@Research Paper
<#LINE#>Effect of seasons on the bacteriological quality of Iyifeyi stream in Ugwobi Abbi, Enugu State, Nigeria<#LINE#>Onuorah @Samuel,Ndumdi @Dominic <#LINE#>1-11<#LINE#>1.ISCA-IRJBS-2020-069.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Applied Microbiology and Brewing, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria@Department of Applied Microbiology and Brewing, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria<#LINE#>30/11/2020<#LINE#>12/6/2021<#LINE#>Good quality water is essential to human metabolic activities. The effect of seasons on the bacteriological quality of Iyifeyi stream in Ugwobi Abbi in Uzo-Uwani Local Government Area of Enugu State, Nigeria was studied using the spread plate and multiple tubes methods. Total bacterial load of the stream water examined during the dry season was 32x102cfu/ml to 56x102 cfu/ml; total coliforms, 14MPN/100ml to 21MPN/100ml and the faecal coliforms 0MPN/100ml. The total bacterial load of the stream during the wet season was 102×102cfu/ml to 160×102cfu/ml; total coliforms, 20MPN/100ml to 43MPN/100ml and the faecal coliforms, 6MPN/100ml to 14MPN/100ml. Shigellae load was 0cfu/ml to 2cfu/ml while Salmonellae, Vibrio cholerae, Enterococcus faecalis and Clostridium perfringens were not detected during both seasons.  These results indicated that Iyifeyi stream is unsafe for drinking due to the high bacterial load including the presence of coliforms. Micrococcus varians, Bacillus cereus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were detected in the stream water during both seasons.  The antibiotics sensitivity test revealed that all the identified bacteria were resistant to Amikacin and Tetracycline. The water from the stream is therefore recommended for treatment such as boiling, sand filtration, chlorination and ozonation before drinking.<#LINE#>Eyankware, M.O. and Obasi P.N. (2014).@Physicochemical analysis of water resources in selected part of Enugu State South Eastern Nigeria.@Int. J. Innov. Sci. Res, 10(1), 171-178.@Yes$Muhammad, M; S. Samira; J. Farrukh and A. Faryal ( 2013).@Assessment of drinking water quality and its impact on residents health in Bahawalpur City.@Int. J. Hum. Soc. Sci, 3,114-128.@Yes$Memon, M; M.S. Soomro; M.S. Akhtar and K.S. Memon. (2011).@Drinking water quality assessment in Southern Sindh (Pakistan).@Environ. Mod. Assess, 177 (1-4), 39-50.@Yes$Egberongbe, H. O; V. A. Awoderu and O. O. Bello, (2010).@Microbial and Physicochemical evaluation of some streams along Ilisan – Ago – Iwaye road, Ogun State Nigeria. Journal of Olabisi Onabanjo University, Microbiol.@Appl. Zool. Plant Sci, 1-10.@Yes$lukubye, B. and M. Andama (2017).@Bacterial analysis of selected drinking water sources in Mbarara Municipality, Uganda.@J. Water Resource Prot, 9, 999-1013.@Yes$Cheesbrough, M. (2006).@District laboratory practice in tropical countries part 2 Cambridge.@Cambridge University Press, p 290-320.@Yes$Jorgensen, J. H. and J. D. Turnidge (2007).@Susceptibility test methods: dilution and disk diffusion methods (9th ed.).@ASM Press, Washington, D.C.p 1152-1172.@Yes$Ukpong, E.C. and B.U. Peter (2012).@Physicochemical and bacteriological analyses of drinking water.@Nig. J. Technol, 31(2), 116-117.@Yes$Krishna, P.M., Jayashnakar and H. Shankar, (2011).@Physicochemical and bacteriological parameters of Kaveri River.@National Monthly Refereed Journal of Res. Sci. Technol, 1(6), 12-13.@Yes$Omoigberale, M.N.O; J.O Isibor; J. I. Izegaegbe and M. I. Iyamu (2013).@Seasonal variation in the bacteriological quality of Ebutte River in Ehor Community, Edo State, Nigeria.@Am. J. Res. Comm., 1(7), 59-69.@Yes$Akrong, M. O; F. K. Amu-Mensah; M. A. Amu-Mensah; H. Darko; G. N.D. Addico; and J.A. Ampofo (2019).@Seasonal analysis of bacteriological quality of drinking water sources in communities surrounding Lake Bosomtwe in the Ashanti Region of Ghana.@Appl. Water Sci., 9, 82.@Yes$Edokpayi, J. N; J. O Odiyo; E. O. Popoola and T. A. M. Msagati (2018).@Evaluation of microbiological and physicochemical parameters of alternative source of drinking water: a case study of Nzhelele River, South Africa.@The Open Microbiology Journal, 12, 18-27.@Yes$World Health Organization (2006).@Guidelines for drinking water quality.@6th ed. WHO Press, Geneva, Switzerland. p 12-13.@No$Shittu, O.B., J.O Olaitan and T.S. Amusa (2008).@Physicochemical and bacteriological analyses of water used for drinking and swimming purposes.@Afr. J. Biomed. Res, 11, 285-286.@Yes$Akubuenyi, F.C., Enyi-Ido and E.C. Utta (2013).@Microbiological and physicochemical assessment of major sources of water for domestic uses in Calabar metropolis.@Trans. J.Sci. Technol, 3(2), 31-36.@Yes$Daramola, J; T.M. Ekhwan., E.J. Adepehin; J. Mokhtar; K.C. Lam and A.C. Er. (2019).@Seasonal quality variation and environmental risks associated with the consumption of surface water: implication from the Landzun Stream, Bida, Nigeria.@Heliyon, 5(7), eo2121.@Yes$Obioma, A; A.T. Chikanka and N.W. Loveth (2017).@Evaluation of the Bicteriological quality of surface well, borehole and river water in Khana Local Government Area of River State, Niger Delta.@Ann. Clinic. Lab. Res, 5(3), 183.@Yes$Onyango, A.E; M.W. Okoth; C.N. Kunyanga and B.O. Aliwa (2018).@Microbiological quality and contamination level of water sources in Isiolo County in Kenya.@J. Environ. Pub. Health, 1-11.@Yes$Egberongbe, H.O; O.O. Bello, A.T. Solate and M.S. Sossou (2012).@Microbiological evaluation of stream water for domestic use in rural areas: a case study of Ijebu North Local Government Area, Ogun State, Nigeria.@J. Nat. Sci. Eng. Technol, 11(1), 93-103.@Yes$Orji, M.U., E.E. Ezenwaje; and B. C. Anyaegbunam. (2006).@Spatial appraisal of shallow well water pollution in Awka, Nigeria.@J. Microbiol, 20(3), 1384-1387.@Yes$Nwidu, L.L., B. Oveh; T. Okoriye and N.A. Vaikosen (2008).@Assessment of the water quality and prevalence of water-borne diseases in Amassoma, Niger Delta, Nigeria.@Afri. J. Biotechnol, 7(17), 2993-2997.@Yes$Latha, N. and M. R. Mohan (2013).@Microbial pollution – total coliform and faecal coliform of Kengeri Lake, Bangalore region, Karnataka India.@Int. J. Sci. Res. Pub, 3(11), 1-3.@Yes$Ouma, S. O; J.N. Ngeranwa; K.K. Juma. and D.N. Mburu. (2016).@Seasonal variation of the physicochemical and bacteriological quality of water from five rural catchment Areas of Lake Victoria Basin in Kenya.@J. Environ. Analyt. Chem, 3(1), 1-7.@Yes
<#LINE#>A study on fish diversity in Pullazhi Kole Wetlands of Thrissur, India after the deluge of 2019<#LINE#>Sunil Kumar @P.,Sneha @A. <#LINE#>12-17<#LINE#>2.ISCA-IRJBS-2021-015.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Zoology, Sree kerala Varma College, Thrissur-680001, India  @Department of Zoology, Sree kerala Varma College, Thrissur-680001, India  <#LINE#>17/5/2021<#LINE#>7/9/2021<#LINE#>Kole wetlands are the major fresh water wetlands of Kerala which spread into Thrissur and Malappuram districts. The study was conducted to record the diversity of fishes collected from Pullazhi Kole wetlands, Thrissur district, Kerala during the period from November 2019 to March 2020, after the deluge of 2019. 25 species of fishes belonging to 8 orders were identified. The species recorded are Channa striatus, Channa marulius, Etroplus suratensis, Etroplus maculatus, Oreochromis mossambicus, Anabas testudineus, Nandus nandus, Puntius parrah, Puntius dorsalis, Dawkensia filamentosa, Rasbora dandia, Catla catla, Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala. Amplypharyngodon melettinus, Mystus armatus, Mystus montanus, Wallago attu, Heteropneustes fossilis, Belone belone, Hemiramphus far, Anguilla bengalensis, Mastacembelus armatus, Valamugil seheli  and Pygocentrus nattereri. The presence of exotic predatory fish Pygocentrus nattereri is a significant observation in the present study which would result in the absence of 8 native fish species after the deluge. A significant reduction in number of native species and increase of exotic species was noticed during the study period.<#LINE#>Hashemi, S. A., Ghorbani, R., Kymaram, F., Hossini, S. A., Eskandari, G., & Hedayati, A. (2015).@Fish species composition, distribution and abundance in Shadegan Wetland.@Fisheries and Aquaculture Journal, 6(2), 1.@Yes$Jewel, M., Sayed, A., Haque, M., Khatun, R., & Rahman, M. (2018).@A Comparative Study of Fish Assemblage and Diversity Indices in two Different Aquatic Habitats in Bangladesh: Lakhandaha Wetland and Atari River.@Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences, 11(4).@Yes$Hasyimah, N., Syakira, M. H., MZ, M. S., Samat, A., & Iwana, I. (2013).@Water quality, diversity and distribution of freshwater fishes in Negeri Sembilan.@Journal of Academia, 3(1), 10-19.@Yes$Shukla, P., & Singh, A. (2013).@Distribution and diversity of freshwater fishes in Aami River, Gorakhpur, India.@Advances in Biological Research, 7(2), 26-31.@Yes$Day F. (1865).@The fishes of Malabar. Bernard quaritch London.@pp: 293.@No$Day, F. (1888).@The fishes of India: being a natural history of the fishes known to inhabit the seas and fresh waters of India, Burma, and Ceylon.@Vol. 1. Author.@Yes$Easa P. S. and Shaji. C. P. (2003).@Biodiversity Documentation in Kerala. Part 8: Fresh water Fishes.@Kerala Forest Research institute, Peechi, Kerala@No$Inasu, N. D. (1991).@Systematic and Bionomics of Inland Fishes of Thrissur District.@Ph. D Thesis submitted to the Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, India.@No$Kumar, A. B. (2000).@Exotic fishes and freshwater fish diversity.@Zoos’ Print Journal, 15(11), 363-367.@Yes$Anna Mercy, T. V., Gopalakrishnan, A., Kapoor, D., & Lakra, W. S. (2007).@Ornamental fishes of the Western Ghats of India.@@Yes$Raju, C. S., Sekhara, J. C., & Simhachalam, G. (2014).@Biodiversity and Conservation status of Ichthyofauna of Lake Kolleru, Andhra Pradesh, India.@Zoology, 3(5).@Yes$Prasad, A. D., Venkataramana, G. V., & Thomas, M. (2009).@Fish diversity and its conservation in major wetlands of Mysore.@Journal of Environmental biology, 30(5), 713.@Yes$Shetty, A., Venkateshwarlu, M., & Muralidharan, M. (2015).@Effect of water quality on the composition of fish communities in three coastal rivers of Karnataka, India.@International Journal of Aquatic Biology, 3(1), 42-51.@Yes$Oli, B. B., Jha, D. K., Aryal, P. C., Shrestha, M. K., Dangol, D. R., & Gautam, B. (2013).@Seasonal variation in water quality and fish diversity of Rampur Ghol, a wetland in Chitwan, Central Nepal.@Nepalese Journal of Biosciences, 3, 9-17.@Yes$Grubh, A. R., & Winemiller, K. O. (2018).@Spatiotemporal variation in wetland fish assemblages in the Western Ghats region of India.@Knowledge & Management of Aquatic Ecosystems, (419), 35.@Yes
<#LINE#>Study of maternal care in some spiders of Satlasana, North Gujarat, India<#LINE#>B.M. @Parmar <#LINE#>18-23<#LINE#>3.ISCA-IRJBS-2021-016.pdf<#LINE#>Central Laboratory, Dudheswar waterworks, Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, Gujarat, India<#LINE#>17/5/2021<#LINE#>17/8/2021<#LINE#>Adaptation is the most important part of evolution. This Behavioral and evolutionary strategy of female spiders in form of maternal care to raise their offspring in some spiders of various families was studied from 2017 to 2018. Study and observations of spiders were done in the maternal care exhibited by female spiders of families i.e. Araneidae, Eresidae, Lycosidae, Pholcidae, Sparassidae, and Theridiidae. The results of the maternal care study showed that behavioral and caring patterns varied from species to species.<#LINE#>World Spider Catalog. Version 22.0. (2021).@Natural History Museum Bern.@@Yes$Caleb, J.T.D. and Sankaran, P.M. (2021).@Araneae of India.@Version 2021, online at http://www. indianspiders.in, accessed on 21/05/2021.@Yes$Parmar, B.M. (2018).@Preliminary Study of Spiders (order: Araneae) from Satlasana Taluka.@International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, 8(3), 735-740.@Yes$Trivers, R. L. (2017).@Parental investment and sexual selection.@Routledge. pp. 136-179.@Yes$Foelix, R. F. (2011).@Biology of Spiders.@Third Edition. Oxford University Press, Madison Avenue, New York. pp. 419.@No$Bristowe, W. S. (1971).@The World of Spiders.@Collins, London. pp. 304.@No$Parmar B.M. (2018).@Taxonomic and Ecological study of Spiders from Satlasana Taluka, Gujarat, India.@Ph. D. Thesis, H.N.G. University. pp. 165.@No$Patent D. Hinshaw (1980).@The Lives of Spiders.@NY: Holiday House. New York. pp. 128.@Yes$Preston-Mafham, Rod, Ken (1984).@Spiders of the World.@NY: Facts on File, Inc. New York.@No$Junghanns A, Holm C, Schou MF, Overgaard J, Malte H, Uhl G and Bilde T (2019).@Physiological Adaptations to Extreme Maternal and Allomaternal Care in Spiders.@Front. Ecol. Evol., 7, 305. doi: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00305.@Yes$Fowler, M. A. and Williams T. D. (2017).@A physiological signature of the cost of reproduction associated with parental care.@Am Natural. 190, 762–773. doi: 10.1086/ 694123.@Yes$Jacson CC and Joseph KJ (1973).@Behavior of the social spider Stegodyphus sarasinorum Karsh.@Biological Sciences - Animal Behavior Papers, 20(2), 189-203.@No$Salomon, M., Schneider, J., & Lubin, Y. (2005).@Maternal investment in a spider with suicidal maternal care, Stegodyphus lineatus (Araneae, Eresidae).@Oikos, 109(3), 614-622.@Yes$Tikader, B. K. (1962).@Studies on some Indian spiders (Araneae: Arachnida).@Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 44(300), 561-584.@Yes$Deshmukh, U. (2017).@Suicidal maternal care in spider Stegodyphus sarasinorum (family Eresidae).@Int J Fauna Biol Stud, 4, 114-116.@Yes$Toyama, M. (1999).@Adaptive advantages of maternal care and matriphagy in a foliage spider, Chiracanthium japonicum (Araneae: Coubionidae).@Journal of Ethology, 17(1), 33-39.@Yes$Tripathi, R., Jangid, A. K., Siliwal, M., & Dutta, S. (2020).@The first report of matriphagy in Stegodyphus pacificus Pocock 1900.@Acta Arachnologica, 69(1), 17-21.@Yes$Yip, E. C., & Rayor, L. S. (2014).@Maternal care and subsocial behaviour in spiders.@Biological reviews, 89(2), 427-449.@Yes
<#LINE#>Decolourization of bromophenol blue and bromocresol green by laccase enzyme from Brassica oleraceae<#LINE#>S. @Revathi,Mohsin @Taj,N.S. @Shalini,Sarina P. @Khabade <#LINE#>24-28<#LINE#>4.ISCA-IRJBS-2021-018.pdf<#LINE#>Department of biotechnology, Government Science College (Autonomous), Bangalore, Karnataka, India@Department of biotechnology, Government Science College (Autonomous), Bangalore, Karnataka, India@Department of biotechnology, Government Science College (Autonomous), Bangalore, Karnataka, India@Department of biotechnology, Government Science College (Autonomous), Bangalore, Karnataka, India<#LINE#>28/5/2021<#LINE#>16/7/2021<#LINE#>Industrialization has led to a serious threat to water bodies and causing harmful impacts on living organisms. Industries discharge untreated waste water directly into the environment causing environmental pollution. Biotechnologists across the world are trying to develop innovative processes to check global pollution. However, the quantity of various pollutants discharged in the water bodies is increasing tremendously. One of the harmful pollutants is the synthetic dyes from textile industries. They are toxic and carcinogenic and are hazardous to human health. The present Research work focused on solving this problem cost-effectively to some extent. Laccase (E.C.1.10.3.2) is a significant and ubiquitous enzyme which plays avital role in degradation of synthetic dyes. In the current study, laccase enzyme from Brassica oleraceae has been isolated. The substrate used for laccase wasguaiacol. The enzyme activity was found to be 0.83U/ml. The kinetic parameters were studied and optimum conditions recorded were as follows: pH: 4, temperature: 100°C, incubation time: 30 minutes. The crude laccase enzyme was subjected to purification steps that involved ammonium sulphate salt precipitation followed by dialysis and anion-exchange chromatography using DEAE cellulose. The decolorization of synthetic dyes by laccase was seen after incubation of 72hrs. Complete degradation was accomplished in eight days.<#LINE#>Md. Ekramul Karim, Kartik Dhar and Md. Towhid Hossain (2018).@Decolorization of Textile Reactive Dyes by Bacterial Monoculture and Consortium Screened from Textile Dyeing Effluent.@Science direct journals and books, 16(2), 375-380. Doi: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2018.02.005.@Yes$Matos, A. J. F. S., Bezerra, R. M. F., & Dias, A. A. (2007).@Screening of fungal isolates and properties of Ganoderma applanatum intended for olive mill waste water decolourization and dephenolization.@Letters in applied microbiology, 45(3), 270-275. Doi: 10.2174/18740707017 11010089.@Yes$Arregui, L., Ayala, M., Gómez-Gil, X., Gutiérrez-Soto, G., Hernández-Luna, C. E., Herrera de Los Santos, M., Levin L., Dominguez-R A., Daniel M., Mario C. N Saparrat., Roldan T. A. & Valdez-Cruz, N. A. (2019).@Laccases: structure, function, and potential application in water bioremediation.@Microbial cell factories, 18(1), 1-33.@Yes$Chauhan, P. S., Goradia, B., & Saxena, A. (2017).@Bacterial laccase: recent update on production, properties and industrial applications.@3 Biotech, 7(5), 1-20. Doi: 10.1007/s13205-017-0955-7.@Yes$Shraddha, S Ravi., Sehgal S, Kmthania M & Ajay K. (2011).@Laccases: Microbial sources, production, purification and potential Biotechnological applications.@Enzyme Research, 217861 (11).@Yes$Vinit Kumar & Sonkar Preeti (2013).@Laccases: sources and their environmental application.@International Journal of Bioassays, 2, 909-911.@Yes$Khushal Brijwani, Anne Rigdon, and Praveen V. Vadlani. (2010).@Fungal Laccases: Production, Function, and Applications in Food Processing.@Hindwai publications, enzyme Research, 149748. Doi: 10.4061/2010/149748.@Yes$Hyun Ah Jung, Subash Karki, Na-Yeon Ehom, Mi-Hee Yoon, Eon Ji Kim and Jae Sue Choi (2014).@Anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory effects of green and red Kohlrabi Cultivars.@KFN preventive Nutrition and Food Science, 19(4), 281-290.@Yes$Yagar, H., Isbilir, S. S., & Akagun, G. (2016).@Antioxidant Activity of Kohlrabi Leaf and Tuber.@Journal of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 3(2), 55-65.@Yes$Singh, L., & Singh, V. P. (2010).@Biodegradation of Textile Dyes, Bromophenol Blue and Congored by Fungus Aspergillus Flavus.@Environ. We Int. J. Sci. Tech, 5, 235-242.@Yes$Mishra, S. K., Srivastava, S. K., & Ash, K. (2015).@Laccase sources and their applications in environmental pollution.@International Journal of Life-Sciences Scientific Research, 1(2), 71-73.@Yes$Arora, D. S., & Sharma, R. K. (2010).@Ligninolytic fungal laccases and their biotechnological applications.@Applied biochemistry and biotechnology, 160(6), 1760-1788.@Yes$Benjamin Manson Harvey (1997).@Laccase in higher plants.@University of Canterbury, New Zealand.@Yes$Jhadav, A., Vamsi, K. K., Khairnar, Y., Boraste, A., Gupta, N., Trivedi, S., Patil P., Gupta G., Gupta M., Mujapara A.K., Joshi B., & Mishra, D. (2009).@Optimization of production and partial purification of laccase by Phanerochaete chrysosporium using submerged fermenation.@International Journal of Microbiology Research, 1(2), 9.@Yes$Sheikhi, F., Ardakani, M. R., Enayatizamir, N., & Rodriguez-Couto, S. (2012).@The determination of assay for laccase of Bacillus subtilis WPI with two classes of chemical compounds as substrates.@Indian journal of microbiology, 52(4), 701-707.@Yes$Bradford, M. M. (1976).@A Rapid and Sensitive Method for the Quantitation of Microgram Quantities of Protein Utilizing the Principle of Protein-Dye Binding.@Analytical Biochemistry, 72, 248–254.@Yes$Bradford, M. M. (1976).@A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding.@Analytical biochemistry, 72(1-2), 248-254.@Yes$Wingfield, P. (1998).@Protein precipitation using ammonium sulfate.@Current protocols in protein science, 13(1), A-3F. Doi: 10.1002/0471140864.psa03fs13@Yes$Mukesh Chander & Inderdeep Kaur (2015).@An industrial dye decolourisation by Phlebia sp.@Int. J. Curr. Microbial. Applied Science, 4(5), 217-226.@Yes$Chauhan, P. S., Goradia, B. & Saxena, A. (2017).@Bacterial laccase: recent update on production, properties and industrial applications.@3 Biotech, 7(5), 1-20. Doi: 10.1007/s13205-017-0955-7@Yes$Vantamuri, A. B. & Kaliwal, B. B. (2016).@Purification and characterization of laccase from Marasmius species BBKAV79 and effective decolorization of selected textile dyes.@3 Biotech, 6(2), 1-10.@Yes
<#LINE#>Optimization of operating conditions for biosorption of chromium by Aspergillus niger isolated from contaminated soil<#LINE#>Shobha @Shrivastava,Mayuri @Gupta <#LINE#>29-33<#LINE#>5.ISCA-IRJBS-2021-022.pdf<#LINE#>SNGGPG College, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India@Barkatullah University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India<#LINE#>29/7/2021<#LINE#>30/9/2021<#LINE#>In recent years, the fungal biomass is used as a biosorbent for the removal of hazardous pollutants and heavy metal ions from various industrial effluents has gotten a lot of attention. The metal tolerant fungal isolates were isolated from the selected polluted sites and screened for their tolerance indices and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The fungal isolate possessing highest tolerance and MIC was identified as Aspergillus niger was further used as a biosorbent to remove hexavalent chromium ions Cr(VI) in this investigation. From the present study, pH 6.0, temperature of 35°C and contact time of 120 minute showed highest removal of 78.8 percent from the aqueous metal solution containing chromium concentration of 150mg/L. The current study discovered that fungus from metal-polluted locations have better metal tolerance and biosorption effectiveness, and hence might be used for heavy metal biosorption.<#LINE#>Sarkar, S., & Gupta, A. (2003).@Treatment of chrome plating wastewater (Cr+6) using activated alumina.@Indian journal of environmental health, 45(1), 73-82.@Yes$Park, D., Yun, Y.S., & Park, J.M. (2005).@Use of Dead Fungal Biomass for the Detoxification of Hexavalent Chromium: Screening and Kinetics.@Process Biochem., 40, 2559–2565.@Yes$Rahman, A., Nahar, N., Nawani, N. N., Jass, J., Hossain, K., Saud, Z. A., ... & Mandal, A. (2015).@Bioremediation of hexavalent chromium (VI) by a soil-borne bacterium, Enterobacter cloacae B2-DHA.@Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 50(11), 1136-1147.@Yes$Sen, M., & Dastidar, M. G. (2010).@Chromium removal using various biosorbents.@Journal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering., 7(3), 182–190.@Yes$Mukhopadhyay, M., Noronha S. B. & Suraishkumar, G.K.  (2011).@A review on experimental studies of biosorption of heavy metals by Aspergillus niger.@Canad. J. Chem. Engi., 89(4), 889-900.@Yes$Liu, T., H.D. Li & Deng, L. (2007).@Removal of hexavalent chromium by fungal biomass of Mucor racemosus: influencing factors and removal mechanism.@World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 23(12), 1685-1693.@Yes$Luo, J., Xiao X., & Luo, S.L. (2010).@Biosorption of cadmium (II) from aqueous solutions by industrial fungus Rhizopus cohnii.@Transactions of Non ferrous metals society of china., 20, 1104-1111.@Yes$Bibi L.S., Hussain A., Humayun, M., Rahman H., Iqbal A., & Shah, M. (2018).@Bioremediation of hexavalent chromium by endophytic fungi; safe and improved products of Lactuca sativa.@Chemosphere, 211, 6653-6663.@Yes$Jazmin Legorreta-Castaneda, A., Alexander Lucho-Constantino, C., Icela Beltran-Hernandez, R., Coronel-Olivares, C., & Vazquez-Rodriguez, G. A. (2020).@Biosorption of water pollutants by fungal pellets.@Water, 12(4), 1155. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/ w12041155@Yes$Bhattacharya, A., Gupta, A., Kaur, A. & Malik, D. (2019).@Alleviation of hexavalent chromium by using microorganisms: insight into the strategies and complications.@Water Science and Technology, 79(3),  411–424.@Yes$Pun, R., Raut, P., & Pant, B. R. (2013).@Removal of chromium (VI) from leachate using bacterial biomass.@Scientific World, 11(11), 63–65.@Yes$Smily J.R.M.B., & Sumithra P.A. (2017).@Optimization of chromium biosorption by fungal biosorbent, Trichoderma sp. BSCR02 and its Desorption studies.@HAYATI Journal of Biosciences, 24(2), 65-71.@Yes$Tahir, A., Abdel-Megeed, A., & Zahid, S. (2014).@Temperature and ph kinetics for enhanced biosorption of cr (vi) by highly chromium resistant fungi gliocladium spp. ZIC2063.@Pak. J. Bot, 46(6), 2285-2292.@Yes$Shamim, S. (2018).@Biosorption of heavy metals.@Biosorption, 2, 21-49. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.72099@Yes$Jobby, R., Jha, P., Gupta, A., Gupte, A., & Desai, N. (2019).@Biotransformation of chromium by root nodule bacteria Sinorhizobium sp. SAR1.@PLoS One., 14(7), Article ID e0219387.@Yes$Garg, S. K., Tripathi, M., & Srinath, T. (2012).@Strategies for chromium bioremediation of tannery effluent.@reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology.,  217, 75-140.@Yes$Ali Redha A (2020).@Removal of heavy metals from aqueous media by biosorption.@Arab Journal of basic and applied sciences, 27(1), 183-193.@Yes$Ayele, A., & Godeto, Y.G., (2021).@Bioremediation of Chromium by Microorganisms and Its Mechanisms Related to Functional Groups.@Journal of Chemistry, Article ID 7694157, 21 pages.@Yes
@Review Paper
<#LINE#>Ethnobotanical studies of Sikkim: a review<#LINE#>Bishnu K. @Sharma,Ashok K @Jain <#LINE#>34-44<#LINE#>6.ISCA-IRJBS-2021-014.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Botany, Sikkim Government College, Namchi, India@Institute of Ethnobiology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, MP, India<#LINE#>12/5/2021<#LINE#>20/7/2021<#LINE#>The present study was reveal to documentation of ethnobotany included by various ethno botanists in their report prepared by survey of ethnobotanical knowledge of Sikkim. The interest in Research based activities in the area of ethnobotany has improved extremely in last ten years. However, the commencement of ethnobotanical knowledge, technical studies in ethnobotany has made a significant input to know the indigenous people, tribal medicine, conservation and agriculture practices. There are 200 Research papers in 13 categories were collected in different aspects of ethnobotany for their scientific documentation. Of these, agriculture (3), conservation (25), culture and religions (8), edible plants (18), general ethnobotany (49), ethno-medicine (34), ethno-veterinary (3), Folklore (6), floral diversity (9), sacred grove (8), socio-economic (6), traditional food (9) and tribals (22) were studied.<#LINE#>Jain, S. K. and Jain, A. K. (2013).@An Introduction to Ethnobotany (Definitions, Methods, New Concepts & Approaches).@Deep Publications, New Delhi.@No$Anonymous, (1990).@Ethnobiology in India: A Status Report.@Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India, New Delhi, 1- 68.@Yes$Jain, S. K. (1963).@The origin and utility of some vernacular plant names.@Proc. Nation. Acad. Sci. India, 525-530.@Yes$Jain, S. K. (1963).@Plants used in medicine by tribals of Madhya Pradesh.@Bull. Reg. Res. Lab. Jammu-Tawi, 1, 126-128.@Yes$Jain, S.K. (1963).@Magico-religious beliefs about plants among the adivasis of Bastar.@Q. J. Myth. Soc., 4, 73-94.@No$Jain, S.K. (1963).@Observations on ethnobotany of tribals of Madhya Pradesh.@Vanyajati, 11, 177- 183.@No$Jain, S. K. (1963).@Studies in Indian Ethnobotany-Less Known Uses of Fifty Common Plants from the Tribal Areas of Madhya Pradesh.@Nelumbo-The Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India, 5(3-4), 223-226.@Yes$Jain, S. K. (1964).@The role of botanist in folklore Research.@Folklore, 5(4), 145-150.@Yes$Jain, S. K. (1964).@Wild plant-foods of the tribals of Bastar (Madhya Pradesh).@In Proc. Nat. Inst. Sci. India B Vol. 30, pp. 56-60.@Yes$Jain, S.K. (1964).@Native plant remedies for snakebite among advises of central India.@Indian Med. J., 57, 307-369.@No$Jain, S. K. (1965).@Wooden musical instruments of the Gonds of Central India.@Ethnomusicology, 39-42.@Yes$Jain, S. K. (1965).@Medicinal plant lore of the tribals of Bastar.@Economic Botany, 19(3), 236-250.@Yes$Jain, S. K., Mudgal, V., Banerjee, D. K., Guha, A. and Pal, D.C. (1984).@Bibliography of Ethnobotany.@BSI. Dept. of Environment, Howrah, Kolkota.@Yes$Scott, J., & Anderson, T. (1874).@I. Notes on the Tree Ferns of British Sikkim, with Descriptions of three New Species, and a few supplemental remarks on their relations to Palms and Cycads.@Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, (1), 1-44.@Yes$Singh, V.P. (1973).@Some medicinal fern of Sikkim Himalayas.@J. Res. Indian Med., 8(3), 71-73.@No$Bennet, S. S. R. (1985).@Ethno-botanical Studies in West Sikkim.@J. Econ. Texon. Bot., 7, 317-321.@No$Singh, H. B., Prasad, P. and Rai, L. K. (2002).@Folk medicinal plants in the Sikkim Himalayas of India.@Asian Folklore Studies, 6., 295–310.@Yes$Das, S. S., Maity, A. and Rai, S. K. (2003).@Traditional use of plants among the urban population of Gangtok- Sikkim.@J. Eco. Taxon. Bot., 27(2), 317-324.@Yes$Anonymous (2009).@Traditional Herbal Healers of Sikkim.@Sikkim medicinal Plants Board, Forest Env. & Wildlife Management Dept., Govt. of Sikkim.@No$Kholia, B. S. (2010a).@Fern and Fern-allies of Sikkim: A Pictorial Handbook Part–I.@Sikkim State Biodiversity Board and Botanical Survey of India, Gangtok.@Yes$Kholia, B. S. (2010).@Sikkim Himalayan Pteridophytes–Traditional uses, economic potentials, threats and conservation.@In International Symposium on ferns and fern–allies: Diversity, Bioperspectation and conservation, p. 71.@Yes$Kholia, B. S. (2011).@Pteridophytic wealth of Sikkim Himalaya. Biodiversity of Sikkim Ferns.@Sikkim Biodiversity Board, Gangtok, 35-68.@Yes$Kholia, B. S. (2012).@Sikkim Himalayan tree ferns: Diversity, distribution, uses, economic potentials and conservation.@In: Proceedings of the Geology, Biodiversity and natural resources of Himalaya and their intellectual property laws.@Yes$Kholia, B. S. and Joshi, R. (2010).@International Year of Biodiversity-reviewing Practices for Conservation in Eastern Himalaya and Northeast India.@NeBIO, 1(2), 55-61.@No$Singh, P. and Chauhan, A. S. (1999).@Sikkim. In: V. Mudgal and P.K. Hajra (Eds.) Floristic diversity and conservation strategies in India III.@BSI, Dehradun, pp. 1420-1450.@Yes$Dey, M. and Singh, D. K. (2012).@Epiphyllous Liverworts of Eastern Himalaya.@Botanical Survey of India, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India, Kolkota.@Yes$Sharma, E., Sharma, R., Singh, K. K., & Sharma, G. (2000).@A boon for mountain populations.@Mountain Research and Development, 20(2), 108-111.@Yes$Sharma, G., Liang, L., Sharma, E., & Subba, J. R. (2009).@Sikkim Himalayan-Agriculture: Improving and scaling up of the traditionally managed agricultural systems of global significance.@@Yes$Giahs (2009).@Sikkim Himalaya-Agriculture: Improving and Scaling up of the Traditionally Managed Agricultural Systems of Global Significance (Sikkim State-India).@@Yes$Srivastava, R.C. (1993).@Diversity of Sikkim flora and its conservation.@In Status Report on Biodiversity Conservation in India. Vol. II. Ministry Environ. For., New Delhi.@Yes$Rai, S.C. & Sundriyal R.C. (1997).@Tourism development and biodiversity conservation: A case study from the Sikkim Himalaya.@Ambio, 26(4), 235-242.@Yes$Rai, S.C., Sharma, E. and Sundriyal, R.C. (1994).@Conservation in the Sikkim Himalaya: Traditional knowledge and land use of the Mamlay watershed.@Environmental Conservation, 15, 30-5.@Yes$Khaling, S., Ganguli-Lachungpa, U. Lucksom, S. & Lachungpa, C. (2000).@Biodiversity conservation in the Sikkim Himalaya, In: Kanchenjunga Mountain Complex.@WWF Nepal Program, Baluwater, Kathmandu, Nepal.@Yes$Rai, L. K., Prasad, P. & Sharma, E. (2000).@Conservation threats to some important medicinal plants of Sikkim Himalaya.@Biological Conservation, 93(1), 27-33.@Yes$Sharma, E., Jain, N., Rai, S.C. and Lepcha, R. (2002).@Ecotourism in Sikkim: Contributions toward conservation of biodiversity resources.@pp. 531-548. In: Institutionalizing Common Pool Resources, (Ed. D. Marothia).  Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi.@Yes$Kumar, S., Singh, K.K. and Rai, L.K. (2004).@In vitro Propagation of an Endangered Sikkim Himalayan Rhododendron (R. maddeni) from Cotyledonary Nodal Segments.@J. American Rhododendron Soc., 58(2), 101-105.@Yes$Tiwari, O.N. and. Chauhan, U.N. (2006).@Rhododendron Conservation in Sikkim Himalaya.@Current Sci., 90(4), 532-541.@Yes$Hussain, S. & Hore, D. K. (2007).@Collection and conservation of major medicinal plants of Darjeeling and Sikkim Himalayas.@Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 6(2), 352-357.@Yes$Singh, K.K. (2008).@In Vitro Plant Regeneration of an endangered Sikkim Himalayan Rhododendron (R. maddeni Hook. f.) from alginate-encapsulated shoot tips.@Biotechnology, 7(1), 144-148.@Yes$Singh, K. K. (2009).@Notes on the Sikkim Himalayan rhododendrons: A taxa of great conservation importance.@Turk J Bot, 33(4), 305-310.@Yes$Acharya, B. K., Chettri, B. and Vijayan, L. (2009).@Indigenous knowledge of Lepcha community for monitoring and conservation of birds.@Ind. J. Trad. Know., 8(1), 65-69.@Yes$Singh, K. K., Kumar, S. and A. Pandey, (2008).@Soil Treatments for Improving Seed Germination of Rare and Endangered Sikkim Himalayan Rhododendrons, World J. Agril. Sci., 4(2): 288-296.@undefined@Yes$Singh, K.K, Kumar, S., Rai, L.K. & Krishna, A.P. (2003). Rhododendron conservation in Sikkim Himalaya.@Current Science, 85(5), 602-606.@undefined@Yes$Singh, K.K. Rai, L.K. and Gurung, B. (2009).@Conservation of Rhododendrons in Sikkim Himalaya: An Overview.@World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 5(3), 284-296.@Yes$Singh, K.K., Kumar, S. & Pandey, A. (2008).@Soil treatments for improving seed germination of rare and endangered Sikkim Himalayan Rhododendrons.@World J Agric Sci, 4(2), 288-296.@Yes$Lachungpa, U. (2009).@Indigenous lifestyles and biodiversity conservation issues in North Sikkim.@Ind. J. Trad. Know., 8(1), 51-55.@Yes$Sharma, P. and Uniyal, P. L. (2010).@Traditional knowledge and conservation of Taxus baccata in Sikkim Himalaya.@NeBIO, 1(1), 55-59.@Yes$Das, A.P. and Ghosh, C. (2011).@Plant wealth of Darjiling and Sikkim Himalayas vis-à-vis Conservation.@NBU Journal of Plant Science, 5(1), 25-33.@Yes$Das, K. (2010).@Diversity and conservation of wild mushrooms in Sikkim with special reference to Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary.@NeBIO, 1(2), 1-13.@Yes$Subba, S. and Badola, H. K. (2011).@Ethnobotanical knowledge, populations and ex-situ conservation tries in Juglans regia Linnaeus (Juglandaceae) in Sikkim.@Pleione, 5(2), 304-313.@Yes$Mishra, P. K. and Rai, S. C. (2013).@Use of indigenous soil and water conservation practices among farmers in Sikkim Himalaya.@Ind. J. Trad. Know., 12(3), 454-464.@Yes$Lepcha, S. R., Gurung R. and Arrawatia, M. L. (2012).@Traditional Lepcha craft Sumok-thyaktuk (Lepcha Hat) and its conservation in Dzongu Tribal Reserved Area (DTRA), Sikkim, India.@Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge., 11(3), 537-541.@Yes$Lepcha. L., Basistha, B.C., Pradhan, S., Subba, K.B., Gurung, R. and Sharma, N.P. (2014).@Understanding Significant Value of Rhododendron arboreum Smith Scarleti of Sikkim, India.@Int. J. of Engi. Sci. and Inno. Tech., 3(4), 554-559.@Yes$Bhattachryya, K. P. (1984).@Aspects of Cultural History of Sikkim.@K. P. Bagchi and Company, Calcutta.@No$Bhasin, V. (1989).@Ecology, Culture and Change: Tribals of Sikkim Himalayas.@Inter India Publications, New Delhi.@Yes$Subba, J. R. (2008).@History, Culture and Customs of Sikkim.@Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi.@Yes$Subba, J. R. (2009).@Indigenous knowledge on bio-resources management for livelihood of the people of Sikkim.@Ind. J. Trad. Know., 8(1), 56-64.@Yes$Subba, J.R. (2006).@Sikkim (India): Horticulture is an economically viable and environmentally sustainable driver of socio-economic development in mountainous Sikkim, Draft Report SARD-M Study.@Department of Agriculture, Government of Sikkim, India.  pp. 212.@Yes$Sharma, T. P. and Borthakur, S. K. (2010).@Traditional Handloom and handicrafts of Sikkim.@Ind. J. Trad. Know. 9(2), 375-377.@Yes$Chaudhuri, T. (2012).@Cultural Tourism: A critical building block towards sustainable environment in Sikkim.@1(3), 134-139.@Yes$Singh, P. K. and Chakraborty, S. (2014).@Munism- A Traditional Face of Lepcha Religion; A study on Preservation of Cultural Heritage.@Asian Mirror- Int. J. Res., 1(1).@Yes$Srivastava, R.C. (1994).@Wild edible plants of Sikkim Himalaya.@Bull. Bot. Surv. India, 36(1-4), 95-126.@Yes$Sundriyal, M. & Rai L. K. (1996).@Wild edible plants of Sikkim Himalaya.@Journal of Hill Research, 9, 267-278.@Yes$Sundriyal, M. (1999).@Distribution, propagation and nutritive value of some wild edible plants in Sikkim Himalaya.@Ph. D. Thesis, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar, India.@Yes$Sundriyal, M. A. N. J. U., & Sundriyal, R. C. (1999).@Wild plants of food value in Sikkim Himalaya: aspects of diversity and utilisation.@In Perspective for planning and development in north east India. Himavikas Occasional Publication No. 11, GB Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment & Development.@Yes$Sundriyal, M. and Sundriyal, R. C. (2001).@Seed germination and response of stem cuttings to hormonal treatment in six wild edible fruit species of Sikkim Himalaya.@Indian Forester, 127(6), 695-706.@Yes$Sundriyal, M. and Sundriyal, R. C. (2003).@Underutilized edible plants of the Sikkim Himalaya: need for domestication.@Current Science, 85, 731-736.@Yes$Sundriyal, M. and Sundriyal, R. C. (2004a).@Structure, phenology, fruit yield and future prospects of some prominent wild edible plant species of Sikkim Himalaya, India.@Journal of Ethnobiology, 24, 113-138.@Yes$Sundriyal, M. and Sundriyal, R. C. (2004).@Wild edible plants of the Sikkim Himalaya: nutritive values of selected species.@Economic Botany, 58, 286-299.@Yes$Sundriyal, M. and Sundriyal, R. C. (2004).@Wild edible plants of the Sikkim Himalaya: marketing, value addition and implication for management.@Economic Botany, 58, 300-315.@Yes$Sundriyal, M. and Sundriyal, R. C. (2005).@Seedling growth and survival of selected wild edible fruit species of Sikkim Himalaya.@Acta Oecologica, 28, 11-21.@Yes$Sundriyal, M. and Sundriyal, R.C. (2001).@Wild edible plants of the Sikkim Himalaya: Nutritive values of selected species.@Economic Botany, 55, 377-390.@Yes$Sundriyal, M., Sundriyal, R. C. & Sharma, E. (2004).@Dietary use of wild plant resources in the Sikkim Himalaya, India.@Econ Bot, 58(4), 626-638.@Yes$Sundriyal, M., Sundriyal, R. C. Sharma, E. and Purohit, A. N. (1998).@Wild edibles and other useful plants from the Sikkim Himalaya, India.@Oecologia Montana, 7, 43- 54.@Yes$Suresh, C. P., Bhutia, K. D., Shukla, G., Pradhan, K., & Chakravarty, S. (2013).@Free listed wild edible fruit species of Sikkim Himalayas and their uses.@In Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Minor Fruits and Medicinal Plants for Better Lives (2nd ISMF & MP), University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka, 20 December 2013. Faculty of Agriculture, Unviersity of Ruhuna. pp. 17-37.@Yes$Suresh, C.P.; Bhutia, K.D.; Shukla, G.; Pradhan, K. and Chakravarty, S. (2014).@Wild edible tree fruits of Sikkim Himalayas.@Journal of Tree Sciences, 33, 43-48.@Yes$Tamang, M., Krishan, P. and Rai, S. K. (2017).@Traditional Use of wild plants for food in West Sikkim, India.@Int. J. of Life Sciences, 5(4) 730-741.@Yes$Pradhan, S. (2013).@Studies on some wild leafy vegetables of Sikkim with reference to ecological distribution and nutritional composition.@Ph.D. Thesis, North Bengal University, Siliguri, p. 272.@Yes$Pradhan, S. and Tamang, J.P. (2015).@Ethnobiology of wild leafy vegetable of Sikkim.@Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 14(2), 290-297.@Yes$Gammie, G.A. (1893).@Account of a Botanical Tour in Sikkim during 1892.@Kew Bulletin, 82, 297-315.@Yes$Chaudhary, K.C.R. (1951).@Sikkim - the country and its for¬ests.@Indian Forester, 77, 676-683.@Yes$Rao, R. R. (1958).@A Botanical tour in the Sikkim State, Eastern Himalayas.@Bull. Bot. Surv. India., 5, 165-205.@Yes$Doig, D. (1963). Sikkim, tiny Himalayan Kingdom in the clouds. National Geographic, 123, 398-429.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Matthew, K. M. (1970).@A Bibliography of the Botany of Sikkim.@J. Bot. Soc. Bengal, 24(1-2), 57-59.@Yes$Das, S.K. (1982).@Demography and demographical genetics of two isolated mountain lllages of northern Sikkim, Eastern Himalayas.@J. Ind Anthropol. Soc., 17(2), 155-162.@Yes$Bennet, S.S.R., (1983).@Ethnobotanical studies in Sikkim. Indian Forester, 109, 577-581.@undefined@Yes$Kataki, S. K., Jain, S. K., & Sastry, A. R. K. (1984).@Threatened and endemic orchids of Sikkim and north-eastern India.@POSSCEF, Botanical Survey of India, Department of Environment, Government of India.@Yes$Krishna, B. and Singh, S. (1987).@Ethnobotanical observation in Sikkim.@J. Econ. Taxon. Bot., 9(1), 1-7.@Yes$Venu, P., Kumar, V. and Bhasin, M.K. (1990).@Human activity and its impacts on vegetation: a case study in Sikkim Himalayas.@Journal of Human Ecology, 1, 27-38.@Yes$Pradhan, U.C. and Lachungpa, S.T. (1990).@Sikkim-Himalayan Rhododendrons.@Primulaceae Books, Kalimpong, West Bengal.@Yes$Bhasin, V. (1990).@Habitat, Habitation and Health. A Comparative Study of the Peoples of Sikkim and Gaddis of Himachal Pradesh.@Kamla-Raj Enterprises, Delhi.@Yes$Bhasin, M.K. and G. Kshatriya (1990).@Fertility and Mortillity differentials among the different population groups of Sikkim India.@Journal of Human Ecology, 1, 267-276.@Yes$Bhasin, V. (1997).@The human settlements and health status in Sikkim.@People of the Himalayas. Delhi: Kamla-Raj Enterprises, 153-187.@Yes$Bhasin, V. (2007).@Medical anthropology: healing practices in contemporary Sikkim.@Anthropology today: trends, scope and applications, 3, 59-94.@Yes$Jain, S. K. (1991).@Dictionary of Indian folk medicine and ethnobotany.@No. 581.634 J3.@Yes$Srivastava, T. N. and Kapahi, B. K.  (1991).@Resource Survey of Plants of Potential Economic value of Sikkim Himalayas.@BMEBR, 12 (1 & 2), 1 - 11.@Yes$Rai, T., & Rai, L. (1994).@Trees of the Sikkim Himalaya. Indus publishing.@@Yes$Mukhopadhyay, B., Mukhopadhyay, S. and Majumder, P. P. (1996).@Blood pressure profile of Lepchas of the Sikkim Himalayas: Epiodemiological Study.@Hum Biol., 68(1), 131-145.@Yes$Rai, P.C., Sarkar, A., Bhujel, R.B. and Das, A.P. (1998).@Ethnomedicinal studies in some fringe areas of Sikkim and Darjeeling Himalaya.@Journal of Hill Research, 11, 12–21.@Yes$Gyatso, T. R. and B. B. Bagdass, B. B. (1998).@Health Status in Sikkim, Department of Health and Family Welfare.@Government of Sikkim, Gangtok, pp. 33-34.@Yes$Manjerkar, N. (1998).@A Study of local health tradition of Sikkim.@Foundation for Revitalization of Local Health Tradition, Bangalore, 37-42.@Yes$Singh, H. B., Sharma, B. R., & Pradhan, B. (1999).@Ethnobotanical observation on the preparation of Rokshi (a local drink) in Sikkim, India.@Journal of economic and taxonomic botany, 23(2), 580-582.@Yes$Bhasin, V. and Bhasin, M. K. (2000).@A cross-cultural fertility differentials in Sikkim.@J. Hum. Ecol., 1l(6), 429 - 444.@Yes$Singh, H. B., & Jain, A. (1999).@Ethnobotanical observation on the preparation of Millet beer in Sikkim state, India.@Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany, 23(2), 577-579.@Yes$Maiti, A. and A.S. Chauhan, (2000).@Threatened plants in the Sikkim Himalaya, Hima-Paryavaran, 113-120.@undefined@Yes$Kumar, C. S. (2001).@Orchids of Sikkim-A Historical Perspective. Orchids: Science and Commerce.@Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun, 102-143.@Yes$Lama, M. P. (2001).@Sikkim human development report.@Government of Sikkim Publication, Gangtok, Sikkim Press 2001 pp. 21-22.@No$Maity, D., Chauhan, A. S., & Maiti, G. G. (2003).@Ethnobotanical notes on some unexploited medicinal plants used by Lepchas and Nepalese communities of North Sikkim.@Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany, 27(2), 325-332.@Yes$Shneiderman, S., & Turin, M. (2006).@Seeking the tribe: Ethnopolitics in Darjeeling and Sikkim.@Himal Southasian, 18(5), 54-58.@Yes$Lucksom, S.Z. (2007).@The Orchids of Sikkim and North-east Himalaya.@S. Z. Lucksom, Sikkim, India. pp. 984.@Yes$Panda, A. K. (2010).@Tracing the historical prospective of Cordyceps sinensis–an aphrodisiac in Sikkim Himalya.@Ind J Hist Sci, 45, 189-98.@Yes$Chettri, A. and Barik, S. K. (2013).@Assessing ethnobotanical value and threat status of Tetrastigma rumicispermum (Lawson) Planch, a lesser known liana species of Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve, Sikkim.@Int. J. Trad. Know. 12(2), 339-341.@Yes$Jha, A., Jha, V. & Jha, A. (2016).@Study on ethnomedicinal plants of Sherpas of Sikkim, Himalayas.@J. Traditional and Fold Practices., 4(1), 174-177.@Yes$Tamang, M., Pal, K., Rai, S.K., Kalam, A. & Ahmad, S. R. (2017).@Ethnobotanical survey of threatened medicinal plants of West Sikkim.@International Journal of Botany Studies, 2(6), 116-125.@Yes$Pawar P.S. & Pawar S. P. (2017).@Ethnobotanical approach to drug development in Ayurveda.@J. of Ayurveda & Holistic Medicine., 5(3), 18-24.@Yes$Sharma, N. (2017).@Ethno-medicinal Survey of Area under Aritar Gram Panchayat Unit, East Sikkim, India.@Int. J. Life. Sci. Scienti. 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(2008).@Ethnomedicinal plant use by Lepcha tribe of Dzongu valley, bordering Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve, in north Sikkim, India.@Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 4(1), 1-18.@Yes$Basak, T.S, Sarma, G. C. and Rangan, L. (2010).@Ethnomedicinal used of Zingiberaceous plants of Northeast India.@Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 132(1), 286-296.@Yes$Sarkar, P., Mahmud, A. K. and Mohanty, J. P. (2011).@Antidiabetic activity of ethanolic extract of Mirabilis jalapa roots.@IJPT, 3(1), 1470-1479.@Yes$Pradhan, S. (2011).@Antihyperglycemic effect of various medicinal plants of Sikkim Himalayas: A review.@Int. J. Res. Phytochem. Pharmacol., 1(3), 124-130.@Yes$Bhutia, Z., Ghosh, A., Sherpa, M.L., Pal, R. and Mohanta, P.K. (2011).@Serum malodealdehyde level: Surrogate stress marker in the Sikkimese diabetics.@J Nat Sci Biol Med., 2, 107-112.@Yes$Panda, A. K. (2012).@Medicinal Plants use and Primary Health Care in Sikkim.@Int. J. of Ayur. & Herbal Med., 2(2), 253-259.@Yes$Panda, A. K. and Mishra, S. (2012).@Some belief, practices and prospects of folk healers of Sikkim.@Ind, J. Trad. Know., 11(2), 369-373.@Yes$Panda, A. K. and Swain, K. C. (2011).@Traditional uses and medicinal potential of Codyceps sinensis of Sikkim.@J. Ayur. Int. Med., 2, 9-13.@Yes$Panda, A.K. and Mishra, (2010).@Health tradition of Sikkim Himalaya.@J. of Ayur. and Integ. Med., 1, 183-189.@Yes$Maity, D. (2013).@A study on Ethnomedicinal uses of Yartshagumba, Cordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacc. (Cordycipitaceae), by the tribal communities of North Sikkim and its conservation.@Explor. Anim. Med. Res., 3(2), 95-101.@Yes$Das, S., Sherpa, M.T., Sachdeva, S. and Thakur, N.  (2012).@Hot springs of Sikkim (Tatopani): A Socio Medical Conjuncture which Amalgamates religion, Faith, Traditional Belief and Tourism.@International Journal of Asian Academic Research Associates, 1(4), 80-93.@Yes$Das, T., Mishra, S. B., Saha, D. and Agarwal S. 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(2002).@Investigation on ethnic use of Dioscorea spp. available in Darjeeling and Sikkim Himalaya and scientific evaluation of traditional practices.@In: Perspectives of Plant Diversity by AP Das (Editor), Bisen Singh Mahedra Pal Singh, Publishers, Dehradun, India, 697-711.@Yes$Singh, P. & Chauhan, A. S. (2004).@An overview of the plant diversity in Sikkim state, In: Sikkim: Perspectives for Planning and Development.@by SC Rai, RC Sundriyal & E Sharma, Sikkim Science Society, (Bishen Singh, Mahendra Pal Singh Pvt. Ltd., Dehradun), 1998. pp 219-232.@No$Tamang, D.K., Dhakal, D., Gurung, S. Sharma N. P. and. Shrestha, D. G. (2013).@Bamboo Diversity, Distribution Pattern and its uses in Sikkim (India) Himalaya.@International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 3(2), 2250-3153.@Yes$Sharma, B.K., Bhat, M. H., Kumar, A., Fayaz, M and Jain, A.K. (2018).@Diversity, distribution pattern and utilization of bamboo in Sikkim.@NEBIO, 9(1), 18-27.@Yes$Maity, D. (2005).@Diversity of Vascular Plants of Kanchenjunga Biosphere Reserve, Sikkim.@Ph.D Thesis (unpublished). Kalyani University, West Bengal, India.@Yes$Jain, A., Rai, S. C, Pal, J. and Sharma, E. (1999)@Hydrology and nutrient dynamics of a sacred lake in Sikkim Himalaya.@Hydrobiologia, 410, 13-22.@Yes$Arora V. (2005).@The forest of symbols embodied in the Thulong sacred landscape of North Sikkim, India.@Conser Soc, 4, 55-83.@Yes$Arora, V. (2004).@Just a Pile of Stones! The Politicization of Identity, Indigenous Knowledge, and Sacred Landscapes among the Lepcha and the Bhutia Tribes of Contemporary Sikkim, India.@D. Phil. Thesis. University of Oxford, England.@Yes$Arora, V. (2006).@The Forest of Symbols Embodied in the Tholung Sacred Landscape of North Sikkim, India.@Conservation and Society, 4(1), 55–83.@Yes$Chatterjee, S., Sastry, A.R.K., Roy, B.N. and Lahon, R. (2000).@Sacred groves of Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh. Abstract, National Workshop on Community Strategies on the Management of Natural Resources, Bhopal.@Indira Gandhi Rastriya Manav Sanghralaya, Bhopal.@Yes$Dash, S.S. (2005).@Kabi sacred grove of North Sikkim.@Current Science, 89(3), 427-428.@Yes$Jain, A, Rai, S. C. and Sharma, E. (2000).@Hydro-ecological analysis of a sacred lake watershed system in relation to landuse/cover change from Sikkim Himalaya.@Catena, 40, 263-78.@Yes$Krishna, B. and Das, B. K. (1983).@Fiber-yielding plants of Sikkim.@J. Ecom. Taxon. Bot., 4, 129-132.@Yes$Karan, P.P. (1989).@Environment and development in Sikkim Himalaya: A review.@Hum. Ecol., 17, 257-271.@Yes$Chettri, N., Sharma, E. and Lama, S. D. (2005).@Non-timber forest produces utilization, distribution and status in a trekking corridor of Sikkim, India.@Lyonia, 8(1), 89-101.@Yes$Government of Sikkim, (2006).@State Socio-Economic Survey 2005-06, (DESME).@@Yes$Iqbal, S. 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(1988).@Traditional Fermented Foods and Beverages of Darjeeling Hills and Sikkim-A review.@J Science of Food and Agriculture, 44, 375-385.@Yes$Tamang, J. P. (2005).@Food Culture of Sikkim: Study Series.@Information and Public Relations Department, Govt. of Sikkim, Gangtok, Vol. 4. pp. 1.@No$Tamang, J. P. Sarkar, P. K. and Heseltine, C. W. (1998).@Indigenous fermented foods and beverages of Darjeeling Hills and Sikkim.@J. Sci. Food Agric., 44, 375.@Yes$Tamang, J. P., Dewan, S., Thapa, S., Olasupo, N. A., Schillinger, U., Wijaya, A. and Holzapfel, W. H. (2005).@Identification and enzymatic profiles of the predominant lactic acid bacteria isolated from soft variety Chhurpi, traditional cheese typical of the Sikkim Himalayas.@Food Biotechnology, 14(1-2), 99- 112.@Yes$Tamang, J. P., Thapa, S. Tamang, N. and Rai B. (1996).@Indigenous fermented food beverages of Darjeeling hills and Sikkim: process and product characterization.@Journal of Hill Research, 9(2), 401-411.@Yes$Jha, A., Rao, A., Jha, S. and Suhag, V. (2004).@A preliminary survey of plants used as food by Lepchas of Dzongu area in Sikkim, India.@Crop Research, 28(1/3), 135-137.@No$Rai, A. K., Sharma, R. M. and Tamang, J.P. (2005).@Food value of common edible wild plants of Sikkim.@Journal of Hill Research, 18(2), 99-103.@Yes$Talukdar, D. and Talukdar, T. (2012).@Traditional food legumes in Sikkim Himalayas: Preparation of foods, uses and ethnomedicinal perspectives.@Int J Curr Res., 4, 64-73.@Yes$Gorer, G. (1938).@Himalayan Village: An Account of the Lepchas of Sikkim.@London, England: Michael Joseph Ltd;@Yes$Morris, J. (1938).@Living with Lepcha. A Book about the Sikkim.@Himalayas London, William Heinemann Ltd.@Yes$Gowloog, R. R. (1998).@The Lepchas of Sikkim. In: Sikkim: Perspectives for Planning and Development.@(eds.) Rai, S. C., R. C. Sundriyal, and E. Sharma, Sikkim Science Society,  Bishen Singh and Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun, India. pp. 69-74.@Yes$Gowloog. R. (1992).@Lingthem After Fifty Years: A Diachronic Study of a Lepcha Village in Dzongu, North Sikkim.@Ph. D Thesis. Centre for Himalayan Studies: North Bengal University, India.@Yes$Jain, S. K. and Chauhan, A.S. (1999).@Studies on Lepcha Medicobotany of Dzongu. Sikkim Himalaya.@Himalayan Paryavaran, 6, 121-126.@Yes$Jain, S.K., Chauhan, A.S (2000).@Ethnobiological studies on Lepchas of Dzongu, North Sikkim, India.@Annals of Forestry, 8(1), 131-144.@Yes$Jha, A., Jha, S. and Suhag, V. (2005).@Traditional Bamboo Based Technology: A study of Lepchas of Sikkim.@Proceedings of the 2nd International Congress of Chemistry and Environment (ICCE-2005), held at Indore from 24 -26 December, 250-251.@Yes$Lepcha, S. R. and Gurung, R. (2010).@Prospect of (GI) registration on Lepcha weaves “Sumok-thyaktuk” Lepcha Tradition Hat and Darri-Lepcha male garment in Sikkim.@an unpublished report.@No$Chhetri, D. P. (2013).@Preserving cultural identity through tribal self governance: The case of Lachenpa and Lachungpa tribes of Sikkim Himalaya (India).@American International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, 3(1), 23-28.@Yes$Chhetri, D. P. (2013).@Tribal Population and Development Policies in the Himalayan state of Sikkim: A Critical Analysis.@International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention, 2(5), 8-18.@Yes$Gudade, B.A., Babu, S., Deka, T.N., Vijayan A.K., Chhetri, P. (2015).@Spices biodiversity and their ethnomedicinal uses by tribal community of Sikkim, India.@VEGETOS, 28(1), 141-145.@Yes$Dikshit, S. S., Rai, S. and Sharma, M. M. (2016).@Saga of ethnobotanical genesis from ancient to present scenario with special reference to the Darjeeling Himalayas.@Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies, 4(6), 108-116.@Yes$Badola, H. K. and Pradhan, B. K. (2013).@Plants used in healthcare practices by Limboo tribe in South-West of Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve, Sikkim, India.@Ind. J. Trad. Know., 12(3), 355-369.@Yes$Gorer, G. (1967).@Himalayan village: an account of the Lepchas of Sikkim.@London 1st edition 1938.@Yes$Idrisi, M.S., Badola, H. K. and Singh, R. (2010).@Indigenous knowledge and medicinal use of plants by local communities in Rangit Valley, South Sikkim, India.@NeBIO, 1(2), 34-45.@Yes$Mukhopadhyay, B. (2001).@Demographic characteristics and rural-urban residence among the Lepcha of Sikkim.@Tribes of the Eastern Himalayas, 33-46.@Yes$Nirash, N. (1982). The Lepchas of Sikkim.@undefined@undefined@No$Pal, S. and Palit, D. (2011).@Traditional Knowledge and Bio-resource utilization among Lepcha in North Sikkim.@NeBIO, 2(1), 13-17.@Yes$Sharma, R., Sharma, B.K. and De, K. (2004).@Micropropagation of Dendrobium fimbriatum Hook. - An endangered orchid of the Sikkim Himalayas.@Journal of Hill Research, 17(2), 65-67.@Yes$Sinha, G. P., & Chauhan, A. S. (1997).@Ethnobotanical studies on Lepchas of Sikkim Himalaya.@Himalayan Paryavaran, 5(1), 60-63.@Yes$Subba, G. M. (2013).@Fluid Boundaries and Fluid Identities- The Study of Limboo Tribe of Sikkim.@Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 15(2), 56-63.@Yes$Subba, J. R. (1999). The Limboos of the Himalayas. With special reference to Sikkim. New-Delhi: Ambica Printers.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Takhtajan, A. (1969).@Flowering plants origin and dispersal.@Oliver & Boyd: Edinburgh. English tranl. by CJ Jeffrey.@Yes$Tamsang, K.P (1998).@The Unknown and Untold Reality about the Lepchas.@Luen Sun Offset Printing Co, Hongkong.@Yes$Thakur, R.N. 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