@Research Paper
<#LINE#>Morpho-Agronomic Grain Trait Diversity Analysis of Traditional Rice Varieties of West Bengal, India<#LINE#>Deblina @Auddya,Anjan Kumar @Sinha <#LINE#>1-8<#LINE#>1.ISCA-IRJBS-2026-009.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Botany, Raghunathpur College, Raghunathpur, Purulia, WB-723133, India and Department of Botany, Sidho Kanho Birsha University, Purulia, WB -723104, India@Department of Botany, Raghunathpur College, Raghunathpur, Purulia, WB-723133, India<#LINE#>7/6/2026<#LINE#>10/7/2026<#LINE#>Grain morpho-agronomic characterization and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis were conducted on five traditional rice varieties from South Bengal. Among the studied varieties, Badamsaru, Bahurupi, and Barani variety exhibited medium grain size while Ashinlaya and Bachi were short grained. Ashinlaya possessed red Karnel, while the rest of four varieties had white kernel. Grains of all varieties have tubercles arranged in parallel and longitudinal rows from base to apex. All of them have distally pointed trichomes, generally covered the whole surface of the grains but more concentrated near the apex. Sterile lemma of five rice lines is also different among them Badamsaru and Barani have rough sterile lemma whereas rest of three have smooth sterile lemma surface. Scanning electron micrograph study of grain of traditional rice varieties helps to identify the different rice varieties and its helps to remove the misconception between the different name of the same variety.<#LINE#>Joshi S. and Srivastava S., Physical and cooking properties of rice and barnyard millet varieties. International Research Journal of Biological Science,13(11), 22-28.(2024)@undefined@undefined@Yes$Sinha A.K., Conservation and agro-botanical characterization of some Folk rice (Oryza sativa L.) of West Bengal. Journal of Scientific Enquiry, 2,136-142.(2022)@undefined@undefined@Yes$Sinha A.K. and Mishra P.K. Identification of important agro-morphic characters of traditional rice (Oryza sativa L.) of West Bengal for crop improvement through principal component analysis. The Ecoscan, 9(1&2), 541-546.(2015)@undefined@undefined@Yes$Sinha A.K. and Mishra P.K. Agro-biodiversity conservation for sustainable agriculture of lateritic region of West Bengal (India), Indian Journal of Ecology, 42(1), 188-191.(2015)@undefined@undefined@Yes$Deb D., Sengupta S. and Pradeep T., A profile of heavy metals in rice (Oryza sativa sp. indica) landraces.Current science, 407-409(2015).@undefined@undefined@Yes$RoyP., DebD., PradeepT., Talai-MukhopadhyayS, SinhaA. Kand SahaT.. Comparative analyses of the nutraceutical potentialities of selected Indian traditional black rice (Oryza sativa L.) landraces.Oryza, 58(2), 295-309(2021).@undefined@undefined@Yes$Sruthi S.R., Ivin J.J.S., Williams G. and Anbuselvam Y. Genetic variability and diversity analysis in traditional rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties of Tamil Nadu. Environment and Ecology, 41(2), 746-753 (2023).@undefined@undefined@Yes$Tam N.T., Khai N.H., KyH., Nhan D.K., Genome-wide association study for morphological and graintraits in rice landraces. SABRAO J. Breed. Genet.,57(6), 2248-2260(2025).@undefined@undefined@Yes$Sapkal N., KRA., Selot, T. Miglani A., Kankar PK., Kalra S.and Chakraborty A., A Quantitative Descriptor for Chalky and Discoloration Damage in Rice Grains.Journal of Food Quality, 28(1) 5483407 (2026).@undefined@undefined@Yes$Bal S., Basu, T.K. and Ali M., The determination of morphological and textural features of Rice grains in a sample using digital image processing technology and the classification of the rice grain in the sample. American society of agricultural and biological engineers, (2006) (ASABE meeting Paper No-066009).@undefined@undefined@Yes$PPV andFRA.. Guidelines for the conduct of test for Distinctiveness, Uniformity and Stability on rice (Oryza sativa L.). Plant Variety J India. (1) 24-25(2007).@undefined@undefined@No$Tomb A.S., SEM studies of small seeds. Proc. 7th Annual Scanning Electron Microscope Symposium. O. Johari and I. Corvin, eds. IIT Research Institute 7, 375-378(1974).@undefined@undefined@Yes$Maeda, E. (1972). Surface structure of unhulled rice observed by scanning electron microscope. Japanese Journal of Crop Science,41(4), 459-471.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Hoagland R.E. and Paul R.N.. A comparative SEM study of red rice and several commercial rice (Oryza sativa) varieties.Weed Science,26(6), 619-625(1978).@undefined@undefined@Yes$Murthy G.V.S. and SanjappaM., SEM studies on seed morphology of Indigofera L. (Fabaceae) and its TaxonomicUtility. Rh,eedea,12(1), 21-51(2002).@undefined@undefined@Yes$de Queiroz R.T. and Lewis G.P., Seed morphology: An addition to the taxonomy of Tephrosia (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae, Millettieae) from South America, Plant Syst Evol, 299(2), 459-470 (2012).@undefined@undefined@Yes
<#LINE#>Biogenic Nanoparticles synthesized from Murraya koenigii (l.) Spreng. and their Broad-spectrum Antimicrobial activity<#LINE#>Rajeshwari @Puttaswamy <#LINE#>9-14<#LINE#>2.ISCA-IRJBS-2026-012.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Botany Government Science College, Chitradurga, Karnataka, India<#LINE#>18/6/2026<#LINE#>13/7/2026<#LINE#>The extensive use of synthetic pesticides for controlling plant diseases has raised concerns regarding environmental safety and the development of resistant microbial populations, prompting the search for sustainable alternatives. In the present study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using the aqueous leaf extract of Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. through a green synthesis approach and evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against selected phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi. The formation of AgNPs was visually indicated by the transformation of the reaction mixture from pale yellow to dark brown and was confirmed by an absorption peak at approximately 430nm in the UV–Visible spectrum. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy suggested the involvement of naturally occurring phytochemicals in the reduction and stabilization of nanoparticles, while Scanning Electron Microscopy revealed predominantly spherical particles ranging from 20 to 45nm in size. The antimicrobial potential of the synthesized AgNPs was investigated against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, Pseudomonas syringae, Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium verticillioides. The nanoparticles suppressed the growth of all tested pathogens in a concentration-dependent manner, with the highest antibacterial activity recorded against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae at 100µg mL⁻¹. Minimum inhibitory concentrations ranged from 25 to 75µg mL⁻¹, whereas minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentrations varied between 50 and 150µg mL⁻¹. The results demonstrate that Murraya koenigii-mediated silver nanoparticles possess broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and may serve as a promising eco-friendly alternative for managing plant diseases. These findings also reinforce the potential of plant-based nanotechnology as a sustainable approach for developing effective antimicrobial agents for agricultural applications.<#LINE#>Savary S., FickeA., Aubetot J. N. and Hollier C. (2012).@Crop losses due to diseases and their implications for global food production.@Food Security, 4(4), 519–537.@Yes$Tariq M., Mohammad K. N., Ahmed B., Siddiqui M. A., and Lee J. (2022).@Biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles and prospects in plant disease management.@Molecules, 27(15), 4754.@Yes$Popp J., Pető K. and Nagy J. (2013).@Pesticide productivity and food security: A review.@Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 33(1), 243–255.@Yes$Sharma A., Kumar V., Shahzad B., Tanveer M., Sidhu, G.P.S., Handa N., Kohli S.K., Yadav P., Bali A.S., Parihar R.D., Dar O.I., Singh K., Jasrotia S., Bakshi P., Ramakrishnan M., Kumar S., Bhardwaj R. and Thukral A. K. (2019).@Worldwide pesticide usage and its impacts on ecosystem.@SN Applied Sciences, 1, 1446.@Yes$Rai M., Yadav A. and Gade A. (2009).@Silver nanoparticles as a new generation of antimicrobials.@Biotechnology Advances, 27(1), 76–83.@Yes$Ahmed S., Ahmad M., Swami B. L. and Ikram S. (2016).@A review on plants extract mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles for antimicrobial applications: A green expertise.@Journal of Advanced Research, 7(1), 17–28.@Yes$Singh P., Kim Y.J., Zhang D. and Yang D.C. (2016).@Biological synthesis of nanoparticles from plants and microorganisms.@Trends in Biotechnology, 34(7), 588–599, (2016).@Yes$Bhardwaj A., Ritika and Singh A.K. (2024).@Murraya koenigii plant extract mediated green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles and their applications: A review.@Plant Nano Biology, 8, 100076.@Yes$Philip D., Unni C., Aromal S.A. and Vidhu V.K. (2011).@Murraya koenigii leaf-assisted rapid green synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles.@Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 78(2), 899–904.@Yes$Bonde S.R., Rathod D.P., Ingle A.P., Ade R.B., Gade A. K., and Rai M.K. (2012).@Murrayakoenigii-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles and its activity against three human pathogenic bacteria.@Nanoscience Methods, 1(1), 25–36.@Yes$Ilyas H., Tomar S., Raghav H., Tandon R. and Raghav D.S. (2026).@Recent developments in green synthesis of nanoparticles using Murraya koenigii for multifunctional applications.@Discover Materials, 6, 229, (2026).@Yes$Kalu C.M., Ogugua U.V., Udeh E L., Otun S., Oladipo, A.O., Lebelo S.L., Adriaanse P., Ntushelo K. and Tekere, M. (2026).@Applications of nanoparticles in plant disease identification and control for sustainable crop production.@Discover Nano, 21, 15.@Yes$Vinyagamoorthy S., Sivalingam A. M., Alex A. and Brahma N. (2024).@Pharmacological effect of in vitro antioxidant property and green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) utilizing Murrayakoenigii: Antibacterial application.@Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences, 16(Suppl. 2), S1263–S1269.@Yes$Gurunathan S., Han JW., Eppakayala V. and Kim J.H. (2014).@Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant extracts and their antibacterial activities.@Nanoscale Research Letters, 9, 373.@Yes$Irfan, M. I., Amjad, F., Abbas, A., Rehman, M. F. U., Kanwal, F., Saeed, M., ... & Lu, C. (2022).@Novel carboxylic acid-capped silver nanoparticles as antimicrobial and colorimetric sensing agents.@Molecules, 27(11), 3363.@Yes$Philip D. (2010).@Green synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles using Hibiscus rosa-sinensis.@Physica E: Low-Dimensional Systems and Nanostructures, 42(5), 1417–1424.@Yes$Sadowski Z. (2008).@Biosynthesis and application of silver nanoparticles.@In D. Klimchuk (Ed.), Silver nanoparticles, InTech.@Yes$Coates J. (2006).@Interpretation of infrared spectra: A practical approach.@In R. A. Meyers & R. A. McKelvy (Eds.), Encyclopedia of analytical chemistry. John Wiley & Sons, (2006)@Yes$Goldstein, J. I., Newbury, D. E., Michael, J. R., Ritchie, N. W., Scott, J. H. J., & Joy, D. C. (2017).@Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis.@springer.@Yes$Balouiri, M., Sadiki, M., & Ibnsouda, S. K. (2016).@Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: A review.@Journal of pharmaceutical analysis, 6(2), 71-79.@Yes$Wiegand I., Hilpert K. and Hancock R.E.W (2008).@Agar and broth dilution methods to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antimicrobial substances.@Nature Protocols, 3(2), 163–175.@Yes$Eker F., Akdaşçi E., Duman H., Bechelany M. and Karav S. (2005).@Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant extracts: A comprehensive review of physicochemical properties and multifunctional applications.@International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(13), 6222@Yes$Alfosea-SimónF. J. Burgos L. and Alburquerque N. (2025).@Silver nanoparticles help plants grow, alleviate stresses, and fight against pathogens.@Plants, 14(3), 428@Yes
<#LINE#>Exploring Antiviral Chemical Space for the Discovery of Novel RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase inhibitors against Japanese Encephalitis Virus<#LINE#>Akshay Kumar @Shukla,Mohd @Saeed,Vivek Dhar @Dwivedi,Ramesh Chandra @Tripathi <#LINE#>15-27<#LINE#>3.ISCA-IRJBS-2026-013.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Environment, Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidyalaya, Chitrakoot, Satna, India@Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia@Bioinformatics Research Division, Quanta Calculus, Greater Noida, UP, India@Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Environment, Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidyalaya, Chitrakoot, Satna, India<#LINE#>20/6/2026<#LINE#>15/7/2026<#LINE#>This research focuses on Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), one of the most serious mosquito-borne flaviviruses that cause neuroinvasive disease in humans. Despite the wide use of vaccines, there is still a high burden of JEV infections for which there are no good therapies. One of the main enzymes responsible for viral replication is the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), and it could be a good drug target. Thus, in the current research, we employed a structure-based virtual screening strategy to predict inhibitors of the JEV RdRp enzyme using the enzyme's crystal structure and Life Chemicals' antiviral library. Fifteen candidates were identified during the screening process and then re-scored using MM/GBSA calculations. After scoring using MM/GBSA values, the three top-ranking molecules (F3217-0045, F1951-0385, and F1951-0396), together with the reference inhibitor Galidesivir, underwent detailed analysis via molecular dynamics simulations. All three selected molecules interacted stably with the catalytically active sites in the ATP-binding pocket and exhibited higher binding affinity than the reference inhibitor. The trajectory analysis and trajectory-based MM/GBSA calculations indicated that all three selected compounds formed stable protein-ligand complexes over 100 ns of MD. Particularly, F3217-0045 had the best binding free energy (-84.95 ± 5.71 kcal/mol) among the three molecules, and F1951-0396 had the highest stability during the molecular dynamics simulation. Overall, the results presented constitute the discovery of promising lead molecules that inhibit JEV-RdRp and provide a basis for further experimental studies.<#LINE#>Solomon T. (2006).@Control of Japanese Encephalitis-Within Our Grasp?.@New England Journal of Medicine, 355(9), 869–871 (2006).@Yes$Campbell G., Hills S., Fischer M., Jacobson J., Hoke C., Hombach J., Marfin A., Solomon T., Tsai T., Tsui, V. and Ginsburg A. (2011).@Estimated global incidence of Japanese encephalitis: a systematic review.@Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 89, 766-774.@Yes$Harshani H.B.C. and Abeynayake J.I. (2025).@Japanese encephalitis in Asia: A comprehensive review.@Journal of Vector Borne Diseases, 62(4), 398–407.@Yes$Turtle L. and Solomon T. (2018).@Japanese encephalitis — the prospects for new treatments.@Nature Reviews Neurology, 14(5), 298–313(2018).@Yes$Best S.M. (2016).@Flaviviruses.@Current Biology, 26(24), R1258–R1260.@Yes$Lindenbach B.D. and Rice C.M. (2003).@Molecular biology of flaviviruses.@Advances in virus research, 59, 23–62.@Yes$Pierson T.C. and Diamond M.S. (2020).@The continued threat of emerging flaviviruses.@Nature Microbiology, 5(6), 796–812.@Yes$Surana P., Satchidanandam V. and Nair D.T. (2014).@RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of Japanese encephalitis virus binds the initiator nucleotide GTP to form a mechanistically important pre-initiation state.@Nucleic acids research, 42(4), 2758–2773(2014).@Yes$Malet H., Massé N., Selisko B., Romette J. L., Alvarez K., Guillemot J.C., Tolou H., Yap T.L., Vasudevan S.G. and Lescar J. (2008).@The flavivirus polymerase as a target for drug discovery.@Antiviral research, 80(1), 23–35.@Yes$Furuta, Y., Komeno, T., & Nakamura, T. (2017). Favipiravir (T-705) (2017).@A broad spectrum inhibitor of viral RNA polymerase.@Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B, 93(7), 449-463.@Yes$Furuta Y., Gowen B.B., Takahashi K., Shiraki K., Smee D.F. and Barnard D.L., Favipiravir (T-705) (2013).@A novel viral RNA polymerase inhibitor.@Antiviral Research, 100(2), 446–454(2013).@Yes$Eyer L., Nencka R., De Clercq E., Seley-Radtke K. and Růžek D. (2018).@Nucleoside analogs as a rich source of antiviral agents active against arthropod-borne flaviviruses.@Antiviral Chemistry and Chemotherapy, 26, 2040206618761299.@Yes$Burley S.K., Bhatt R., Bhikadiya C., Bi C., Biester A., Biswas P., Bittrich S., Blaumann S., Brown R. and Chao H. (2025).@Updated resources for exploring experimentally-determined PDB structures and Computed Structure Models at the RCSB Protein Data Bank.@Nucleic Acids Research, 53(D1), D564–D574, (2025).@Yes$Madhavi Sastry G., Adzhigirey M., Day T., Annabhimoju R. and Sherman W. (2013).@Protein and ligand preparation: parameters, protocols, and influence on virtual screening enrichments.@Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design, 27(3), 221–234.@Yes$Roos K., Wu C., Damm W., Reboul M., Stevenson J. M., Lu C., Dahlgren M.K., Mondal S., Chen W. and Wang L. (2019).@OPLS3e: Extending force field coverage for drug-like small molecules.@Journal of chemical theory and Computation, 15(3), 1863–1874, (2019).@Yes$Schrödinger (2025).@Schrödinger Release 2025-1: LigPrep@LLC, New York, NY.@Yes$Halgren T. A., Murphy R.B., Friesner R.A., Beard H.S., Fry L.L., Pollard W.T. and Banks, J. L. (2004).@Glide: a new approach for rapid, accurate docking and scoring. 2. Enrichment factors in database screening.@Journal of medicinal chemistry, 47(7), 1750–1759, (2004).@Yes$Friesner R.A., Murphy R.B., Repasky M.P., Frye L.L., Greenwood J.R., Halgren T.A., Sanschagrin P.C. and Mainz D.T. (2006).@Extra precision glide: Docking and scoring incorporating a model of hydrophobic enclosure for protein− ligand complexes.@Journal of medicinal chemistry, 49(21), 6177–6196.@Yes$Halgren T.A., Murphy R.B., Friesner R.A., Beard H.S., Frye L.L., Pollard W.T. and  Banks J. L. (2004).@Glide: A New Approach for Rapid, Accurate Docking and Scoring. 2. Enrichment Factors in Database Screening. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 47(7), 1750–1759.@undefined@Yes$Friesner R. A., MurphyR. B., Repasky M. P., Frye L. L., Greenwood J. R., Halgren T. A., Sanschagrin P. C. & and Mainz D. T. (2006).@Extra precision glide: Docking and scoring incorporating a model of hydrophobic enclosure for protein−ligand complexes.@Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 49(21), 6177–6196.@Yes$Schrödinger (2025).@Schrödinger Release 2025-1: Prime.@LLC, New York, NY.@Yes$Bowers K. J., Chow D. E., Xu H., Dror R. O., Eastwood M. P., Gregersen B. A., Klepeis J. L., Kolossvary I., Moraes M. A., Sacerdoti F. D., Salmon J. K., Shan Y. and Shaw D. E. (2006).@Scalable Algorithms for Molecular Dynamics Simulations on Commodity Clusters.@IEEE, Tampa, FL.@Yes$Evans D. J. and Holian B. L. (1985).@The nose–hoover thermostat.@The Journal of chemical physics, 83(8), 4069–4074.@Yes$Janek J. and Kolafa J. (2024).@Novel barostat implementation for molecular dynamics.@The Journal of Chemical Physics, 160(18).@Yes$Kräutlerr V., Van Gunsteren W. F. and Hünenberger P. H. (2001).@A fast SHAKE algorithm to solve distance constraint equations for small molecules in molecular dynamics simulations.@Journal of Computational Chemistry, 22(5), 501–508.@Yes$Julander J. G., Demarest J. F., Taylor R., Gowen B. B., Walling D. M., Mathis A. and Babu Y. S. (2021).@An update on the progress of galidesivir (BCX4430), a broad-spectrum antiviral.@Antiviral Research, 195, 105180.@Yes$Dwivedi V. D., Singh A., El-Kafraway S. A., Alandijany T. A., Faizo A. A., Bajrai L. H., Kamal M. A. and Azhar E. I. (2021).@Mechanistic insights into the Japanese encephalitis virus RNA dependent RNA polymerase protein inhibition by bioflavonoids from Azadirachta indica.@Scientific Reports, 11(1), 18125.@Yes$Yadav P., El-Kafrawy S. A., El-Day M. M., Alghafari W. T., Faizo A. A., Jha S. K., Dwivedi V. D. and Azhar, E. I. (2022).@Discovery of Small Molecules from Echinacea angustifolia Targeting RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase of Japanese Encephalitis Virus.@Life, 12(7), 952.@Yes$Alshammari S. O. (2024).@Marine Brown Algae-Derived Compounds as Potential Inhibitors of Japanese Encephalitis Virus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase.@Marine Drugs, 22(2), 92.@Yes$Bajrai L. H., Alandijany T. A., Alsaady I., El-Daly M. M., Tolah A. M., Khateb A. M., Dubey A., Dwivedi V. D. and Azhar E. I. (2024).@Assessing the inhibitory potential of anti-dengue compounds against Japanese encephalitis virus RNA dependent RNA polymerase: An in silico study.@Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 42(21), 11844–11860.@Yes$Alam A., Anjum A., Moglad E. H., Jawaid T., Foudah A. I., Alotaibi F., Aba Alkhayl F. F., Azhar Kamal M., Warsi M. K. and Balaha M. F. (2025).@Zingiberaceae-derived phytomolecules inhibit Japanese encephalitis virus RNA dependent RNA polymerase: a molecular dynamics study.@Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 43(16), 8944–8958.@Yes
@Short Communication
<#LINE#>A study on chitinase of Cytobacillus firmus and its applied potential<#LINE#>Monal @Ambekar,Sarina. P. @Khabade <#LINE#>28-31<#LINE#>4.ISCA-IRJBS-2024-023.pdf<#LINE#>Department of PG studies in Biotechnology, Nrupathunga University, NT road, Bangalore, India@Department of PG studies in Biotechnology, Nrupathunga University, NT road, Bangalore, India<#LINE#>22/8/2024<#LINE#>28/12/2025<#LINE#>Aim of this study deals with the isolation of chitinase enzyme from cockroach carcasses and to analyze its potential biocontrol activity. The sample of cockroach carcasses were collected aseptically and subjected to serial dilution to isolate the bacterial strain. Two microorganisms were isolated and were screened for lytic enzyme in colloidal chitin media. The biochemical tests were performed to prove their validity. Further sequencing was performed to determine the species. The isolates were screened based on the clear zone formed. These isolates were subjected to biochemical test and 16s ribosomal RNA sequencing. A bacterial strain, Cytobacillus firmus, gram-negative, non-motile organism was identified. The isolates analyzed for antifungal activity showed significant percentage of inhibition.<#LINE#>Bakkers, J., Kijne, J. W. and Spaink, H. P. (1999).@Function of chitin oligosaccharides in plant and animal development.@EXS 87, 71-83.@Yes$Glaser, L. and Brown, D. H. (1957).@The synthesis of chitin in cell-free extracts of Neurospora crassa.@J. Biol. Chem., 228(2), 729-742.@Yes$Jaworski, E., Wang, L. and Margo, G. (1963).@Synthesis of chitin in cellfree extracts of Prodeniaeridania.@Nature, 198, 790.@Yes$Shahidi, F., & Abuzaytoun, R. (2005).@Chitin, chitosan, and co-products: chemistry, production, applications, and health effects.@Advances in food and nutrition research, 49(4526), 49003-49008.@Yes$Kumar, M. N. V. R., Muzzarelli, R. A. A., & Sashiwa, H. (2011).@Chitin and chitosan: Chemistry and pharmaceutical perspectives.@Pharmaceutical Research, 28(1), 45-50.@Yes$Rinaudo, M. (2006).@Chitin and chitosan: Properties and applications.@Progress in Polymer Science, 31(7), 603-632.@Yes$Muzzarelli, R. A. (1999).@Clinical and biochemical evaluation of chitosan for hypercholesterolemia and overweight control.@Exs, 87, 293-304.@Yes$Suginta, W., Robertson, P. A. W., Austin, B., Fry, S. C., & Fothergill‐Gilmore, L. A. (2000).@Chitinases from Vibrio: activity screening and purification of chiA from Vibrio carchariae.@Journal of applied microbiology, 89(1), 76-84.@Yes$Bhattacharya, D., Nagpure, A., & Gupta, R. K. (2007).@Bacterial chitinases: properties and potential.@Critical reviews in biotechnology, 27(1), 21-28.@Yes$Mendonsa, E. S., Vartak, P. H., Rao, J. U., & Deshpande, M. V. (1996).@An enzyme from Myrothecium verrucaria that degrades insect cuticles for biocontrol of Aedes aegypti mosquito.@Biotechnology letters, 18, 373-376.@Yes$Funkhouser, J. D., & Aronson, N. N. (2007).@Chitinase family GH18: evolutionary insights from the genomic history of a diverse protein family.@BMC evolutionary biology, 7, 1-16.@Yes$Henrissat, B., & Davies, G. J. (2000).@Glycoside hydrolases and glycosyltransferases.@Family classification in CAZy. Acta Crystallographica Section D: Biological Crystallography, 56(6), 841-844.@Yes$Kramer, K. J., & Koga, D. (1986).@Insect chitin: physical state, synthesis, degradation and metabolic regulation.@Insect biochemistry, 16(6), 851-877.@Yes$Sahai, A. S., & Manocha, M. S. (1993).@Chitinases of fungi and plants: their involvement in morphogenesis and host—parasite interaction.@FEMS Microbiology Reviews,  11(4), 317-338.@Yes$Harman, G. E., Hayes, C. K., Lorito, M., Broadway, R. M., Di Pietro, A., Peterbauer, C., & Tronsmo, A. (1993).@Chitinolytic enzymes of Trichoderma harzianum: purification of chitobiosidase and endochitinase.@Phytopathology, 83(3), 313-318.@Yes$Williams, M. J.; Hammond, A. C.; Butts, W. T. and Kunkle, W. E. (1989).@Dynamics of a tropical grass legume sward in the subtropics and its effects on animal performance.@Proceedings of the XVI International Grassland Congress, 4-11 October 1989, Nice, France. 1989, 1021-1022@Yes$Mahboub, M. T., Hassan, M. I., Bream, A. S., Mohamed, A. F., & Abdel-Samad, M. R. (2021).@Evaluation of the antibacterial and antifungal activities of chitosan prepared from the American cockroach, (Periplaneta americana).@Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, E. Medical Entomology & Parasitology, 13(1), 39-46.@Yes$Kimura, M. (1980).@A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences.@Journal of molecular evolution, 16, 111-120.@Yes$Tamura, K., Stecher, G., & Kumar, S. (2021).@MEGA11: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 11.@Molecular biology and evolution, 38(7), 3022-3027.@Yes$Ray, L., Panda, A. N., Mishra, S. R., Pattanaik, A. K., Adhya, T. K., Suar, M., & Raina, V. (2019).@Purification and characterization of an extracellular thermo-alkali stable, metal tolerant chitinase from Streptomyces chilikensis RC1830 isolated from a brackish water lake sediment.@Biotechnology Reports, 21, e00311.@Yes$Reyes‐ramírez, A., Escudero‐Abarca, B., Aguilar‐Uscanga, G., Hayward‐Jones, P., & Barboza‐Corona, J. E. (2004).@Antifungal Activity of Bacillus thuringiensis Chitinase and Its Potential for the Biocontrol of Phytopathogenic Fungi in Soybean Seeds.@Journal of Food Science, 69(5).@Yes
@Review Paper
<#LINE#>From Environmental Pollution to Human Disease: Microplastics exposure, Molecular Toxicity, Environmental Remediation, and Future Perspectives<#LINE#>Amanabo @M.,Jimoh @R.B.,Aziagba @E.C.,Ndukaire @V.O.,Tswanya @M.N.,Salisu @A.,Ibrahim @M.I. <#LINE#>32-39<#LINE#>5.ISCA-IRJBS-2026-014.pdf<#LINE#>Biochemistry Department of Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University Lapai, Niger State, Nigeria@Biotechnology Research Centre of Sheda Science and Technology Complex, Abuja, Nigeria@Chemistry Research Centre of Sheda Science and Technology Complex, Abuja, Nigeria@Chemistry Research Centre of Sheda Science and Technology Complex, Abuja, Nigeria@Biotechnology Research Centre of Sheda Science and Technology Complex, Abuja, Nigeria@biological Science Department of Federal University Duste, Jigawa State, Nigeria@Biochemistry Department of Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University Lapai, Niger State, Nigeria and Biotechnology Research Centre of Sheda Science and Technology Complex, Abuja, Nigeria<#LINE#>25/6/2026<#LINE#>19/7/2026<#LINE#>Microplastics have occurred as persistent ecological contaminants with significant ecological and potential human health implications. The review build on the recent evidence on the sources, environmental distribution, and exposure pathways of human, toxicological mechanisms, remediation strategies, and governance challenges associated with microplastics. Originating from either deliberately made particles or the fragmentation of bigger plastic remains, microplastics are extensively distributed in water, terrestrial, atmospheric environs and can also be detected in food, water, and tissues of human, like lungs, blood, , and the placenta. Exposure of Human occurs primarily through inhalation, dermal and ingestion contact. Following internalization, microplastics may stimulate inflammation, oxidative stress, endocrine disruption, genotoxicity, and mitochondrial dysfunction, while also acting as carriers of heavy metals, tenacious organic pollutants, antibiotic resistance genes, and pathogenic microorganisms through the “Trojan horse effect.” Although increasing evidence suggests potential multi-organ toxicity, important exposure thresholds remain uncertainties, long-term health effects, and the biological behavior of nanoplastics. Furthermore, the absence of standardized analytical methods and harmonized monitoring protocols continues to limit reliable risk assessment. Current remediation approaches, including physical, chemical, biological, and circular economy strategies, provide partial solutions but remain insufficient for comprehensive environmental management. 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