative stress along with the instruments involved viz. oxidants and antioxidative defence systems. Some recent evidences of HM induced oxidative stress in plants and animals, including human beings, have also been examined in the text. <#LINE#> @ @ Akinyeye A.J. and Okorie T.G., Heavy Metal Studies of Industrial Effluent on Alaro Stream Sediment, Int. Res. J. Biological Sci, 1 (6), 5-9 (2012) @No $ @ @ Quadros G. and Athalye R.P., Decline of Fish Diversity in the Anthropogenically Polluted Thane Creek along the Central West Coast of India, Int. Res. J. Biological Sci., 1 (4), 17-21 (2012) @No $ @ @ Mishra P.C., Dash A.K. and Pradhan K., Metals in Environmental segments at Hirakud of Odisha, India, ISCA J. Biological Sci., 1 (1), 7-23 (2012) @No $ @ @ Nwajei G.E., Obi–Iyeke G.E. and Okwagi P., Distribution of Selected Trace Metal in Fish Parts from the River Nigeria, Res. J. Recent Sci., 1 (1), 81-84 (2012) @No $ @ @ Nwajei G.E., Okwagi P., Nwajei R.I. and Obi-Iyeke G.E., Analytical Assessment of Trace Elements in Soils, Tomato Leaves and Fruits in the Vicinity of Paint Industry, Nigeria, Res. J. Recent Sci., 1 (4), 22-26 (2012) @No $ @ @ Hippeli S. and Elstner F., Transition Metal Ion-Catalyzed Oxygen Activation during Pathogenic Processes, FEBS Lett., 443, 1-7 (1999) @No $ @ @ Bi Y., Chen W., Zhang W., Zhou Q., Yun L. and Xing D., Production of Reactive Oxygen Species, Impairment of Photosynthetic Function and Dynamic Changes in Mitochondria are Early Events in Cadmium Induced Cell Death in Arabidopsis thaliana Biol. Cell.,101, 629–643 (2009) @No $ @ @ Gutteridge J.M.C., Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidants as Biomarkers of Tissue Damage, Clin. Chem.,41 (12), 1819-1828 (1995) @No $ @ @ Fang Y-Z., Yang S. and Wu G., Regulation of Physiological Systems by Nutrients, Free Radicals, Antioxidants and Nutrition, Nutrition,18 (10), 872– 879 (2002) @No $ @ @ Wu D. and Cederbaum A.I., Alcohol, Oxidative Stress, and Free Radical Damage, Alcohol Res. Health,27 (4), 277-284 (2003) @No $ @ @ Prior R.L. and Cao G., In Vivo Total Antioxidant Capacity: Comparision of Different Analytical Methods, Free Radic. Biol. Med.,27 (11-12), 1173-1181 (1999) @No $ @ @ Karuppanapandian T., Moon J-C., Kim C., Manoharan K. and Kim W., Reactive Oxygen Species in Plants: Their Generation, Signal transduction, and Scavenging Mechanisms, Aust. J. Crop Sci.,5 (6), 709-725 (2011) @No $ @ @ Porter N.A., Caldwell S.E. and Mills K.A., Mechanisms of Free Radical Oxidation of Unsaturated Lipids, Lipids,30 (4), 277-290 (1995) @No $ @ @ Södergren E., Lipid Peroxidation In Vivo, Evaluation and Application of Methods for Measurement, Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Medicine 949, Uppsala, ISBN 91-554-4791-0, pp. 78 (2000) @No $ @ @ Repetto M., Semprine J. and Boveris A., Lipid Peroxidation: Chemical Mechanism, Biological Implications and Analytical Determination, Chapter 1, Licensee InTech, 3-30 (2012) @No $ @ @ uraková Z., Some Current Insights into Oxidative Stress, Physiol. Res.,59, 459-469 (2010) @No $ @ @ Evans P. and Halliwell B., Micronutrients: Oxidant/Antioxidant Status, Br. J. Nutr.,85 (Suppl. 2), 67-74 (2001) @No $ @ @ Finkel T., Oxidant Signals and Oxidative Stress, Curr. Opin. Cell Biol.,15, 247–254 (2003) @No $ @ @ Kryston T.B., Georgiev A.B., Pissis P and GeorgakilasA.G., Role of Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage in Human Carcinogenesis, Mutat. Res.,711, 193–201 (2011) @No $ @ @ Giammarioli S., Filesi C. and Sanzini E., Oxidative Stress Markers: Specificity and Measurement Techniques, Ann. st. Super. Sanità.,35 (4), 563-576 (1999) @No $ @ @ Schaich K.M.,Lipid Oxidation: Theoretical Aspects, Bailey’s Industrial Oil and Fat Products, Sixth Edition, Six Volume Set, Edited by Fereidoon Shahidi, Copyright John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 269-355 (2005) @No $ @ @ Cadenas E., Free Radicals, Oxidative Stress, and Diseases,PSC 616, http://web.mst.edu...lec01_freeradicals.pdf, 1-38, Accessed on 23.05.2013 (2013) @No $ @ @ Wanasundara P.K.J.P.D. and Shahidi F., Antioxidants: Science, Technology, and Applications, Bailey’s Industrial Oil and Fat Products, Sixth Edition, Six Volume Set, Edited by Fereidoon Shahidi, Copyright John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 431-489 (2005) @No $ @ @ Percival M., Antioxidants, Clinical Nutrition Insights, NUT031, Copyright © 1996 Advanced Nutrition Publications, Inc., http://acudoc.com/Antioxidants.PDF, Accessed on 08.04.2013, 1-4 (1998) @No $ @ @ Abreu I.A. and Cabelli D.E., Superoxide Dismutases—A Review of the Metal-Associated Mechanistic Variations, Biochim. Biophys. Acta,1804, 263–274 (2010) @No $ @ @ Kirkman H.N. and Gaetani G.F., Catalase: A Tetrameric Enzyme with Four Tightly Bound Molecules of NADPH, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,81, 4343-4347 (1984) @No $ @ @ Mugesh G., Panda A., Singh H.B., Pinekar N.S. and Butcher R.J., Glutathione Peroxidase-like Antioxidant Activity of Diaryl Diselenides: A Mechanistic Study, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 123839-850 (2001) @No $ @ @ Noctor G. and Foyer C.H., Ascorbate and Glutathione: Keeping Active Oxygen under Control, Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol.,49, 249–279 (1998) @No $ @ @ Mohora M., Greabu M., Muscurel C., Du C. and Totan A., The Sources and the Targets of Oxidative Stress in the Etiology of Diabetic Complications, Romanian J. Biophys.,17 (2), 63–84 (2007) @No $ @ @ Ercal N., Gurer-Orhan H. and Aykin-Burns N., Toxic Metals and Oxidative Stress Part-I: Mechanisms Involved in Metal Induced Oxidative Damage, Curr. Top. Med. Chem., 1 (6), 529-539 (2001) @No $ @ @ Kehrer J.P., The Haber–Weiss Reaction and Mechanisms of Toxicity, Toxicology,149, 43–50 (2000) @No $ @ @ Valko M., Morris H. and Cronin M.T.D., Metals, Toxicity and Oxidative Stress, Curr. Med. Chem.,12 (10), 1161-1208 (2005) @No $ @ @ Tewari R.K., Kumar P. and Sharma P.N., Morphology and Physiology of Zinc-Stressed Mulberry Plants, J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci.,171, 286-294 (2008) @No $ @ @ Dineley K.E., Richards L.L., Votyakova T.V. and Reynolds I.J., Zinc Causes Loss of Membrane Potential and Elevates Reactive Oxygen Species in Rat Brain Mitochondria, Mitochondrion,, 55–65 (2005) @No $ @ @ Cheng W.Y., Tong H., Miller E.W., Chang C.J., Remington J., Zucker R.M., Bromberg P.A., Samet J.M. and Hofer T.P.J., An Integrated Imaging Approach to the Study of Oxidative Stress Generation by Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Living Cells, Environ. Health Perspect.,118 (7), 902-908 (2010) @No $ @ @ Szllsi R., Varga I.Sz., Erdei L. and Mihalik E., Cadmium-Induced Oxidative Stress and Antioxidative Mechanisms in Germinating Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) Seeds, Ecotox. Environ. Safe.,72, 1337–1342 (2009) @No $ @ @ Szllsi R., Kálmán E., Medvegy A., Pet A. and Varga Sz.I., Studies on Oxidative Stress Caused by Cu and Zn Excess in Germinating Seeds of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.), Acta Biol. Szeged.,55 (1), 175-178 (2011) @No $ @ @ Dey S.K., Alterations of Antioxidative Enzymes Activities and Induction of Lipid Peroxidation in Germinating Wheat Seeds Subjected to Cadmium Stress, J. Life Sci.,, 22-28 (2011) @No $ @ @ Dazy M., Béraud E., Cotelle S., Meux E., Masfaraud J-F. and Férard, J-F.,Antioxidant Enzyme Activities as Affected by Trivalent and Hexavalent Chromium Species in Fontinalis antipyretica Hedw, Chemosphere,73 281–290 (2008) @No $ @ @ Dazy M., Masfaraud J-F. and Férard, J-F.,Induction of Oxidative Stress Biomarkers with Heavy Metal Stress in Fontinalis antipyretica Hedw, Chemosphere,75, 297–302 (2009) @No $ @ @ Zhang F-Q., Wang Y-S., Lou Z-P. and Dong J-D., Effect of Heavy Metal Stress on Antioxidative Enzymes and Lipid Peroxidation in Leaves and Roots of Two Mangrove Plant Seedlings (Kandelia candel and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza), Chemosphere,67, 44–50 (2007) @No $ @ @ Possamai F.P., Júnior S.A., Parisotto E.B., Moratelli A.M., Inácio D.B., Garlet T.R., Dal-Pizzol F. and Filho D.W., Antioxidant Intervention Compensates Oxidative Stress in Blood of Subjects Exposed to Emissions from a Coal Electric-Power Plant in South Brazil, Environ. Toxicol. Phar.,30, 175-180 (2010) @No $ @ @ Ruas C.B.G., Carvalho C. dos S., de Araújo H.S.S., Espíndola E.L.G. and Fernandes M.N., Oxidative Stress Biomarkers of Exposure in the Blood of Cichlid Species from a Metal-Contaminated River, Ecotox. Environ. Safe., 71, 86-93 (2008) @No $ @ @ Vlahogianni T., Dassenakis M., Scoullos M.J. and Valavanidis A., Integrated Use of Biomarkers (Superoxide Dismutase, Catalase and Lipid Peroxidation) in Mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis for Assessing Heavy Metals’ Pollution in Coastal Areas from the Saronikos Gulf of Greece, Mar. Pollut. Bull.,54, 1361–1371 (2007) @No $ @ @ Jing G., Li Y., Xie L. and Zhang R., Different Effects of Pb2+ and Cu2+ on Immune and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in the Mantle of Pinctada fucata Environ. Toxicol. Phar.,24, 122–128 (2007) @No