@Research Paper
<#LINE#>Physiochemical composition and microbial load of some branded yoghurt sold in Addis Ababa and Bishoftu city, Ethiopia<#LINE#>Legesse @Shiferaw,Taye @Damise <#LINE#>1-6<#LINE#>1.ISCA-IRJBS-2020-010.pdf<#LINE#>Ethiopia Meat and Dairy Industry Development Institute, P.O.1573, Bishoftu, Ethiopia@Selale University, College Animal and Range science, P.O. 245, Fiche, Ethiopia<#LINE#>25/2/2020<#LINE#>5/7/2020<#LINE#>Study were carry out to determined physiochemical and microbial quality analysis for different seven brand yoghurt were collected and analyzed for Bishoftu and Addis Ababa city. For this analysis each brand of yoghurt were collected three times to reduce error. The range of total bacterial count and coliform count were 1.99X106 to 2.50X109 cfu/ml and 2.59X102 to 1.12X104 cfu/ml respectively. In current study total yeast and mould counts were ranged from 1.11X102 to 4.93X102 cfu/ml. Protein and lactose percentage of yoghurt brands range from 4.3% to 4.7% and 4.1% to 4.7%. Protein and lactose percentage of all yoghurt brands was not significantly different at p>0.05. In addition, fats and total solids percentage, titratable acidity of yoghurt also drastically diverse at P>0.05. Occurrence of high total bacterial count, coliform and yeast and mould in yoghurt has impact on health of the consumer. Due to this and other factor it needs special issue from concerning body to solve the problem.<#LINE#>Saint-Eve A, Levy C, Martin N and Souchon I (2006).@Influence of proteins on the perception of flavored stirred yogurts.@Journal of dairy science, 89(3), 922-33.@Yes$Younus S, Masud T and Aziz T (2002).@Quality evaluation of market yoghurt/dahi.@Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 1(5), 226-230.@Yes$Ifeanyi VO, Ihesiaba EO, Muomaife OM and Ikenga C (2013).@Assessment of microbiological quality of yogurt sold by street vendors in onitsha metropolis, Anambra State, Nigeria.@British Microbiol Res J., 3(2), 198.@Yes$Tamime, A.Y. and Deeth, H.C. (1980).@Yoghurt: technology and biochemistry.@J. Food Prot., 43, 939-977.@Yes$AOAC (2003).@Official methods of analysis of AOAC International.@17th Edn., AOAC. International, Gaitherburg, MD.USA@No$Bradley, R.L.E.. Arnold, D.M., Barbano, R.G. Semerad, D.E. Smith, B.K.Vines and R.A. Case (1992).@Chemical and Physical Methods in; standard methods for the examination of dairy products.@Marshall, R.T. 9Ed. 16th Edn., Port city press Baltimore, Washington, ISBN-10;0-87553-208X@Yes$Houghtby, G.A., L.J. Maturn and E.K. Koenig (1992).@Microbiological count methods. In Standard  methods for the examination of dairy products.@Marshall, R.T. (Ed), 16th Edn., port city press, Baltimore, Washington, ISBN- 10;0-87553-208X@Yes$Christen, G.L., P.M. Davidson, J.S. McAllister and L.A. Roth (1992).@Coliform and other indicator bacteria. In standard method for the examination of dairy product.@Marshall, T.R. (Ed) American public health association Washington, D.C., 247-267.@Yes$Frank J.F., G.L. Christen and L.B. Bullerman (1992).@Tests for groups of microorganism. In standard methods for the examination of dairy products.@Marshall, R.T.(Ed), 16th Edn, American public health association (APHA), Washington Dc., 271 - 286.@Yes$Marshall, R.T., 1992. Standard Methods for the Examination of dairy and vegetable products, 16th Edn., American public health association, Washington DC.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Okoye, J.I. and Animalu, I.L. (2009).@Evaluation of physicochemical and microbiological properties of stirred yoghurt stabilized with sweet potato (Ipomea Batata).@Continental Journal of Microbiology, 3, 27-30.@Yes$Egwaikhide, P.A. and Faremi, A.Y. (2010).@Bacteriological analysis of locally manufactured yoghurt.@Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food  Chemistry, 9(11), 1679-1685@Yes$Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO (1979).@Manual of Food Quality Control.@4. Microbiological Analysis, FAO food@Yes$Sokolinska, D.C, Michalski, M.M, and Pikul, J (2004).@Role of the proportion of yoghurt bacterial strains in milk souring and the formation of curd qualitative characteristics.@Bulletin of Veterinary Institute Pulawy, 48, 437-441.@Yes$Eissa, E.A, Mohammed, A, Yaqoub, E.A and Babiker, E.E, (2010).@Physicochemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics of yoghurt produced from Goat milk.@@Yes$N. De, T.M. Goodluck and M. Boba (2014).@Microbiological quality assessment of bottled yoghurt of different brands sold in central market, Kaduna metropolis.@Kaduna, Nigeria.@Yes$Han B, Meng Y, Li M, Yang Y, Ren F and Zeng Q, et al. (2007).@A survey on the microbiological and chemical composition of buffalo milk in China.@Food Control., 18(6), 742-6.@Yes$Prescott ML, Harley SP and Klein AD (2004).@Microbiology.@Dubuque: Brown Publisher.@No$Egwaikhide, P. A., Malu, P. S., Lawal, U., Adelagun, R. O and Andrew, C. (2014).@Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Analysis of Fermented Cow Milk (Nono) Consumed Within Kaduna Town, North-Western Nigeria.@Food Science and Quality Management, 29, 44-48.@Yes$Uzeh, R.E., Ohenhen, R.E and Rojugbokan, A.K. (2006).@Microbiological and nutritional qualities of dairy products: Nono and Wara.@Nature and science, 4(3), 37-40.@Yes$Nogueira, C., Albano, H., Gibbs, P. and Teixeira, P. (1998).@Microbiological quality of Portuguese yogurts.@Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 21, 19-21.@Yes$Tamine, A.Y and Robinson, R.K. (2007).@Yoghurt: Science and Technology.@3rd ed. Cambridge, Woodhead Publishing Limited. 808.@No$Birollo, G.A.; Reinheimer, G.A & Vinderolla, C.G. (2001).@Viability of lactic acid microflora in different types of yoghurt.@Food Research International, 33, 799-805.@Yes$Irkin, R. and Eren, U.V (2008).@A research about viable Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus numbers in the market yoghurts.@World Journal of Dairy and Food Sciences, 3(1), 25-28.@Yes$Grewal, J.S. and R.P. Tiwari (1990).@Microbiological quality of rasmalai.@J. Food Sci. and Tech., Mysore, 27, 178-179.@Yes$Tariq Masud, I.H. Athar, M. Azar and M. Amin Shah (1988).@Microbiological studies on indigenous dahi with special reference to public health.@J.A.H.P., 8-13@Yes$Hahn, G., (1996).@Pathogenic bacteria in raw milk- situation and significance. In: Bacteriological quality of raw milk. Int.@Dairy Federation, Brussels (Belgium), 67-83.@Yes
<#LINE#>Enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in Chickpea (Cicerarientinum L.)<#LINE#>Minakshi @Mahajan,Shweta D. @Hajare <#LINE#>7-13<#LINE#>2.ISCA-IRJBS-2020-017.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Botany, Fergusson College, Pune-411004, India@Department of Botany, Fergusson College, Pune-411004, India<#LINE#>23/3/2020<#LINE#>17/7/2020<#LINE#>Chickpea (Cicerarietinum L.) belong to the family leguminosae. Young chick pea leaves are also eaten as a cooked vegetable and could be a useful source of dietary nutrients. Enzymic parameters like peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase are selected. Experimental part include screening of non-enzymatic parameters like proteins, reducing sugar, polyphenols and ascorbic acid.  From this study we can conclude that the mature leaves are rich source of non-enzymatic antioxidants. From the result of the studies on non-enzymatic antioxidants, it is observed that polyphenols are less than other parameters. Two stages of development of leaves were included for the study of antioxidants from enzymatic and non-enzymatic status in order to ascertain if a difference existed in the levels of enzyme activity in stage of development. This result showed that the leaves in both stages possessed considerable activity of the non-enzymatic and enzymatic parameters. These findings suggest that potential use of Cicerarientinum leaves to battle the innumerable diseases and disorder linked with oxidative damages. From the result of present study, it is apparent that leaves of Cicerarientinum L. possess considerable levels of both antioxidants and it is advisable to consume the leaves at mature stage. To summarize the observations of the studies on the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, it can be inferred that the full mature leaves have rich source of enzymatic and non-enzymatic parameters except polyphenols.<#LINE#>Simran T., A. Amrita, S. Sonalo, M. Jitender, A. Shaun (2011).@Antioxidant profiling of Triticumaestivum and its antiproliferative activity in MCF-7 breast cancer cell line.@J. Farmacy Res, 4(12), 4601-4604.@Yes$Halliwell B (1994).@Free radicals, antioxidants, and human disease: curiosity, cause, or consequence Lancet.@344, 721-724.@Yes$Tatjana, K.P., K. Svetlana and S. Marina (2005). Acta Pharma, 55, 207.@undefined@undefined@No$Veloglu, Y.S., G. Mazza, L. Gao and B.D. Oomah (1998). J. Agric. Food Chem., 46, 4113 (1998).@undefined@undefined@Yes$M. E. Buyukokuroglu, I. Gulcin, M. Oktay and O.I. Kufrevioglu (2001). Pharmacol. Res, 44, 491.@undefined@undefined@No$Shahidi, F., Janitha, P. K., & Wanasundara, P. D. (1992).@Phenolic antioxidants.@Critical reviews in food science & nutrition, 32(1), 67-103.@Yes$Newman, C. W., Roth, N. R., & Lockerman, R. H. (1987).@Protein quality of chickpea (Cicerarietinum L.).@Nutrition Reports International, 36, 1e5@No$V. Christodoulou, V.A. Bampidis, B. Hucko, C .Iliadis, and Mudrik, Z, (2006a).@Nutritional value of chickpeas in rations of broiler chickens.@Archiv Gefluek, 70, 112-118.@Yes$C.R. Vega, G. Loarca, and B. D. Oomah (2010).@Minor components of pulses and their potential impact on human health.@Food Res Int., 43, 461-482@Yes$Jayaprakash GK, Selvi T, and KK Sakariah (2003).@Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of grape seed extract.@Food Res Int, 36, 117-122.@Yes$Cao G, Sofic ER and Prior RL (1996).@Antioxidant capacity of tea and common vegetables.@J. Agric. Food Chem., 44, 3426-3431.@Yes$Loarca-Pina G., Aparicio-Fernandez X., Yousef G.G., De Mejia E. and Lila M.A. (2005).@Characterization of polyphenolics in the seed coat of Black Jamapa bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).@J Agric Food Chem,. 53, 4615-4622@Yes$R. Y. Nsimba, H. Kikuzaki, and Y. Konishi, (2008).@Antioxidant activity of various extracts and fractions of Chenopodium quinoa and Amaranthus spp. seeds.@Food Chem., 06, 760-766.@Yes$D. Amic, D. Davidovic-Amic, D. Beslo, and N. Trinajstic, (2003)  Structure-radical scavenging activity relationship of flavonoids. Croat ChemActa. 76: 55-61.@undefined@undefined@Yes$J.J. Castillo, O. Benavente-Garcia, J. Lorente, M. Alcaraz, A. Redondo, O.A Ortun,. and J.A. Del Rio, (2000).@Antioxidant activity and radio protective effects against chromosomal damage induced in vivo by X-rays of flavan-3-ols (procyanidins) from grape seeds (Vitisvinifera): comparative study versus other phenolic and organic compounds.@J Agric Food Chem., 48, 1738-1745.@Yes$M.L Lopez-Amoros,. T. Hernandez, and I. Estrella, (2006).@Effect of germination on legume phenolic compounds and their antioxidant activity.@J. Food Comp Anal., 19, 277-283.@Yes$Y.I. Kwon, E. Apostodilis, and K. Shetty (2008).@In vitro studies of eggplant (Solanummelongena) phenolics as inhibitors of key enzymes relevant for type 2diabetes and hypertension.@Biores Technol., 99, 2981-2988.@Yes$L.G. Ranila, Y.I. Kwon, E. Apostolidis, and K. Shetty, (2010).@Phenolic compounds antioxidant activity and in vitro inhibitory potential against key enzymes relevant for hyperglycemia and hypertension of commonly used medicinal plants, herbs and spices in Latin America.@Biores Technol., 101, 4676-4689.@Yes$Halliwell, B. (2002).@Effect of diet on cancer development: is oxidative DNA damage a biomarker.@Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 32, 968e974@Yes$Stadtman, E. R. (2006).@Protein oxidation and aging.@Free Radical Research, 40, 1250-1258.@Yes$Bougatef, A., Nedjar-Arroume, N., Manni, L., Ravallec, R., Barkia, A., Guillochon, D., et al. (2010).@Purification and identification of novel antioxidant peptides from enzymatic hydrolysates of sardinelle (Sardinellaaurita) by-products proteins.@Food Chemistry, 118,  559e565.@Yes$Moure, A., Dominguez, H., & Parajo, J. C. (2006).@Antioxidant properties of ultrafiltration-recovered soy protein fractions from industrial effluents and their hydrolysates.@Process Biochemistry, 41, 447-456.@Yes$Zhang, J. H., Zhang, H.,Wang, L., Guo, X. N.,Wang, X. G., & Yao, H. Y. (2010).@Isolation and identification of antioxidative peptides from rice endosperm protein enzymatic hydrolysate by consecutive chromatography and MALDI-TOF/TOF MS/MS.@Food Chemistry, 119, 226-234.@Yes$Tsopmo, A., A. Romanowski, L. Banda, J. C. Lavoie, H. Jenssen, & J. K.Friel (2011).@Novel anti-oxidative peptides from enzymatic digestion of human milk.@Food Chemistry, 126, 1138-1143.@Yes$Samaranayaka, A. G. P., & Li-Chan, E. C. Y. (2008).@Autolysis-assisted production of fish protein hydrolysates with antioxidant properties from Pacific hake (Merlucciusproductus).@Food Chemistry, 107, 768-776.@Yes$Newman, C. W., Roth, N. R., & Lockerman, R. H. (1987).@Protein quality of chickpea (Cicerarietinum L.).@Nutrition Reports International, 36, 1e5@No$Torres-Fuentes, C., Alaiz, M., & Vioque, J. (2011).@Affinity purification and characterization of chelating peptides from chickpea protein hydrolysates.@Food Chemistry,  129,  485-490@Yes$Yust, M. M., Pedroche, J., Giron-Calle, J., Alaiz, M., Millan, F., & Vioque, J. (2003).@Production of ace inhibitory peptides by digestion of chickpea legumin with alcalase.@Food Chemistry,  81,  363-369.@Yes$Zhang, T., Li, Y. H., & Miao, M. (2011).@Purification and characterisation of a new antioxidant peptide from chickpea (Cicerarietium L.) protein hydrolysates.@Food Chemistry, 128, 28-33.@Yes$X. Han, T. Shen and H. Lou (2007).@Dietary Polyphenols and Their Biological Significance.@International Journal Molecular Science, 8(9), 950-988.@Yes$Chitra U, Vimala V, Singh U and Geervani P (1995).@Variability in phytic acid content and protein digestibility of seed legumes.@Plant Food Human Nutrition, 47(2),163-172.@Yes$Rop, O., &#344;ezni&#269;ek, V., Ml&#269;ek, J., Jurikova, T., Balik, J., Sochor, J., & Krama&#345;ova, D. (2011).@Antioxidant and radical oxygen species scavenging activities of 12 cultivars of blue honeysuckle fruit.@Horticultural Science, 38(2), 63-70.@Yes$Young IS and Woodside JV (2001).@Antioxidants in health and disease.@J. Clin. Pathol., 54, 176-186.@Yes$Vidyasekharan, P. and Durairaj, P. (1973).@Shot hole syndrome in mango.@Indian Phytopathology, 26, 49-55.@Yes$Sadasivan, S., & Manickam, A. (1996).@Pigments.  Biochemical methods, 2nd edn, New Age International (P) Ltd Publishers, New Delhi, India, 190-191.@undefined@No$Rangana, S. (1979).@Manual of analysis of fruits and vegetable products.@Tata Mc. Graw Hill publishing Company Ltd, New Delhi, 83-93.@Yes$Nelson, N. (1944).@A photometric adaptation of the Somogyi method for the determination of glucose.@J. biol. Chem, 153(2), 375-380.@Yes$Lowery, O.H., Rosenbrough, N.J., Farr, A.L. and R. and all, R.J, (1951).@Protein measurement with Folin phenol reagent.@J. Biol. Chem., 193, 265-275.@Yes$Minakshi Mahajana and Monali Patil (2004).@Antioxidant activity and organic constituents of curry leaf tree (Murraya Koenigii Linn).@Assian Jr. of Microbiol. Biotech. Env. Sc., 2(2), 323-324.@Yes$Mazumdar, A., Adak, S., Chatterjee, R., & Banerjee, R. K. (1997).@Mechanism-based inactivation of lacrimal-gland peroxidase by phenylhydrazine: a suicidal substrate to probe the active site.@Biochemical Journal, 324(3), 713-719.@Yes$Hayriyelbrika, Sharon JB, Knewtson and Michael A Grusak (2008).@Chickpea leaves as a vegetable green for humans: evaluation of mineral composition.@J of Science of Food and Agriculture, 83(9), 945-950@Yes$Vamos Vigyazo, L., & Haard, N. F. (1981).@Polyphenol oxidases and peroxidases in fruits and vegetables.@Critical Reviews in Food Science & Nutrition, 15(1), 49-127@Yes$Decker, E.A. (1997).@Phenolics: prooxidants or antioxidants?.@Nutrition reviews, 55(11), 396-398.@Yes$Decker, E.A. (1977).@Phenolicsprooxidants or antioxidants?.@Nutr. Rev., 53, 396-407@Yes$Halliwell B. and Guttaridge J.M.C. (1993).@Free radicals in Biology and medicinal arendonpress.@Oxford.@No$Kutsky, R.J. (1973).@Ascorbic acid. Handbook of Vitamins and Hormones.@Nostrund, Co. New York, 24-29.@Yes$Moron, M. S., Depierre, J. W., & Mannervik, B. (1979).@Levels of glutathione, glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase activities in rat lung and liver.@Biochimica et biophysica acta (BBA)-general subjects, 582(1), 67-78.@Yes$Tannenbaum, S. R., & Wishnok, J. S. (1987).@Inhibition of Nitrosamine Formation by Ascorbic Acid .@Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 498(1), 354-363.@Yes
<#LINE#>Bioinformatics tools: alternative approach for Poly Cystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) Detection<#LINE#>Riya@.,Parul @Thapar <#LINE#>14-18<#LINE#>3.ISCA-IRJBS-2020-037.pdf<#LINE#>Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical and Health care Sciences, CT University, Ludhiana, India@Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical and Health care Sciences, CT University, Ludhiana, India<#LINE#>20/6/2020<#LINE#>25/10/2020<#LINE#>Poly cystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine disorder prevailing among women of reproductive age, specifically high in teenage girls and has become the most accepted cause of menstrual irregularities and infertility among them. Therefore, it was thought to explore an alternative approach for disease detection, prevention or treatment for PCOS with the help of bioinformatics. Bioinformatics is an expanding field of science involving biology, computer science and mathematics. It is growing in every field of life science including molecular sciences, biotechnology, medicine, agriculture and more. Genetic information stored in the bioinformatics tools can be used to develop personal medicine. In another study, it is said that although the genetics and mechanism of PCOS are not yet understood, the computational tools may be helpful in finding the cause of this syndrome and this will also help in prevention of the disease. In the present study, the gene and genome sequences responsible for causing PCOS have been identified using bioinformatics tools like BLAST, PDB, NCBI. This will help to prevent the disease by genetic manipulations. Finally, the primers have been designed using primer designing tools in NCBI which can be further used for the treatment of the disease by manipulating the identified gene through polymerase chain reaction.<#LINE#>Hou, Y.,Wang, Y., Xu, S., Qi, G., & Wu, X. (2019).@Bioinformatics identification of microRNAs involved in polycystic ovary syndrome based on microarray data.@Mol. Med. Rep., 20(1), 281-291.@Yes$Palvi, S., & Sheveta, V. (2019).@Image Segmentation for detecting Polycystic Ovarian Disease using Deep Neural Network.@Int. J. Comp. Sci. Eng., 7(3), 534-537.@Yes$Samer, E. H., Lynn B., Layal H. H., Fadi, G. M., & Georges, D. (2016).@Poly Cystic Ovarian Syndrome: An Updated Overview.@Front Physiol., 7, 124.@Yes$Prathap, A., Subhalakshmi, T. P., & Varghese, P. J. (2018).@A Cross-sectional Study on the Proportion of Anxiety and Depression and Determinants of Quality of Life in Polycystic Ovarian Disease.@Ind. J. Psychol. Med., 40(3), 257-262.@Yes$Choudhary, A., Jain, S., & Chaudhari, P. (2017).@Prevalence and symptomatology of polycystic ovarian syndrome in Indian women: is there a rising incidence?.@Int. J. Reproduction Contracep. Obstetrics Gynecol., 6(11), 4971-4975.@Yes$Bharathi, V., Swetha, S., Neerajaa, J., Madhavica, V., Janani, D. M., Rekha, S. N., Ramya, S., & Usha, B. (2017).@An epidemiological survey: Effect of predisposing factors for PCOS in Indian urban and rural population.@J. Middle East Fertility Society, 22, 313-316.@Yes$Radhakrishnan, R., & Verghese, A. A. (2018).@Study on anxiety and depression among patients with polycystic ovary syndrome.@J. Drug Delivery Therapeutics, 8(5), 338-340.@Yes$Domecq, J. P., Prutsky, G., Mullan, R. J., Sundaresh, V., Wang, A. T., Erwin, P. J, Welt, C., Ehrmann, D., Montori, V. M., & Murad, M. H. (2013).@Adverse Effects of the Common Treatments for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.@J. Clinical Endocrinolol. Metabolism, 98(12), 4646-4654.@Yes$Bi, X., Zhai, Z., & Wang, S. (2019).@Identification of the key pathways and genes related to polycystic ovary syndrome using bioinformatics analysis.@Gen. Physiol. Biophys., 38, 205-214.@Yes$Uhlen, M., Fagerberg, L., Hallstrom, B. M., Lindskog, C., Oksvold, P., Mardinoglu, A., ... & Ponten, F. (2015).@Tissue-based map of the human proteome.@Science, 347(6220).@Yes$Zhang, X. Z., Pang, Y. L., & Li, Y. H. (2018).@Computational characterization and identification of human polycystic ovary syndrome genes.@Sci Rep., 8, 12949.@Yes$Panda, P. K., Rane, R., Chandran, R. R., Singh, S., & Panchal, H. (2016).@Genetics of PCOS: A systematic bioinformatics approach to unveil the proteins responsible for PCOS.@Genomics Data, 8, 52-60.@Yes$Jie, X. P., Ya, J. T., Fang, F. W., Ning, N.H., Yu, Q. X., Jun, Y. Z., Ye, L., Fan, Q., Qing, M., Jian, X., Jian, Z. S., & He, F. H. (2018).@Aberrant expression and DNA methylation of lipid metabolism genes in PCOS: a new insight into its pathogenesis.@Clin. Epigenet., 10, 6.@Yes$Tayebe, A., Massoud, S., Reza, A., Mahnaz, A., Iraj, A., Mahnaz, Y., Sara, S. A., Nooshin, S., Jamshid, K., & Mehdi, M. (2015).@Down regulation of adiponectin system in granulosa cells and low levels of HMW adiponectin in PCOS.@J. Assisted Reproduction Genetics, 33(1), 101-110.@Yes$Chen, L., Ling, M. H., Wang, F. U., Yang, H. Y., Huang, X. Y., Zhou, W., & Sun, H. X. (2017).@Genome wide association study for SNPs associated with PCOS in human patients.@Experimental Therapeutic Med., 7(9), 4896-4900.@Yes$Thapar, P. (2018).@Bioinformatics- tools and applications.@Proceedings from 12th INDIA Com International Conference, New Delhi, India, 14th- 16th March. 5044-5047.@No
<#LINE#>Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Potential of Selected Macroalgae from the Red Sea, Sudan Coast<#LINE#>El Nur @E.E.,Ali @L.I.,Fadul @E.,Mohamed @l.E. <#LINE#>19-27<#LINE#>4.ISCA-IRJBS-2020-047.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, PC, 11115, P. O. Box 321 Khartoum, Sudan@Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, PC, 11115, P. O. Box 321 Khartoum, Sudan@Department of Medicinal Biochemistry, Medicinal, Aromatic and Traditional Research Institute (M.A.P.R.I.), National Center for Research, P. O. Box 2404 Khartoum, Sudan@Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, PC, 11115, P. O. Box 321 Khartoum, Sudan<#LINE#>11/7/2020<#LINE#>31/10/2020<#LINE#>Marine biodiversity is a source of unique chemical hits with its potential to develop into drug leads. Many studies have reported that macroalgae from marine is considered as an essential origin of antibacterial, antioxidant and antitumor agents. In this study, three marine macroalgae, Jania rubens, Halimeda tuna and Turbinaria decurrens were collected from the Red Sea, Sudan coast near to Port Sudan city. The collected algae were successively extracted using four solvents with increasing polarities. Extracts of the marine macroalgae were evaluated for secondary phytochemicals as well as antioxidant and antibacterial activities using Iron chelating assay and cup plate agar diffusion methods respectively. Dichloromethane crude extracts of J. rubens and T. decurrens were tested for cytotoxic activity.The most bioactive extracts were subjected to column chromatography. Then the fractions evaluated for antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The results revealed that, the algal extracts contained major groups of secondary metabolites; flavonoids, triterpenes and alkaloids. The antioxidant results showed that the chloroform and ethanol extracts of J. rubens and H. tuna were more active than those of the ethyl acetate and the petroleum ether ones (highest activity 86%). The highest positive antibacterial activity were recorded for ethanol extracts against S. aureus and E. coli; while the chloroform extract exhibited positive results against E. coli in all investigated extracts. The fractions indicated that some fractions of the three algae have moderate to low activity against E. coli. J. rubens revealed unprecedented cytotoxic activity with IC50 less than 3µg/ml and selectivity against two of six tumor cell line. A major compound was isolated in pure form using preparative thin layer chromatography. The isolated pure compound was identified as &#946;- sitosterol glucoside using authentic samples. To draw final conclusion, further research is needed,  high performance liquid chromatography together with a detailed spectroscopic analysis, particularly the red algae specimens from which the potent antimicrobial and antioxidant activity is being attribute as well as cytotoxicity.<#LINE#>Anandhan, S. and Sorna kumara H. (2011).@Biostraining Potentials of Marine Macroalgae collected from Rameshwaram Tamilnadu.@Journal of Biological Research, 5, 385-392.@Yes$Kim, S. Y., Kim, E. A., Kang, M. C., Lee, J. H., Yang, H. W., Lee, J. S., Lim, T. I. and Jeon, Y. J. (2014).@Polyphenol-rich fraction from Ecklonia cava (a brown alga) processing by-product reduces LPS-induced inflammation in vitro and in vivo in a zebrafish model.@Algae, 29(2), 165-74. DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.4490/ algae.2014.29.2.165@Yes$Fernando, I. S., Sanjeewa, K. A., Samarakoon, K. W., Lee, W. W., Kim, H. S., Kim, E. A., Gunasekara, U., Abeytunga, D., Nanayakkara, C. and Silva, E. (2017).@FTIR characterization and antioxidant activity of water soluble crude polysaccharides of Sri Lankan marine algae.@Algae, 32(1), 75-86. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4490/algae. 2017.32.12.1@Yes$Wang, H-MD., Li, X-C., Lee, D-G. and Chang, J-S. (2017).@Potential biomedical applications of marine algae.@Bioresource Technology Journal, 244, 1407-1415. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.198. Epub 2017 Jun 3.@Yes$Mayer, A. M., Rodriguez, A. D., Berlinck, R. G. and Hamann, M.T. (2009).@Marine pharmacology in 2005-6: marine compounds with anthelmintic, antibacterial, anticoagulant, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities; affecting the cardiovascular, immune and nervous systems, and other miscellaneous mechanisms of action.@Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1790(5), 283-308. DOI: 10.1016/ j.bbagen.2009.03.011. Epub 2009 Mar 19.@Yes$Fernando, I. S., Kim, M., Son, K. T., Jeong, Y. and Jeon, Y. J. 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(2009).@Epoxyphomalin A and B, Prenylated Polyketides with Potent Cytotoxicity from the Marine-Derived fungus Phoma sp.@Organic Letters, 11, 5014-5017. DOI: 10.1021 /ol901996g@Yes$Elangovan, M. and Anantharaman P.  (2019).@Nutritional Composition and Phytochemistry Profile of Seaweeds Collected From Rameshwaram Coast.@International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 8(11), 3137-3140.@No$Ismail, G.  A.   Gheda, S.  Abo-Shady,   F.  A. and Abdel-Karim, O.  H.  (2019).@In vitro potential activity of some seaweeds as antioxidants and inhibitors of diabetic enzymes.@Food Science and Technolology Campinas, Ahead of Print, (1-11). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/fst. 15619.@Yes$Ong, A. S. H. and Tee, E. S. (1992).@Natural sources of carotenoids from plants and oils. Methods in Enzymology.@213, 142-167. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(92) 13118-H@Yes$Smith, G.M. (1966).@Cryptogamic Botany Algae and Fungi.@1, McGraw-Hill / K?gakusha, New  York, Pp, 546.@Yes$Ruberto, G., Baratta, M. T., Biondi, D. M. and Amico, V. (2001).@Antioxidant activity of extracts of the marine algal genus Cystoseira in a micellar model system.@Journal of Applied Phycology, 13, 403-407. DOI: https://doi.org/10. 1023/A:1011972230477@Yes$Athukorala, Y., Nam, K. and Jeon., Y. (2006).@Antiproliferative and antioxidant properties of an enzymatic hydrolysate from brown alga Ecklonia cava.@Journal of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, 44, 1065-1074. DOI: 10.1016/ j.fct.2006.01.011@Yes$Horincar, V., Parfence, G. and Bahrim, G.  (2011).@Evaluation of bioactive compounds in extracts obtained from three Romanian marine algae species.@Romanian Biotechnological Letters, 6, 71-78.@Yes$Shalaby, E.A.A.  (2008).@Biochemical and Biotechnological studies on some marine algae. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation), Cairo University, Cairo-Eygpt.@undefined@No$Ismail-Ben Ali, A., El Bour, M., Ktari, L., Bolhuis, H., Ahmed, M., Boudabbous, A. and Stal, L. J. (2012).@Jania rubens associated bacteria: molecular identification and antimicrobial activity.@Journal of Applied Phycology, 24, 525-534. DOI: 10.1007/s10811-011-9758-0@Yes$Alghazeer, R., Howell, N., El-Naili, M. and Awayn, N. (2018).@Anticancer and Antioxidant Activities of Some Algae from Western Libyan Coast.@Natural Science, 10, 232-246. DOI: 10.4236/ns.2018.107025.@Yes$Devi, G. K., Manivannan, K., Thirumaran, G., Rajathi, F. A. A. and Anantharaman P. (2011).@In vitro antioxidant activities of selected seaweeds from Southeast coast of India.@Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 4(3), 205-211. DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(11) 60070-9@Yes$Rao, P. S. and Parekh, K. S. (1981).@Antibacterial activity of Indian Seaweed extracts.@Journal of Marine Botany, 24, 577-582. 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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2009.80213@Yes$Karabay-Yavasoglu, N.U., Sukatar, A. Ozdemir G. and Horzum. Z. (2007).@Antimicrobial activity of volatile components and various extracts of the red alga Jania rubens.@Phytotherapy Research, 21, 153-156. DOI:10. 1002/ptr.2045@Yes$Arguelles, E. D. and Sapin, A. B. (2020).@In vitro antioxidant, alpha-glucosidase inhibition and antibacterial properties of Turbinaria decurrens Bory (Sargassaceae, Ochrophyta).@Asia-Pacific Journal of Science and Technology, 25(03), 84-92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14456 /apst.2020.30@Yes$Ambreen, A., Hira, K., Ruqqia, A., & Sultana, V. (2012).@Evaluation of biochemical component and antimicrobial activity of some seaweeeds occurring at Karachi coast.@Pakistan Journal of Botany, 44(5), 1799-1803.@Yes$Gheda, S., El-Sheekh, M. and Abou-Zeid, A.  (2018).@In vitro anticancer activity of polysaccharide extracted from the red alga Jania rubens against breast and colon cancer cell lines.@Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 11(10), 583-589. DOI: 10.4103/1995-7645.244523@Yes$Hussain, E., Wang, L. J., Riaz, S., Butt, G. Y. & Shi, D. Y. (2016).@A review of the components of brown seaweeds as potential candidates in cancer therapy.@Royal Society of Chemistry Advances, 6, 12592-610. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1039/C5RA23995H@Yes$Moo-Puc, R., Robledo, D. and Freile-Felegrin, Y. (2011).@Improved antitumoral activity of extracts derived from cultured Penicillus dumetosus.@Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 10, 177-185. DOI: 10.1155/ 2011/969275@Yes$Matteo, D. A., Stefania, S., Raffaella, R., Serena, R., Bianca, C. & Luciana, R. (2020).@In vitro evaluation of antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of algal extracts.@Italian Journal of Animal Science, 19(1), 103-113. 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(2011).@Antibacterial activity of aqueous extract from selected macroalgae of Southwest coast of India.@Seaweed Research and Utilisation, 33 (1&2), 67-75.@Yes$Aknin, M., Miralles, J., & Kornprobst, J. M. (1990).@Sterol and fatty acid distribution in red algae from the Senegalese coast.@Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry, 96(3), 559-563.@Yes$Orcutt, D. M. and Richardson, B. (1970).@Sterols of Oocystis polymorpha, a green algae. Steroids.@16(4), 429-446. DOI: 10.1016/s0039-128x(70)80125-8.@Yes$Ramesh, N., Viswanathan, M. B., Selvi, V. T. and Lakshmanaperumalsamy, P. (2004).@Antimicrobial and phytochemical studies on the leaves of Phyllanthus singampattiana (Sebastine and AN Henry) Kumari and Chandrabose from India.@Journal of Medicinal Chemistry Research, 13, 348-360. DOI: 10.1007/s00044-004-0040-8.@Yes$Venkatesan, M., Viswanathan, M. B., Ramesh, N. and Lakshmanaperumalsamy, P. 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<#LINE#>Evaluation of the cytotoxicity potential of ethanolic extract of Chrysophyllum cainitousing the brine shrimp lethality bioassay<#LINE#>Leonel P. @Lumogdang,Lynde Q. @Bullong,Olga M. @Nuneza,Mylene M. @Uy <#LINE#>28-32<#LINE#>5.ISCA-IRJBS-2020-048.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Marine Biology, Southern Philippines of Agri-Business and Marine and Aquatic School of Technology (SPAMAST),  Poblacion Malita, Davao Occidental Philippines and College of Arts and Sciences, Xavier University-Ateneo De Cagayan, Cagayan de-Oro Philippines@Department of Marine Biology, Southern Philippines of Agri-Business and Marine and Aquatic School of Technology (SPAMAST),  Poblacion Malita, Davao Occidental Philippines and College of Arts and Sciences, Xavier University-Ateneo De Cagayan, Cagayan de-Oro Philippines@Department of Biological Sciences, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology (MSU-IIT), Tibanga, Iligan City Philippines and Department of Chemistry, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology (MSU-IIT), Tibanga, Iligan City Philippines@Department of Biological Sciences, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology (MSU-IIT), Tibanga, Iligan City Philippines and Department of Chemistry, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology (MSU-IIT), Tibanga, Iligan City Philippines<#LINE#>22/7/2020<#LINE#>13/12/2020<#LINE#>The Philippines has rich floral biodiversity accompanied with an abundant source of medicinal plants easily accessible in the locality. In terms of ethno-medical properties, Chrysophyllum cainito has been used to treat various diseases. In this study, C. cainito leaves were collected and evaluated for cytotoxicity using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Bioassay. The C. cainito leaves were extracted with water, 50:50 ethanol-water, and absolute ethanol to produce the decoction, hydro-ethanolic, and ethanolic extracts, respectively. Four concentrations (10, 100, 500, 1000&#956;g/ml) of the extracts were prepared and tested. Themortalityrates of the brine shrimp were observed after 6 and 24 hours. The results showed that all the prepared extracts exhibited active biological activities with the ethanolic and hydro-ethanolic extracts exhibiting greater activities compared to the decoction. Theethanolicand hydro-ethanolic extracts showed toxicity effects after 24-h exposures with LC50values of 25.85&#956;g/ml and 84.14&#956;g/ml, respectively. The results indicate that the use of absolute ethanol and 50:50 ethanol-water may have successfully extracted the bioactive compounds in the C. cainito that have acted on the brine shrimp.The presence of active components in the extracts indicated the potential of C. cainito as an alternative medicine and hence requires further tests to qualitatively identify the bioactive compounds.<#LINE#>Boerma, T. Mathers,C. AbouZahr, C. Chatterji, S. Daniel Hogan, D. and Gretchen Stevens (2020).@Health in 2015 from Millenium Development goals (MDGS) to Sustainable Developmentgoals (SDGS).@https://apps.who. int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/200009/9789241565110_eng.pdf;jsessionid=9B66AE28DA01F191520B528067B5DC10?sequence=1, June 2020.@No$Debas H.T., Laxminarayan R.  Straus SE. (2006).@Complementary and alternative medicine.@Chapter 69. In: Jamison DT, Breman JG, Measham AR, et al., editors. Disease control priorities in developing countries. 2nd ed. Washington DC: World Bank, 2006.@Yes$Ji, H.F.  Li, X.J, Zhang H.Y. (2009).Natural products and drug discovery. EMBO Reports 10 (3), 194-200@undefined@undefined@Yes$Doan, H.V, and Le T.P. (2020).@Chrysophyllum cainito: A Tropical Fruit with Multiple Health Benefits.@Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7259267.@Yes$Rymbai, H., Dutta, S.K., Jha, A.K., Deshmukh, N.A., Verma, V.K., War, G.G., Paul, D., Patel, R.S., Chaudri, P., Mishra, L.K., Roy, A.R. and Roy, D. (2015).@Chapter 32. Star Apple (Chrysophyllum cainito).@https://www. researchgate.net/publication/335240511_STAR_APPLE_Chrysophyllum_cainito/figures?lo=1&utm_source=google&utm_medium=organic, June 2020@No$Luo, X.D., Basile, M.J. and Kennelly, E.J. (2002).@Polyphenolic antioxidants from the fruits of Chrysophyllum cainito (star apple).@J Agric Food Chem, 50(6), 1379-1382.@Yes$Oranusi, S.U., Braide, W., Umeze, R.U. (2015).@Antimicrobial activities and chemical compositions of Chrysophyllum cainito (star apple) fruit.@Microbiology Research International, 3(3), 41-50.@Yes$Shailajan, S., and Gurjar, D. (2014).@Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical Evaluation of Chrysophyllum cainito Linnaeus Leaves.@Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 26(1), 106-111.@Yes$Hegde, K., Arathi, A., and Mathew, A. (2016).@Evaluation of antidiabetic activity of hydro alcoholic extract of Chrysophyllum cainito fruits.@International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 7, 4422-4428.@No$Da Rosa, R.L., De Almeida, C.L., Somensi, L.B., Boeing, T., Mariano, L.N.B., Krueger, C.M.A., De Souza, P., Filho, V.C., Da Silva, L.M., and De Andrade, S.F. (2019).@Chrysophyllum cainito (apple-star): A fruit with gastroprotective activity in experimental ulcer models.@Inflammopharmacology 27(5), 985&#8208;996. http://doi:10.1007 /s10787-017-0427-z@Yes$Ernest, A. K., Marie-Solange, T., Beugre, K., & Noeuml, Z. G. (2009).@Effect of aqueous extract of Chrysophyllum cainito leaves on the glycaemia of diabetic rabbits.@African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 3(10), 501-506.@Yes$Meira N.A., Klein, L.C., Rocha, L.W., Quintal, Z.M., Monache, F.D., Filho, V.C. and Quintão, N.L.M. (2014).@Anti-inflammatory and anti-hypersensitive effects of the crude extract, fractions and triterpenes obtained from Chrysophyllum cainito leaves in mice.@Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 151(2), 975&#8208;983. http://doi:10.1016/ j.jep.2013.12.014@Yes$Shailajan, S., and Gurjar, D. (2016).@Wound healing activity of Chrysophyllum cainito L. leaves: evaluation in rats using excision wound model.@Journal of Young Pharmacists, 8(2), 96-103.@Yes$Houessou, L.G., Lougbegnon, T.O., Gbesso, F.G.H., Anagonou, L.E.S., Sinsin, B. (2012).@Ethno-botanical study of the African star apple (Chrysophyllum albidum G. Don) in the Southern Benin (West Africa).@Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 8, 1-10@Yes$Sarah, Q.S., Anny, F.C., and Misbahuddin, M. (2017).@Brine shrimp lethality assay.@Bangladesh Journal Pharmacology, 12, 186-189.@Yes$Meyer, N., Ferrigni, R., Putnam, E., Jacobsen, B., Nichols, E., and Mclaughlin, L. (1982).@Brine Shrimp: A convenient General Bioassay for Active Plant Constituents.@Hippocrates Verlag Gmbh., 45, 31-34.@Yes$&#1052;&#1077;ntor, R., Jovanova, B. and Panovska, T.K. (2014).@Toxicological evaluation of the plant products using Brine Shrimp (Artemia salina L.) model.@Macedonian Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 60(1), 9-18.@Yes$Olowa, L. and Nuneza, O. (2013).@Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay of the Ethanolic Extracts of Three Selected Species of Medicinal Plants from Iligan City, Philippines.@International Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 2(11), 74-77.@Yes$Morilla, L.J., Nuneza, O. and Uy, M. (2015).@Brine Shrimp Lethality Test of Kleinhovia hospita stem and bark from Agusan del Sur, Philippines.@ELBA Bioflux, 7(1).@Yes$Elias, N., Nuneza, O. and Uy, M. (2014).@Evaluating the Potential Cytotoxic Activity of Acmella grandiflora Flower and Whole Plant using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test.@International Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 3(10), 90-92.@Yes$Arquion, C., Nuneza, O. and Uy, M. (2015).@Evaluating the Potential Cytotoxic Activity of Ficus nota Using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test.@Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences, 4(12).@Yes$Juario, J., Mondejar, E., Nuneza, O. and Uy, M. (2015).@Effect of Phyllanthus niruri and Passiflora foetida Extracts on the Mortality and Survival rate of the Brine Shrimp Artemia salina.@Research Journal of Recent Sciences, 4(2), 61-67.@Yes$Balinado, L. and Chan, M. (2017).@An Ethnomedicinal Study of Plants and Traditional Health Care Practices in District 7, Cavite, Philippines.@International Conference on Chemical, Agricultural, Biological and Medical Sciences (CABMS-17).@Yes$Chel-Guerrero, L.,  Sauri-Duch, E., Fragoso-Serrano, M.C., Perez-Flores, L.J., Gomez-Olivares, J.L,. Salinas-Arreortua, N., Sierra-Palacios, E., and Mendoza-Espinoza, JA. (2017).@Phytochemical Profile, Toxicity, and Pharmacological Potential of Peels from four Species of Tropical Fruits.@Journal of Medicinal Food, 00(0), 1-10.@Yes$Li, L.B., Lin, S., Yan, J., Wang, QL., Fan, Z.Y., Dong, Q.R., Qin, J.Z., and Xie, Z.G. (2015).@Poly-phenolic fraction of Chrysophyllum cainito extract induces cell death in osteosarcoma cells.@Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology, 10, 972-979.@Yes$Oputah, S., Mordi, R., Ajanaku, K., Olugbuyiro, J., Shade, J., Olorunshola, O., and Azuh, D. (2016).@Phytochemical and Antibacterial Properties of Ethanolic Seed Extracts of Chrysophyllum albidum (African Star Apple).@Oriental Journal of Physical Sciences, 1(1 & 2), 05-09.@Yes$Duyilemi, O.P., and Lawal, I.O. (2009).@Antibacterial activity and phytochemical screening of Chrysophyllum albidum leaves.@Asian Journal of Food and Agro-Industry, S75-S79.@Yes$Angone, S., Mewono, L., Boukandou, M.M., Medzegue, M.S., Ndong, J., Djoba Siawaya, J.F. and Souza, A. (2013).@Phytochemical screening and cytotoxicity studies of Chrysophyllum pruniforme Pierre ex Engl. Barks.@Pharmacognosy Research, 5(3).@Yes
@Short Communication
<#LINE#>Occurrence of fungi causes otomycosis in rural areas of MP, India<#LINE#>Amrin @Khan,Sudhir Kumar @Jain <#LINE#>33-35<#LINE#>6.ISCA-IRJBS-2020-040.pdf<#LINE#>School of Studies in Microbiology, Vikram University, Ujjain, MP, 456010, India@School of Studies in Microbiology, Vikram University, Ujjain, MP, 456010, India<#LINE#>27/6/2020<#LINE#>10/10/2020<#LINE#>Otomycosis is a subacute or chronic superficial fungal infectious disease of the outer auditory meatus. In this study, the main objective is to define the etiological agents and predisposing factors of Otomycosis. This disease is involved in various sex and age groups. A total of 80 clinical specimens are collected from the external auditory canal. All clinical specimens are collected by sterile cotton swabs and inoculated on Sabourauds dextrose agar. All isolated fungal agents were examined by the mycological investigation. In our present study Aspergillus niger 43.73% and Candida species 35.2% are the major fungal isolates. A higher incidence of Otomycosis is predominant seen in male patients between 21-30 years of age. Pruritus is the common fungal symptoms of Otomycosis. In this study, a high incidence of Otomycosis is encountered in rural areas peoples, because due to the high humidity, moist, and dusty environment. The present study focuses on educating the people about predisposing factors (self-cleaning) and aware of treatment methods of Otomycosis.<#LINE#>Emmons, C.W., Binford, C.H., Utz, J.P., and Kwon-Chung, K.J. (1977).@Medical Mycology.@3rd ed Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia.@No$Anaissie, E.J., McGinnis, M.R. and Pfaller, M.A. (2003).@Clinical Mycology.@Elsevier Sciences, Philadelphia, pp 464.@No$Munguia, R. and Daniel, S.J. (2008).@Ototopical antifungal and Otomycosis: A review.@International Journal Pediatric Otorhinolaryngol., 72, 453-9.@Yes$Paulose, K.O., Al-Khalifa, S., Shenoy, P., and Sharma, R.K. (1989).@Mycotic infections of the ear (Otomycosis): A prospective study.@Journal Laryngol Otol., 103(1), 30-35.@Yes$Fasunla, J., Ibekwe, T., and Onakoya, P. (2008).@Otomycosis in western Nigeria.@Mycoses., 51, 67-70.@Yes$Loh, K., Tan, K., and Kumarasinghe, B. (1998).@Otitis externa- the clinical pattern in a tertiary institution in Singapore.@Ann Acad Med, Singapore, 27, 215-218.@Yes$Kaur, R., Mittal, N., Kakkar, M., Aggrawal, A.K., and Mathur, M.D. (2000).@Otomycosis a clinicomycologic study.@Ear Nose Throat J., 79(8), 606-609.@Yes$Araiza, J., Canseco, P., and Bonifaz, A. (2006).@Otomycosis: clinical and mycological study of 97 cases.@Rev Laryngol Otol Rhinol., 127, 251-254.@Yes$Fischer, F. and Cook, M.B. (1998).@Some opportunistic fungi and yeasts and yeast-like fungi.@Fundamentals of Diagnostic Mycology, W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, USA, pp 35-225.@Yes$Pontes, Z.B.V.D.S., Silva, A.D.F., Lima, E.D.O., and Guerra, F.Q.S. (2009).@Otomycosis: A retrospective study.@Braz J Otorhinol., 75(3), 367-370.@Yes$Pahwa, V.K., Chamiyal, P.C., and Suri, P.N. (1983).@Mycological study in Otomycosis.@Indian J Med Res., 77, 334-338.@Yes$Aneja, K.R., Sharma, C., and Joshi, R. (2010).@Fungal infection of the ear: a common problem in the north eastern part of Haryana.@Int J Ped Otorhinolaryngol., 74(6), 604-607.@Yes$Kumar, A. (2005).@Fungal spectrum in Otomycosis patients.@JK Science., 7, 152-155.@Yes$Pardhan, B., Tuladhar, N.R., and Amatya, R.M. (2003).@Prevalence of Otomycosis in outpatient Department of Otolaryngology in Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal.@Ann Otol Rhino Laryngol., 52, 76-80.@Yes$Ologe, F.E. and Nwabuisi, C. (2002).@Treatment outcome of Otomycosis in IIorin, Nigeria.@West Afr J Med., 21, 34-36.@Yes$Prasad, S.C., Kotigadde, S., and Manisha, S et al. (2014).@Primary Otomycosis in the Indian subcontinent: Predisposing factors, Microbiology and Classification.@International Journal of Microbiology., 1-9.@Yes$Jain, S.K. and Agrawal, S.C. (1992).@Sporostatic effect of some oils against fungi causing Otomycosis.@Indian Journal of Medical Sciences, 46, 1-6.@Yes$Kiakojori, K., Bagherpour Jamnani, N., Khafri, S. and Mahdavi Omran S. (2018).@Assessment of response to treatment in patients with Otomycosis.@Iran J Otorhinolaryngol., 30(96), 41-47.@Yes$Jadhav, V., Pal M., and Mishra, G. (2003).@Etiological significance of Candida albicans and Aspergillus sp. in otitis externa.@Mycopathologia., 156, 313-315.@Yes$Ozcan, K.M., Ozcan, M., Karaarslan, A., and Karaarslan, F. (2003).@Otomycosis in Turkey: predisposing factors, aetiology and therapy.@J Laryngol Otol., 117(1), 39-42.@Yes
<#LINE#>Relevance of Ethnomedicines of Invertebrate origin used by Tribals at Indo-Nepal Border<#LINE#>Sadguru @Prakash,Ashok Kumar @Verma <#LINE#>36-39<#LINE#>7.ISCA-IRJBS-2020-053.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Zoology, MLK Post Graduate College, Balrampur, Uttar Pradesh, India@Department of Zoology, Government Post Graduate College, Saidabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India<#LINE#>13/8/2020<#LINE#>12/12/2020<#LINE#>The article reports the conventional methods to cure the different human diseases by means of diverse invertebrate animals and their product by Tharu tribes of Indo-Nepal Border of Terai region of eastern Uttar Pradesh. They are using many medicine of animal origin. A list of nineteen invertebrates and their products, mode of application with nature of ailments are hereby presented. The information suggests that tribal traditions may have much to contribute to the therapeutic armamentarium.<#LINE#>Vohora S.B. and Khan M. S. Y. (1978).@Animal origin drugs used in Unani medicine.@Institute of History of Medicine and Medical Research, New Delhi.@Yes$Prakash S. (2017).@Medico-ethnozoological studies on homoeothermic vertebrates of devipatan division of Uttar Pradesh, India.@International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies, 4(6), 62-66.@Yes$Azmi H. K. (1991).@Use of homoeothermic animals as traditional drugs in certain tribes of eastern (Purvanchal) Uttar Pradesh.@Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology, 11(1), 36-42.@Yes$Pandey H. P. (2019).@Socio-religious Plants of Terai Region of U.P., India.@International Journal of Biological Innovations, 1(1), 18-24.@Yes$Puri H. S. (1970).@Drugs of animal origin used in Indian Systems of Medicine.@Nagarjun, 13, 21.@Yes$Joseph A. N. T. (1982).@Use of animals and drugs in in certain tribals of Madhya Pradesh.@Proc. Asian Cong. On Traditional Asian Medicines, Bombay.@Yes$Puspagandhan P. (1990).@Animals and animal products used in local health traditions of India.@Nagarjun, 33, 189.@Yes$Ghosh A. K. and Maiti P. K. A. (1992).@Brief report on ethnozoological research in India.@Proc of 2nd Int Cong Ethnobiol, Mexico City. https://mbimph.com/index.php/ UPJOZ/article/view/1228@Yes$Jamir, N.S. and Lal, P. (2005).@Ethnozoological practices among Naga tribes.@Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 4(1), 100-104.@Yes$Dixit, A.K., Kadavul, K., Rajalakshmi, S. and Shekhawat, M.S. (2010).@Ethno-medico-biological studies of South India.@Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 9(1), 116-118.@Yes$Borah M. P. and Prasad S. B. (2017).@Ethnozoological study of animals based medicine used by traditional healers and indigenous inhabitants in the adjoining area of gibbon wildlife Sanctuary, Assam, India.@Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethinomedicine, 13, 39.@Yes$Prakash S. and Yadav, D.K. (2020).@Medico-ethnozoological studies on anamniotes fauna of Devipatan division of Uttar Pradesh, India.@Int. J. Zool. Appl. Biosci., 5(5), 222-227. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4059633@No$Verma AK and Prakash S (2020).@Status of Animal Phyla in different Kingdom Systems of Biological Classification.@International Journal of Bio Innovations, 2(2), 149-154.@Yes$Sharma V.P. (1990).@Ethnozoological studies on the invertebrates of Rajasthan State, India.@Uttar Pradesh J. Zool., 10(2), 133.@Yes$Sharma V.P. (1990).@The relevance of ethnomedico zoological drugs of insect origin used by aborigines of Rajasthan State, India.@Annals of Entomology, 8(2), 43-45.@Yes$Deswal P., Yadav Y., Khushbu and Vineeta Shukla V.  (2020).@Evaluation of Antioxidant Acitivity of Eisenia fetida.@International J of Bio Innovations, 2(2), 109-116.@Yes$Yasmeen S. and Punam Dugaje P. (2020).@Holistic Survey on predatory Ladybird Beetle Diversity at selected regions of Nashik District (Maharashtra), India.@International Journal of Biological Innovations, 2(1), 52-62.@Yes$Alves R. R. N. and Rosa I. L. (2007).@Zootherapeutic practices among fishing communities in North and Northeast Brazil: a comparison.@J Ethnopharmacol, 111, 82-103.@Yes
@Review Paper
<#LINE#>Novel Coronavirus: an emergent virus, threat for mankind<#LINE#>Roni @Sarkar <#LINE#>40-44<#LINE#>8.ISCA-IRJBS-2020-033.pdf<#LINE#>South Calcutta Girls College, 72, Sarat Bose Rd, Lansdown, Garcha, Ballygunge, Kolkata, West Bengal 700025, India<#LINE#>7/5/2020<#LINE#>11/10/2020<#LINE#>The coronavirus pandemic (2019-nCoV) that germinated in Wuhan city of China, has gradually surpassed every geographical boundary possible to bring 213 countries under its grasp. The amount of cases has been accelerating each day in an exponential manner with the manner of transmission being interface amid human-to-human or through air droplets; and the patients infected with pneumonia by SARS-CoV-2, are exhibiting common flu like symptoms of fever and coughing. There is tremendous pressure on the governments of all countries to control the outbreak that has transformed into a global health emergency. Therefore the current scenario demands transparency, preparedness and sharing of information as essential steps to combat this outbreak. This manuscript assembles the virology and updated clinical management strategies. The human CoV outbreaks future depends on the evolution of viruses as well as development of prevention and promising treatment strategies for dealing with future threat of spreads.<#LINE#>Gao, G.F. (2018).@From AIV to ZIKV: Attacks from emerging and re-emerging pathogens.@Cell, 172, 1157-1159.@Yes$Lu H, Stratton CW and Tang YW. (2020).@Outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan China: the mystery and the miracle.@J Med Virol., doi:10.1002/jmv. 25678 .@Yes$Weiss, S.R. and Leibowitz, J.L. (2011).@Coronavirus pathogenesis.@Adv. Virus Res., 81, 85-164.@Yes$Su, S.; Wong, G.; Shi, W.; Liu, J.; Lai, A.C.; Zhou, J. and Gao, G.F. (2016).@Epidemiology, genetic recombination, and pathogenesis of coronaviruses.@Trends Microbiol., 24, 490-502.@Yes$Cui, J.; Li, F. and Shi, Z.L. (2019).@Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses.@Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 17, 181-192.@Yes$Lu H, Stratton CW and Tang YW. (2020).@Outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan China: the mystery and the miracle.@J Med Virol.. doi: 10.1002/jmv. 25678 .@Yes$Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, et al. (2020).@Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia.@N Engl J Med.,. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001316.@Yes$Gorbalenya AE, Baker SC, Baric RS, de Groot RJ, Drosten C, Gulyaeva AA, et al. (2020).@Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: the species and its viruses—a statement of the Coronavirus Study Group.@Bio Rxiv. doi: 10.1101/2020.02.07.937862 .@Yes$Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. (2020).@Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study.@Lancet; 395507-13. doi: 10.1016/S0140- 6736(20)30211- 7 .@Yes$Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., ... & Cao, B. (2020).@Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China.@The lancet, 395(10223), 497-506.@Yes$Wang, C., Horby, P. W., Hayden, F. G., & Gao, G. F. (2020).@A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern.@The lancet, 395(10223), 470-473. doi: 10.1016/ S0140-6736(20)30185-9 .@Yes$Holshue ML, DeBolt C, Lindquist S, Lofy KH, Wiesman J, Bruce H, et al. (2020).@First case of 2019 novel coronavirus in the United States.@N Engl J Med., doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001191 .@Yes$Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. (2020).@Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China.@JAMA., doi: 10.1001/jama.2020. 1585.@Yes$Chang D, Lin M, Wei L, Xie L, Zhu G, Dela Cruz CS, et al. (2020).@Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of novel coronavirus infections involving 13 patients outside Wuhan, China.@JAMA., doi: 10.1001/ jama.2020.1623 .@Yes$Carlos WG, Dela Cruz CS, Cao B, Pasnick S and Jamil S. (2020).@Novel Wuhan (2019-nCoV) coronavirus.@Am J Respir Crit Care Med; 201: P7-8. doi: 10.1164/rccm. 2014P7 .@Yes$Hui DS, Azhar E, Madani TA, Ntoumi F, Kock R, Dar O, et al. (2020).@The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronavirusesto global health-the latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China.@Int J Infect Dis;, 91, 264-6.@No$Zhou, P., Yang, X. L., Wang, X. G., Hu, B., Zhang, L., Zhang, W., ... & Shi, Z. L. (2020).@A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin.@Nature, 579(7798), 270-273.@Yes$Wu, F., Zhao, S., Yu, B., Chen, Y. M., Wang, W., Song, Z. G., ... & Zhang, Y. Z. (2020).@A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China.@Nature, 579(7798), 265-269.@Yes$Chen L, Liu W, Zhang Q, Xu K, Ye G, Wu W, et al. (2020).@RNA based mNGS approach identifies a novel human coronavirus from two individual pneumonia cases in 2019 Wuhan outbreak.@Emerg Microbes Infect., 9, 313-319.@Yes$Drosten, C.; Gunther, S.; Preiser, W.; Van der Werf, S.; Brodt, H.R.; Becker, S.; Rabenau, H.; Panning, M.; Kolesnikova, L.; Fouchier, R.A.; et al. (2003).@Identification of a novel coronavirus in patients with severe acuterespiratory syndrome.@N. Engl. J. Med., 348, 1967-1976.@Yes$Li, W.; Moore, M.J.; Vasilieva, N.; Sui, J.; Wong, S.K.; Berne, M.A.; Somasundaran, M.; Sullivan, J.L.; Luzuriaga, K.; Greenough, T.C.; et al. (2003).@Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus.@Nature., 426, 450-454.@Yes$Chan-Yeung, M. and Xu, R.H. (2003).@SARS: Epidemiology.@Respirology., 8, S9-S14.@Yes$Li, W.; Shi, Z.; Yu, M.; Ren, W.; Smith, C.; Epstein, J.H.; Wang, H.; Crameri, G.; Hu, Z. and Zhang, H. (2005).@Bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses.@Science., 310, 676-679.@Yes$Guan, Y.; Zheng, B.J.; He, Y.Q.; Liu, X.L.; Zhuang, Z.X.; Cheung, C.L.; Luo, S.W.; Li, P.H.; Zhang, L.J.; Guan, Y.J.; et al. (2003).@Isolation and characterization of viruses related to the SARS coronavirus from animals in southern China.@Science., 302, 276-278.@Yes$Lau, S.K.; Woo, P.C.; Li, K.S.; Huang, Y.; Tsoi, H.W.; Wong, B.H.; Wong, S.S.; Leung, S.Y.; Chan, K.H.; Yuen, K.Y. (2005).@Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like virus in Chinese horseshoe bats.@Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 102, 14040-14045.@Yes$Li, W., Zhang, C., Sui, J., Kuhn, J. H., Moore, M. J., Luo, S., ... & Farzan, M. (2005).@Receptor and viral determinants of SARS&#8208;coronavirus adaptation to human ACE2.@The EMBO Journal, 24(8), 1634-1643.@Yes$Lau, S. K., Li, K. S., Tsang, A. K., Lam, C. S., Ahmed, S., Chen, H., ... & Yuen, K. Y. (2013).@Genetic characterization of Betacoronavirus lineage C viruses in bats reveals marked sequence divergence in the spike protein of pipistrellus bat coronavirus HKU5 in Japanese pipistrelle: implications for the origin of the novel Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus.@Journal of Virology, 87(15), 8638-8650.@Yes$Memish, Z. A., Mishra, N., Olival, K. J., Fagbo, S. F., Kapoor, V., Epstein, J. H., ... & Lipkin, W. I. (2013).@Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in bats, Saudi Arabia.@Emerging infectious diseases, 19(11), 1819.@Yes$Alagaili, A. N., Briese, T., Mishra, N., Kapoor, V., Sameroff, S. C., de Wit, E., ... & Lipkin, W. I. (2014).@Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia.@MBio, 5(2).@Yes$Haagmans, B.L.; Al Dhahiry, S.H.; Reusken, C.B.; Raj, V.S.; Galiano, M.; Myers, R.; Godeke, G.J.; Jonges, M.; Farag, E.; Diab, A.; et al. (2014).@Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in dromedary camels: An outbreak investigation.@Lancet Infect. Dis., 14, 140-145.@Yes$Muller, M.A.; Corman, V.M.; Jores, J.; Meyer, B.; Younan, M.; Liljander, A.; Bosch, B.J.; Lattwein, E.; Hilali, M.; Musa, B.E.; et al. (2014).@MERS coronavirus neutralizing antibodies in camels, Eastern Africa, 1983-1997.@Emerg. Infect. Dis., 20, 2093-2095.@Yes$Lau, S.K.P.; Zhang, L.; Luk, H.K.H.; Xiong, L.; Peng, X.; Li, K.S.M.; He, X.; Zhao, P.S.; Fan, R.Y.Y.; Wong, A.C.P.; et al. (2018).@Receptor Usage of a Novel Bat Lineage C Betacoronavirus Reveals Evolution of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Related Coronavirus Spike Proteins for Human Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Binding.@J. Infect. Dis., 218, 197-207.@Yes$Zhang, Z.; Shen, L. and Gu, X. (2016).@Evolutionary Dynamics of MERS-CoV: Potential Recombination, Positive Selection and Transmission.@Sci. Rep., 6, 25049.@Yes$Rothe, C.; Schunk, M.; Sothmann, P.; Bretzel, G.; Froeschl, G.; Wallrauch, C.; Zimmer, T.; Thiel, V.; Janke, C.; Guggemos, W.; et al. (2020).@Transmission of 2019-nCoV Infection from an Asymptomatic Contact in Germany.@N. Engl. J. Med.@Yes$Lu, R.; Zhao, X.; Li, J.; Niu, P.; Yang, B.; Wu, H.; Wang, W.; Song, H.; Huang, B.; Zhu, N.; et al. (2020).@Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: Implications for virus origins and receptor binding.@Lancet., 395, 565-574.@Yes$World Health Organization (WHO). (2020).@Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV).@Situation report. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/ situation-reports/20200207-sitrep-18-ncov.pdf?sfvrsn=fa64 4293 _ 2.@No$Patel A and Jernigan DB. (2020).@2019-nCoV CDC Response Team. Initial public health response and interim clinical guidance for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak—United States.@December 31, 2019-February 4, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep., 69, 140-6. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6905e1 .@Yes$Takano, T., Katoh, Y., Doki, T., & Hohdatsu, T. (2013).@Effect of chloroquine on feline infectious peritonitis virus infection in vitro and in vivo.@Antiviral research, 99(2), 100-107.@Yes$Keyaerts E, Li S, Vijgen L, Rysman E, Verbeeck J, Van Ranst M and Maes P. (2009).@Antiviral activity of chloroquine against human coronavirus OC43 infection in newborn mice.@Antimicrob Agents Chemother., 53, 3416-3421.@Yes$Krzystyniak K and Dupuy JM. (1984).@Entry of mouse hepatitis virus 3 into cells.@J Gen Virol., 65, 227-231.@Yes$Payne HR, Storz J and Henk WG. (1990).@Initial events in bovine coronavirus infection: analysis through immunogold probes and lysosomotropic inhibitors.@Arch Virol. 114, 175-189.@Yes$Kono M, Tatsumi K, Imai AM, Saito K, Kuriyama T and Shirasawa H. (2008).@Inhibition of humancoronavirus 229E infection in human epithelial lung cells (L132) by chloroquine: involvement of p38 MAPK and ERK.@Antiviral Res., 77, 150-152.@Yes$Keyaerts, E., Vijgen, L., Maes, P., Neyts, J., & Van Ranst, M. (2004).@In vitro inhibition of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus by chloroquine.@Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 323(1), 264-268.@Yes$de Wilde AH, Jochmans D, Posthuma CC, Zevenhoven-Dobbe JC, van Nieuwkoop S, Bestebroer TM, van den Hoogen BG, Neyts J and Snijder EJ. (2014).@Screening of anFDA-approved compound library identifies four small-molecule inhibitors of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus replication in cell culture.@Antimicrob Agents Chemother., 58, 4875-4884.@Yes$Du L, He Y, Zhou Y, Liu S, Zheng BJ, Jiang S. (2009).@The spike protein of SARS-CoV-a target for vaccine and therapeutic development.@Nat Rev Microbiol., 7, 226-236@Yes$Schoggins JW, Rice CM. (2011).@Interferon-stimulated genes and their antiviral effect or functions.@Curropinvirol., 1, 519-525@Yes$Garlinghouse, L. E., Smith, A. L., & Holford, T. (1984).@The biological relationship of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) strains and interferon: in vitro induction and sensitivities.@Archives of virology, 82(1-2), 19-29.@Yes$Taguchi F and Siddell SG (1985).@Difference in sensitivity to interferon among mouse hepatitis viruses with high and low virulence for mice.@Virology., 147, 41-48@Yes$Haagmans BL, Kuiken T, Martina BE, Fouchier RA, Rimmelzwaan GF, van Amerongen G, Van Riel D, de Jong T, Itamura S, Chan KH, Tashiro M and Osterhaus AD. (2004).@Pegylatedinterferon-alpha protects type 1 pneumocytes against SARS coronavirus infection in macaques.@Nat Med.10:290-293.@Yes$Paragas J, Blatt LM, Hartmann C, Huggins JW and Endy TP. (2005).@Interferon alfacon1 is an inhibitor of SARS-corona virus in cell-based models.@Antiviral Res., 66, 99-102.@Yes$Zheng B, He ML, Wong KL, Lum CT, Poon LL, Peng Y, Guan Y, Lin MC and Kung HF. (2004).@Potent inhibition of SARS-associated coronavirus (SCOV) infection and replication by type Iinterferons (IFN-alpha/beta) but not by type II interferon (IFN-gamma).@J Interferon Cytokine Res., 24, 388-390.@Yes$de Wilde AH, Raj VS, Oudshoorn D, Bestebroer TM, van Nieuwkoop S, Limpens RW, Posthuma CC, van der Meer Y, Barcena M, Haagmans BL, Snijder EJ, van den Hoogen BG. (2013b).@MERS-coronavirus replication induces severe in vitro cytopathology and is strongly inhibited by cyclosporin A or interferon-alpha treatment.@J Gen Virol., 94, 1749-1760.@Yes$Haagmans BL, Kuiken T, Martina BE, Fouchier RA, Rimmelzwaan GF, van Amerongen G, vanRiel D, de Jong T, Itamura S, Chan KH, Tashiro M, Osterhaus AD. (2004).@Pegylatedinterferon-alpha protects type 1 pneumocytes against SARS coronavirus infection in macaques.@Nat Med., 10, 290-293.@Yes$Dusheiko G. (1997).@Side effects of alpha interferon in chronic hepatitis C.@Hepatology., 26, 112S-121S@Yes$Kim, Y., Liu, H., Galasiti Kankanamalage, A. C., Weerasekara, S., Hua, D. H., Groutas, W. C., ... & Pedersen, N. C. (2016).@Reversal of the progression of fatal coronavirus infection in cats by a broad-spectrum coronavirus protease inhibitor.@PLoS pathogens, 12(3), e1005531.@Yes$Wang M, Cao R, Zhang L, Yang X, Liu J, Xu M, et al. (2020).@Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019- nCoV) in vitro.@Cell Res., doi: 10.1038/ s41422- 020- 0282-0.@Yes$www.https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/@undefined@undefined@No
<#LINE#>Current updates on Vaccine with SARS-COV-2 - A review<#LINE#>Shukla @Sakshi,Pandey @Chitranshu <#LINE#>45-52<#LINE#>9.ISCA-IRJBS-2020-038.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Biotechnology, MRD Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd. Lucknow, India@Department of Biotechnology, MRD Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd. Lucknow, India<#LINE#>20/6/2020<#LINE#>30/9/2020<#LINE#>SARS-CoV-2 pivotal agent of coronavirus disease, initially appeared in China in late December 2019.  This has since contaminated in excess of eight lakhs seventy thousands people and gave rise to in excess of forty three thousands deaths worldwide. Here, we explore SARS-CoV-2 prophylactic and therapeutic strategies with prominence on the vaccine production and their obstacles. Vaccines are quickly evolving but would possibly emerge quite late to impact a possible pandemic\'s first wave. Important lessons for the production of vaccines here against quickly evolving viruses, however, may be studied. Importantly, vaccines with SARS-CoV-2 would be necessary to reduce mortality and morbidity if virus is identified in the population.<#LINE#>Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., ... and Cheng, Z. (2020).@Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China.@The lancet, 395(10223), 497-506.@No$Wu, F., Zhao, S., Yu, B., Chen, Y. M., Wang, W., Song, Z. G., ... and Yuan, M. L. (2020).@A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China.@Nature, 579(7798), 265-269.@Yes$Zhou, P., Yang, X. L., Wang, X. G., Hu, B., Zhang, L., Zhang, W., ... and Chen, H. D. (2020).@A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin.@Nature, 579(7798), 270-273.@No$Boni, M. F., Lemey, P., Jiang, X., Lam, T. T. Y., Perry, B. W., Castoe, T. A., ... & Robertson, D. L. (2020).@Evolutionary origins of the SARS-CoV-2 sarbecovirus lineage responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic.@Nature Microbiology, 5(11), 1408-1417.@Yes$Guan, W. J., Ni, Z. Y., Hu, Y., Liang, W. H., Ou, C. Q., He, J. X., ... and Du, B. (2020).@Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China.@New England journal of medicine, 382(18), 1708-1720.@No$Cui, J., Li, F., and Shi, Z. L. (2019).@Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses.@Nature reviews Microbiology, 17(3), 181-192.@Yes$Fehr, A. R., and Perlman, S. (2015).@Coronaviruses: An overview of their replication and pathogenesis.@In Coronaviruses, 1-23. Humana Press, New York, NY.@Yes$De Wit, E., Feldmann, F., Cronin, J., Jordan, R., Okumura, A., Thomas, T., ... and Feldmann, H. (2020).@Prophylactic and therapeutic remdesivir (GS-5734) treatment in the rhesus macaque model of MERS-CoV infection.@Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(12), 6771-6776.@Yes$Mulangu, S. (2019).@PALM Writing Group; PALM Consortium Study Team.@A randomized, controlled trial of Ebola virus disease therapeutics.@Yes$Agostini, M. L., Andres, E. L., Sims, A. C., Graham, R. L., Sheahan, T. P., Lu, X., ... & Denison, M. R. (2018).@Coronavirus susceptibility to the antiviral remdesivir (GS-5734) is mediated by the viral polymerase and the proofreading exoribonuclease.@MBio, 9(2).@Yes$Hull, M. W. and Montaner, J. S. (2011).@Ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors in HIV therapy.@Annals of medicine, 43(5), 375-388.@Yes$Chu, C. M., Cheng, V. C. C., Hung, I. F. N., Wong, M. M. L., Chan, K. H., Chan, K. S., ... and Peiris, J. S. M. (2004).@Role of lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of SARS: initial virological and clinical findings.@Thorax, 59(3), 252-256.@Yes$Sheahan, T. P., Sims, A. C., Leist, S. R., Schäfer, A., Won, J., Brown, A. J., ... and Spahn, J. E. (2020).@Comparative therapeutic efficacy of remdesivir and combination lopinavir, ritonavir, and interferon beta against MERS-CoV.@Nature Communications, 11(1), 1-14.@Yes$Teissier, E., Zandomeneghi, G., Loquet, A., Lavillette, D., Lavergne, J. P., Montserret, R., ... and Pecheur, E. I. (2011).@Mechanism of inhibition of enveloped virus membrane fusion by the antiviral drug arbidol.@PloS one, 6(1).@Yes$Luke, T., Wu, H., Zhao, J., Channappanavar, R., Coleman, C. M., Jiao, J. A., ... & Frieman, M. B. (2016).@Human polyclonal immunoglobulin G from transchromosomic bovines inhibits MERS-CoV in vivo.@Science translational medicine, 8(326), 326ra21-326ra21.@Yes$Lim, J., Jeon, S., Shin, H. Y., Kim, M. J., Seong, Y. M., Lee, W. J., ... and Park, S. J. (2020).@Case of the index patient who caused tertiary transmission of COVID-19 infection in Korea: the application of lopinavir/ritonavir for the treatment of COVID-19 infected pneumonia monitored by quantitative RT-PCR.@Journal of Korean medical science, 35(6).@Yes$Krammer, F., and Palese, P. (2015).@Advances in the development of influenza virus vaccines.@Nature reviews Drug discovery, 14(3), 167-182.@Yes$Lan, J., Ge, J., Yu, J., Shan, S., Zhou, H., Fan, S., ... and Wang, X. (2020).@Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain bound to the ACE2 receptor.@Nature, 1-6.@Yes$Roper, R. L., & Rehm, K. E. (2009).@SARS vaccines: where are we?.@Expert review of vaccines, 8(7), 887-898.@Yes$Tseng, C. T., Sbrana, E., Iwata-Yoshikawa, N., Newman, P. C., Garron, T., Atmar, R. L., ... & Couch, R. B. (2012).@Immunization with SARS coronavirus vaccines leads to pulmonary immunopathology on challenge with the SARS virus.@PloS one, 7(4), e35421.@Yes$Wang, Q., Zhang, L., Kuwahara, K., Li, L., Liu, Z., Li, T., ... and Morioka, H. (2016).@Immunodominant SARS coronavirus epitopes in humans elicited both enhancing and neutralizing effects on infection in non-human primates.@ACS Infectious Diseases, 2(5), 361-376.@Yes$Houser, K. V., Broadbent, A. J., Gretebeck, L., Vogel, L., Lamirande, E. W., Sutton, T., ... and Subbarao, K. (2017).@Enhanced inflammation in New Zealand white rabbits when MERS-CoV reinfection occurs in the absence of neutralizing antibody.@PLoS pathogens, 13(8), e1006565.@Yes$Callow, K. A., Parry, H. F., Sergeant, M., and Tyrrell, D. A. J. (1990).@The time course of the immune response to experimental coronavirus infection of man.@Epidemiology and Infection, 105(2), 435-446.@Yes$Wu, L. P., Wang, N. C., Chang, Y. H., Tian, X. Y., Na, D. Y., Zhang, L. Y., ... and Liang, G. D. (2007).@Duration of antibody responses after severe acute respiratory syndrome.@Emerging infectious diseases, 13(10), 1562.@Yes$Kim, D. D., & Goel, A. (2020).@Estimating case fatality rates of COVID-19.@The Lancet infectious diseases, 20(7), 773-774.@Yes$Sambhara, S., & McElhaney, J. E. (2009).@Immunosenescence and influenza vaccine efficacy.@Vaccines for Pandemic Influenza, 413-429.@Yes$Tsai, T. F. (2013).@Fluad®-MF59®-adjuvanted influenza vaccine in older adults.@Infection and chemotherapy,  45(2), 159-174.@Yes$Benoit, A., Beran, J., Devaster, J. M., Esen, M., Launay, O., Leroux-Roels, G., ... and Jackson, L. A. (2015).@Hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers as a correlate of protection against seasonal A/H3N2 influenza disease.@In Open forum infectious diseases, 2(2). Oxford University Press.@Yes$Martin, J. E., Louder, M. K., Holman, L. A., Gordon, I. J., Enama, M. E., Larkin, B. D., ... and Bailer, R. T. (2008).@A SARS DNA vaccine induces neutralizing antibody and cellular immune responses in healthy adults in a Phase I clinical trial.@Vaccine, 26(50), 6338-6343.@Yes$Tian, X., Li, C., Huang, A., Xia, S., Lu, S., Shi, Z., ... and Ying, T. (2020).@Potent binding of 2019 novel coronavirus spike protein by a SARS coronavirus-specific human monoclonal antibody.@Emerging microbes and infections,  9(1), 382-385.@Yes$Yong, C. Y., Ong, H. K., Yeap, S. K., Ho, K. L., & Tan, W. S. (2019).@Recent advances in the vaccine development against Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus.@Frontiers in Microbiology, 10, 1781.@Yes$Pallesen, J., Wang, N., Corbett, K. S., Wrapp, D., Kirchdoerfer, R. N., Turner, H. L., ... and Kong, W. P. (2017).@Immunogenicity and structures of a rationally designed prefusion MERS-CoV spike antigen.@Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(35), E7348-E7357.@Yes$Akst, J. (2020).@COVID-19 vaccine frontrunners.@The Scientist.  7.@Yes$Bao, L., Deng, W., Huang, B., Gao, H., Liu, J., Ren, L., ... & Qin, C. (2020).@The pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 in hACE2 transgenic mice.@Nature, 583(7818), 830-833.@Yes$Kaslow, D. C. (2020).@Certainty of success: three critical parameters in coronavirus vaccine development.@NJP Vaccines, 5(1), 1-7.@Yes
<#LINE#>A review on production of biofuels from novel biomass<#LINE#>Gurupreetha @B.,Shruthi @S.,Prabhu @N. <#LINE#>53-64<#LINE#>10.ISCA-IRJBS-2020-041.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Biotechnology, Vivekanandha College of Engineering for Women, Elayampalayam, Tiruchengode - 637 205, Tamilnadu, India@Department of Biotechnology, Vivekanandha College of Engineering for Women, Elayampalayam, Tiruchengode - 637 205, Tamilnadu, India@Department of Biotechnology, Vivekanandha College of Engineering for Women, Elayampalayam, Tiruchengode - 637 205, Tamilnadu, India<#LINE#>5/7/2020<#LINE#>2/11/2020<#LINE#>Nowadays, with a great increase in global population, converting the society to a comfortable feel good environment would be the only solution for stabling a permanent life on this planet. There is considerable potential to improve biomass fuels in producing suitable power sources such as combustible fuels, electricity and fuel gases, while abiding to provide conventional uses of biomass. The upgrading qualities and the industrial investment of biomass have already happening in many countries because biomass energy has specific amount of environmental and social benefits compared with fossil fuels. Biofuel is a fuel, derived from living organisms mostly from plants and other microbes. We can produce biofuels in an efficient and sustainable manner. The below review discusses various sources of biomass and their rate of production for different fuels (biomethanol, biobutanol, bioethanol, biodiesel and bio-hydrogen). Biomass energy productions global potential is large in absolute terms which could be realistically used to supply nearly 1,0,000Mega Watts (100quads) of electric capacity by 2020, and perhaps we can suspect the amount will be doubled by the year 2030. Sustainable economic growth along with industrial growth needs safe and feasible resources of energy. For the future re-arrangement of an encounter economy, we completely require new approaches in research and product development. In this review, we are mainly focusing on cost effective technologies and some mechanisms to convert biomass into useful liquid biofuels and bio products. We specifically focus on the production of alternative fuels from different feedstock and aiming to give comparative studies.<#LINE#>Jane H. Turnbull (1996).@Strategies for achieving a sustainable, clean and cost-effective biomass resource.@Biomass and bioenergy, 10(2-3), 93-100.@Yes$Hall D. O. (1997).@Biomass energy in industrialised countries-a view of the future.@Forest ecology and Management, 91, 17-45.@Yes$Christopher B. Field, J. Elliott Campbell and David B. Lobell (2008).@Biomass energy: the scale of the potential resource.@Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 23(2), 65-72.@Yes$Cheng, J., & Timilsina, G. R. (2010).@Advanced biofuel technologies: status and barriers.@World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, (5411).@Yes$Douskova I, Kastanek F, Maleterova Y, Kastanek P, Doucha J and Machleder V (2010).@Utilization of distillery stillage for energy generation and concurrent production of valuable microalgal biomass in the sequence: biogas-cogeneration-microalgae-products.@Energy Convers Manage, 51, 606-11.@Yes$Xiaoqiang Wang et al., (2013).@Microalgal Biomethane production integrated with an existing biogas plant: A case study in Sweden. Applied Energy, 112, 478-484.@undefined@Yes$Hitoshi Nakagawa et.al. (2011).@Biomethanol Production from Forage Grasses, Trees and Crop Residues.@Biofuels Engineering Process Technology, 715-732.@Yes$Hitoshi Nakagawa, Toshirou Harassda, Toshimitsu Ichinose, Shinji Matsumoto, Keiji Takeno and Masayasu Sakai (2008).@Biomethanol production from various forms of biomass: utilization of forage grasses, trees, and crop residues.@Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, 1-11.@Yes$Vineet Singh Sikarwara, Ming Zhaoa, Paul S. Fennelld, Nilay Shahd and Edward J. Anthonye (2017).@Progress in biofuel production from gasification.@Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 189-248.@Yes$Shamsul N.S., Kamaruddin K., Kofli N.T., Rahman N.A. (2016).@Optimization of bio-methanol production from goat manure in single stage bioreactor.@International Journal of hydrogen energy, 1-13.@Yes$Anitha M, Kamarudin S.K, Shamsul N.S. and Kofli N.T (2015).@Determination of bio-methanol as intermediate product of anaerobic co-digestion in animal and agriculture wastes.@International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 1-11.@Yes$Sam SA and Olusegun AA (2012).@Methanol production from cow dung.@Environmental and Earth Sciences, 22224-3216.@Yes$Chisti, Y. (2007).@Biodiesel from microalgae.@Biotechnology advances, 25(3), 294-306.@Yes$Chiu S-Y, Kao C-Y, Chen C-H, Kuan T-C, Ong S-C, Lin C-S (2008).@Reduction of CO2 by a high-density culture of Chlorella sp. in a semicontinuous photobioreactor.@Bioresour Technol, 99, 3389-96.@Yes$Iyovo GD, Du GC and Chen J. (2010).@Poultry manure digestate enhancement of Chlorella Vulgaris biomass under mixotrophic condition for biofuel production.@Journal of Microb Biochem Technol, 2(5), 1-7.@Yes$Collet, P., Helias, A., Lardon, L., Ras, M., Goy, R. A., & Steyer, J. P. (2011).@Life-cycle assessment of microalgae culture coupled to biogas production.@Bioresource Technology, 102(1), 207-214.@Yes$Liu Y, (2010).@Green algae as a substrate for biogas production - cultivation and biogas Potentials.@Master thesis of Linkoping University.@Yes$Sialve B, Bernet N and Bernard (2009).@O. Anaerobic digestion of microalgae as a necessary step to make microalgal biodiesel sustainable.@Biotechnol Adv, 27, 409-16.@Yes$Mussgnug JH, Klassen V, Schluter A, Kruse O (2010), Microalgae as substrates for fermentative biogas production in a combined bio-refinery concept,J of Biotechnol150,51-6.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Lin YQ, Wang DH, Wu SQ, Wang CM (2009).@Alkali pretreatment enhances biogas production in the anaerobic digestion of pulp and paper sludge.@J Hazard Mater, 170, 366-73.@Yes$Raposo F, Fernandez-Cegri V, De la Rubia MA, Borja R, Beline F, Cavinato C, et al (2011).@Biochemical methane potential (BMP) of solid organic substrates: evaluation of anaerobic biodegradability using data from an international interlaboratory study.@J Chem Technol Biotechnol, 86, 1088-98.@Yes$Y. X. Liu, J. Zhang, Y. Yuan et al. (2015).@Sequential bioethanol and biogas production from sugarcane bagasse based on high solids-batch SSF.@Energy, 90(7).@Yes$Seungdo Kim and Bruce E. Dale (2004).@Global potential bioethanol production from wasted crops and crop residues.@Biomass and Bioenergy, 26, 361 - 375.@Yes$Yunyun Liu (2015).@Sequential bioethanol and biogas production from sugarcane bagasse based on high solids fed-batch SSF. Energy, 1-7.@undefined@Yes$Chizuru Sasaki et.al. (2011).@Surface carbohydrate analysis and bioethanol production of sugarcane bagasse pretreated with the white rot fungus, Ceriporiopsis subvermispora and microwave hydrothermolysis@Bioresource Technology, 102, 9942-9946.@Yes$Marina O.S. and Dias (2009).@Production of bioethanol and other bio-based materials from sugarcane bagasse: Integration to conventional bioethanol production process.@Chemical engineering research and design, 87, 1206-1216.@Yes$Alya Limayem and Steven C. Ricke (2012).@Lignocellulosic biomass for bioethanol production: Current perspectives, potential issues and future prospects.@Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 38, 449-467.@Yes$Maurya, D. P., Singla, A., & Negi, S. (2015).@An overview of key pretreatment processes for biological conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to bioethanol.@3 Biotech, 5(5), 597-609.@Yes$Piotr Ole&#347;kowicz-Popiel (2011).@Ensiling e Wet-storage method for lignocellulosic biomass for bioethanol production.@Biomass and Bioenergy, 35, 2087-2092.@Yes$Balat, M., Balat, H., Oz, C. (2008).@Progress in bioethanol processing.@Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., 34, 551-573.@Yes$Nigam PS and Singh A (2011).@Production of liquid biofuels from renewable resources.@Progress in Energy and Combus-tion Science, 37(1), 52-68. doi:10.1016/j. pecs.2010.01.003.@Yes$John RP, Anisha GS, Nampoothiri KM and Pandey A (2011).@Micro Centremacroalgal biomass: A renewable source for bioethanol.@Bioresource Technology, 102(1), 186-193. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.139.@Yes$Choi WY, Han JG, Lee CG, Song CH, Kim JS, Seo YC, Lee SE, Jung KH, Kang DH, Heo SJ, Cho JS, Lee HY (2012).@Bioethanol production from Ulvapertusa Kjellman by high-temperature liquefaction.@Chemical and Bio-chemical Engineering, 26(1), 15-21.@Yes$Eshaq FS, Ali MN, Mohd MK (2011).@Production of bioethanol from next generation feed-stock alga Spiro-gyra species.@International Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology, 3(2), 1749-1755.@Yes$Abdullah, A. (2007).@Solid and liquid pineapple waste utilization for lactic acid fermentation using Lactobacillus delbrueckii.@Reaktor, 11(1), 50-52.@Yes$Larrauri, J. A., Ruperez, P. and Calixto, F. S (1997),@Pineapple shell as a source of dietary fiber with associated  polyphenols.@Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 45(10), 4028-4031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf970450j@Yes$Nigam, J. N. (1999).@Continuous ethanol production from pineapple cannery waste.@Journal of Biotechnology, 72(1), 197-202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1656(99)00106-6@Yes$Nigam, J. N. (1999).@Continuous cultivation of the yeast Candida utilis at different dilution rates on pineapple  cannery waste.@World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology, 15(1), 115, http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A: 1008870228213@Yes$Arnold F. (2008).@The race for new biofuels.@International Journal of Engineering Science, 71(2), 12-9.@Yes$Szulczyk K. (2010).@Which is a better transportation fuel-butanol or ethanol?,@International Journal of energy and environment, 1(3), 501-12.@Yes$Cascone R. (2008).@Biobutanol - a replacement for bioethanol?,@journal chemical engineering progress 104, S4-S9.@Yes$Wu M, Wang M, Liu J and Huo H. (2008).@Assessment of potential life-cycle energy and greenhouse gas emission effects from using corn-based butanol as a transportation fuel.@Biotechnology Progress, 24, 1204-14.@Yes$Kopke M, Held C, Hujer S, Liesegang H, Wiezer A, Wollherr A, et al. (2010).@Clostridium ljungdahlii represents a microbial production platform based on syngas.@Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(29), 13087-92.@Yes$Amruta Morone and R.A. Pandey (2014).@Lignocellulosic biobutanol production: Gridlocks and potential remedies.@Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 37, 21-35.@Yes$Laszlo Dobos (2011).@Biobutanol - production and purification methods.@Ecological chemistry and engineering, 18(1), 31-37.@Yes$Pranhita R. Nimbalkar (2018).@Biobutanol production using pea pod waste as substrate: Impact of drying on saccharification and fermentation.@Renewable Energy, 117, 520-529.@Yes$TW Jesse (2002).@Production of butanol from starch-based waste packing peanuts and agricultural waste.@Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology, 29, 117-123.@Yes$Dhillon GS, Bansal S and Oberoi HS (2007).@Cauliflower waste incorporation into cane molasses improves ethanol production using Saccharomyces cerevisiae MTCC 178.@Indian J Microbiol, 47, 353-357.@Yes$Oberoi HS, Kalra KL, Uppal DS and Tyagi SK (2007).@Effects of different drying methods of cauliflower waste on drying time, colour retention and glucoamylase production by Aspergillusniger NCIM 1054.@Int J Food Sci Technol, 42, 228-234.@Yes$Ezeji T, Qureshi N, Blaschek HP, (2007).@Butanol production from agricultural residues: impact of degradation products on Clostridium beijerinckii growth and butanol fermentation.@Biotechnol Bioeng, 97, 1460-1469.@Yes$Raganati F, Olivieri G, Gotz P, Marzocchella A, Salatino P, (2015).@Butanol production from hexoses and pentoses by fermentation of Clostridium acetobutylicum.@Anaerobe, 34, 146-155.@Yes$Amiri H and Karimi K, (2016).@Integration of autohydrolysis and organosolv delignification for efficient ABE production and lig-nin recovery.@Ind Eng Chem Res, 55, 4836-4845.@Yes$Manisha A. Khedkar, Pranhita R. Nimbalkar , Prakash V. Chavan1, Yogesh J. Chendake and Sandip B. Bankar (2017).@Sustainable biobutanol production from pineapple waste by using  Clostridium acetobutylicum B 527: drying kinetics study.@Bioresource Technologies, 225, 359-366. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.11.058@Yes$Zhu, W.Z., Westman, G. and Theliander, H., (2014).@Investigation and characterization of lignin precipitation in the lignoboost process.@J. Wood Chem. Technol, 34, 77-97.@Yes$Lee, S. F., Forsberg, C. W. and Gibbins, L. N. (1985).@Cellulolytic activity of Clostridium acetobutylicum.@Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 50, 220-228.@Yes$Cheng, C. L., Che, P. Y., Chen, B. Y., Lee, W. J., Lin, C.Y., Chang, J. S. (2012).@Biobutanol production from agricultural waste by an acclimated mixed bacterial microflora.@Appl. Energy, 100, 3-9.@Yes$Rasika L. Kudahettige Nilsson, Jonas Helmerius, Robert T. Nilsson, Magnus Sjoblom and David B. Hodge (2015).@Biobutanol production by Clostridium acetobutylicum using xylose recovered from birch Kraft black liquor.@Bioresource Technologies, 176,71-79, DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.11.012@Yes$Sun, X.F., Sun, R.C. and Tomkinson, J., (2004).@Degradation of wheat straw lignin and hemicellulosic polymers by a totally chlorine-free method.@Polymer Degradation and Stability, 83, 47-57.@Yes$Abu Yousuf (2012).@Biodiesel from lignocellulosic biomass - Prospects and challenges.@Waste Management, 32, 2061-2069.@Yes$Holdsworth, J.E. and Ratledge, C., (1988).@Lipid turnover in oleaginous yeasts.@Journal of General Microbiology, 134, 339-346.@Yes$Holdsworth, J.E., Veenhuis, M. and Ratledge, C. (1988).@Enzyme activities in oleaginous yeasts accumulating and utilizing exogenous or endogenous lipids.@Journal of General Microbiology, 134, 2907-2915.@Yes$Miao, X.L., Wu, Q.Y. and Yang, C.Y. (2004).@Fast pyrolysis of microalgae to produce renewable fuels.@The Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 71(2), 855- 863.@Yes$Xiaoling Miao and Qingyu Wu (2006).@Biodiesel production from heterotrophic Microalgal Oil.@Bioresource Technology, 97, 841-846.@Yes$Shakeel A. Khan (2009).@Prospects of biodiesel production from microalgae in India.@Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13, 2361-2372.@Yes$Robert B. Levine, Tanawan Pinnarat, and Phillip E. Savage (2010).@Biodiesel Production from Wet Algal Biomass through in Situ Lipid Hydrolysis and Supercritical Transesterification.@Energy and fuels, 24(9), 5235-5243.@Yes$Chisti, Y. (2007).@Biodiesel from microalgae.@Biotechnology Advances 25, 294-306. DOI No: https://doi. org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2007.02.001@Yes$Huntley, M. and Redalje, D. (2007).@CO2 mitigation and renewable oil from photosynthetic microbes: A new appraisal.@Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global changes, 12, 573-608.@Yes$Hu, B., Sommerfeld, M., Jarvis, E., Ghirardi, M., et al. (2008).@Microalgaltriacylglycerols as feedstocks for biofuels production: Perspectives and advances.@Plant Journal, 54, 621-639.@Yes$Li, Q., Du, W. and Lieu, D (2008).@Perspectives of microbial oils.@Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.@Yes$Vasudevan, P. T. and Briggs, M. (2008).@Biodiesel production - current state of the art and challenges.@Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 35, 421-430.@Yes$Knothe, G (2005).@Dependence of biodiesel fuel properties on the structure of fatty acid alkyl esters.@Fuel Processing Technology.@Yes$Knothe, G (2009).@Dependence of biodiesel fuel properties on the structure of fatty acid ester composition.@Energy Environmental Science, 2, 759-766.@Yes$Aggelis G, Komaitis M, Papanikolaou S and Papadopoulos G, (1995).@A mathematical model for the study of lipid accumulation in oleaginous microorganisms. Lipid accumulation during growth of Mucorcircinelloides CBS172-27 on a vegetable oil.@Grasasy Aceites, 46, 169-73.@Yes$Aggelis G and Sourdis J. (1997).@Prediction of lipid accumulation degradation in oleagi-nous microorganisms growing on vegetable oils.@Antonie van Leeuwenhock, 72, 159-65.@Yes$Metzger P and Largeau C. Botryococcusbraunii (2005).@A rich source for hydrocarbons and related ether lipids.@Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 66, 486-96.@Yes$Shireen Meher Kotay and Debabrata Das (2008).@Biohydrogen as a renewable energy resource-Prospects and potentials.@International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 33, 258-263.@Yes$Ren N, Cao G, Wang A, Lee DJ, Guo W and Zhu Y (2008),@Dark fermentation of xylose and glucose mix using isolated Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum W16, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 33, 6124-32.@undefined@Yes$Mangayil R, Santala V and Karp M (2011).@Fermentative hydrogen production from different sugars by Citrobacter sp. CMC-1 in batch culture.@International Journal Hydrogen Energy, 36, 15187-94.@Yes$Chin HL, Chen ZS and Chou CP (2003).@Fedbatch operation using Clostridium acetobutylicum suspension culture as biocatalyst for enhancing hydrogen production.@Biotechnology progress, 19, 383-388.@Yes$Yokoi H, Maeda Y, Hirose J and Hayashi S (1997).@Hydrogen production by immobilized cell of Clostridium butyricum on porous glass beads.@Biotechnology progress, 11, 431-3.@Yes$Percival E, (1979).@The polysaccharides of green, red and brown seaweeds: their basic structure, biosynthesis and function.@European Journal of Phycology, 14 103-17.@Yes$Noike T and Mizuno O (2000).@Hydrogen fermentation of organic municipal wastes.@Water Science and Technology: A Journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research, 155-62.@Yes$Okamoto M, Miyahara T, Mizuno O and Noike T, (2000).@Biological hydrogen potential of materials characteristic of the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes.@Water Science and Technology: A Journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research, 41, 25.@Yes$Mizuno O, Ohara T, Shinya M and Noike T (2000).@Characteristics of hydrogen production from bean curd manufacturing waste by anaerobic microflora.@Water Science and Technology, 42(3-4), 345-350. https://doi.org/ 10.2166/wst.2000.0401,@Yes$Melis, A., Zhang, L., Forestier, M., Ghirardi, M. L., & Seibert, M. (2000).@Sustained photobiological hydrogen gas production upon reversible inactivation of oxygen evolution in the green Alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.@Plant physiology, 122(1), 127-136.@Yes$Prakasam RS, Sathish T, Brahmaiah P, SubbaRao C, Sreenivas Rao R and Hobbs PJ, (2009).@Biohydrogen production from renewable agri-waste blend: optimization using mixer design.@Int J Hydrogen Energy, 34(15), 6143-8.@Yes$Roy, S., & Das, D. (2015).@Liquid fuels production from algal biomass. In Algal biorefinery: An integrated approach.@Springer, Cham. 277-296.@Yes$De Vrije, T., Mars, A. E., Budde, M. A. W., Lai, M. H., Dijkema, C., De Waard, P., & Claassen, P. A. M. (2007).@Glycolytic pathway and hydrogen yield studies of the extreme thermophile Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus.@Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 74(6), 1358-1367.@Yes$Van de Werken, H. J., Verhaart, M. R., VanFossen, A. L., Willquist, K., Lewis, D. L., Nichols, J. D., ... & Kengen, S. W. (2008).@Hydrogenomics of the extremely thermophilic bacterium Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus.@Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 74(21), 6720-6729.@Yes$Ivanova, G., Rakhely, G., & Kovacs, K. L. (2008). Hydrogen production from biopolymers by@Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus and stabilization of the system by immobilization.@International journal of hydrogen energy, 33(23), 6953-6961.@Yes$Rainey, F. A., Donnison, A. M., Janssen, P. H., Saul, D., Rodrigo, A., Bergquist, P. L., ... & Morgan, H. W. (1994).@Description of Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus gen. nov., sp. nov: an obligately anaerobic, extremely thermophilic, cellulolytic bacterium.@FEMS Microbiology Letters, 120(3), 263-266.@Yes
<#LINE#>A review on the length-weight relationship of Pampus argenteus, a commercially important and high-valued fish from different regions of the world<#LINE#>N.K. @Suyani <#LINE#>65-69<#LINE#>11.ISCA-IRJBS-2020-043.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Fisheries Resources and Management, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, College of Fisheries, Mangaluru - 575002, India<#LINE#>7/7/2020<#LINE#>2/11/2020<#LINE#>Silver Pomfret (Pampus argenteus) is an important marine fish species all over the world, whose fatality is strongly affected by marine salinity. The purpose of this review paper is to provide information on the production trends of silver pomfret from Indian waters and estimated length-weight relationships from different geographical regions of the world. The production of silver pomfret from Indian waters showed a decline of 8.82% from 1998 to 2019. The all-time high production of 0.37 lakh tonnes was reported during 2009. The landings of P. argenteus in India during 2019 was 28,606 tonnes which showed an increase of 7640 tonnes compared to 2018. The b value ranged from 2.485 in Karnataka waters, India to 3.519 in Pakistan waters. Silver pomfret showed negative allometric growth in most of the regions of the world. Isometric growth was observed only from Persian Gulf & Oman Sea and Gujarat, India regions. Knowledge of length-weight relationships is imperative for sustainable management of the fishery resources in whichever zone.<#LINE#>Tsikliras, A.C., Dinouli, A., Tsiros, V.Z. and Tsalkou, E. (2015).@The Mediterranean and Black Sea fisheries at risk from overexploitation.@PLoS One, 10(3), e0121188. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0121188@Yes$FAO. (2003).@Fisheries management. The ecosystem approach to fisheries.@FAO Technical Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries, No. 4 Suppl. 2. Rome, 112 pp.@No$Suyani, N.K. and Panthi, M.F. (2020).@Strategies for conservation of marine Fishery resources.@Aqua Star Magazine, 51-53.@No$Ghosh, S., Mohanraj, G., Asokan, P.K., Dhokia, H.K., Zala, M.S. and Bhint, H. M. (2009).@Fishery and stock estimates of the silver pomfret, Pampusargenteus (Euphrasen), landed by gill netters at Veraval.@Indian Journal of Fisheries, 56(3), 177-182. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/id/ eprint/6807@Yes$Schneider, J.C., Laarman, P.W. and Gowing, H. (2000).@Length-weight relationships.@Chapter 17. In: Schneider, J. C. (Ed.), Manual of Fisheries Survey Methods II: With Periodic Updates, Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Fisheries Special Report 25, Ann Arbor, 1-18 pp.@Yes$Froese, R. (2006).@Cube law, condition factor and weight-length relationships: history, meta&#8208;analysis and recommendations.@Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 22(4), 241-253. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2006.00805.x@Yes$Beyer, J.E. (1987).@On length-weight relationship. Computing the mean weight of the fish of a given length class.@Fishbyte, 5, 11-13.@Yes$De Giosa, M., Czerniejewski, P. and Rybczyk, A. (2014).@Seasonal changes in condition factor and weight-length relationship of invasive Carassiusgibelio (Bloch, 1782) from Leszczynskie Lakeland, Poland.@Advances in Zoology. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/678763@Yes$Ricker, W. E. (1958).@Handbook of computations for biological statistics of fish populations.@Can Fish Res Board Bull, 119, 300. The Fisheries Research Board of Canada. Queens printer and controller of stationary, Ottawa. ISBN: 978-19-32846-23-2@Yes$Jisr, N., Younes, G., Sukhn, C. and El-Dakdouki, M.H. (2018).@Length-weight relationships and relative condition factor of fish inhabiting the marine area of the Eastern Mediterranean city, Tripoli-Lebanon.@The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 44(4), 299-305. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ejar.2018.11.004@Yes$CMFRI. (2020).@Marine fish landings in India 2019.@Technical report, ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, 24.@Yes$Tesch, F.W. (1971).@Age and Growth. In: Methods for assessment of fish production in fresh waters. W. E. Ricker (Ed.).@Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 98. https://doi.org/10.1002/iroh.19690540313@Yes$Chen, S., Xie, C., Li, D., Yao, N., Ding, H. and Zhang, Z. (2017).@Length-weight relationships of five Triplophysa species from the northwest of China.@Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 33(6), 1234-1236. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai. 13432@Yes$Mommsen, T. P. (1998).@Growth and metabolism.@In: The physiology of the fishes edited by D. H. Evans. CRC Press, New York, UK, 65-97 pp. ISBN: 0849384273@Yes$Yilmaz, S., Yazicioglu, O., Erbasaran, M., Esen, S., Zengin, M. and Polat, N. (2012).@Length-weight relationship and relative condition factor of white bream, Bliccabjoerkna (L., 1758), from Lake Ladik, Turkey.@Journal of Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment, 18(3), 380-387.@Yes$Ali, R.A.S., Elawad, A.N., Khalifa, M.M. and El-Mor, M. (2016).@Length-weight relationship and condition factor of Liza ramada from Eastern coast of Libya.@International Journal of Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, 2, 1-9.@Yes$Abdulrahiman, K.P., Harishnayak, T., Zacharia, P.U. and Mohamed, K.S. (2004).@Length-weight relationships of commercially important marine fishes and shellfishes of the southern coast of Karnataka, India.@NAGA World Fish Center Quarterly, 27(1-2), 9-14.@Yes$Dutta, S., Maity, S., Chanda, A., Akhand, A. and Hazra, S. (2012).@Length-weight relationship of four commercially important marine fishes of Northern Bay of Bengal, West Bengal, India.@Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences, 2(2), 52-58.@Yes$Govinda Rao, V., Krishna, N.M., Reddy, K.S. and Babu K.R. (2017).@Length weight relationship of ten commercially important marine fishes from Visakhapatnam, coast of Andhra, India.@International Journal of Multidisciplinary Educational Research, 6(8), 110-114.@Yes$Siyal, F.K. and Amir, S.A. (2012).@Length-weight Relationship and Relative Condition Factor (Kn) of Silver Pomfret, Pampusargenteus in Pakistani Waters.@Journal of the Fisheries Society of Taiwan, 39(2), 83-90.@Yes$Almatar, S.M., Lone, K.P., Abu&#8208;Rezq, T.S. and Yousef, A.A. (2004).@Spawning frequency, fecundity, egg weight and spawning type of silver pomfret, Pampusargenteus (Euphrasen) (Stromateidae), in Kuwait waters.@Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 20(3), 176-188.https://doi.org/10. 1111/j.1439-0426.2004.00546.x@Yes$Kazemi, S.H., Paighambari, S.Y., Daliri, M. and Naderi, R.A. (2013).@Length-weight and length-length relationships, condition factors and optimal length of some fish species from the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea.@International Journal of Aquatic Biology, 1(4), 167-174.@Yes$Wang, X.H., Qiu, Y.S., Zhu, G.P., Du, F.Y., Sun, D.R. and Huang, S.L. (2011).@Length&#8208;weight relationships of 69 fish species in the Beibu Gulf, northern South China Sea.@Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 27(3), 959-961.https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2010.01624.x@Yes$Hikmawansyah, Y., Andriani, Y., Khan, A.M.A. and Dewanti, L.P. (2019).@Stock Estimates of White Pomfret (Pampusargenteus) Based on Length and Weight Data in Pangandaran Waters.@Asian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research, 5(1-2), 1-13.@Yes$Rahman, M.S., Rahman, M.A., Rahman, M.R. and Kamal, D. (2004).@Length-weight relationship, condition factor and harvesting records of Silver Pomfret (Pampusargenteus) in the Southwestern region of Bangladesh.@Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 7(4), 452-456.@Yes
<#LINE#>Vultures in India: A review<#LINE#>Abprez Thungwon @Kimsing,Talo @Biju,Jacob @Ngukir,Daniel @Mize <#LINE#>70-78<#LINE#>12.ISCA-IRJBS-2020-056.pdf<#LINE#>Ecology and Wildlife Biology Unit, Department of Zoology, Rajiv Gandhi University, Doimukh- 791112, Arunachal Pradesh, India@Ecology and Wildlife Biology Unit, Department of Zoology, Rajiv Gandhi University, Doimukh- 791112, Arunachal Pradesh, India@Ecology and Wildlife Biology Unit, Department of Zoology, Rajiv Gandhi University, Doimukh- 791112, Arunachal Pradesh, India@Ecology and Wildlife Biology Unit, Department of Zoology, Rajiv Gandhi University, Doimukh- 791112, Arunachal Pradesh, India<#LINE#>29/9/2020<#LINE#>1/12/2020<#LINE#>Various papers published on studies related to the status of vultures in India were collected and assessed to acquire relevant information. In this paper, we reviewed and outlined the distribution, unique adaptations, habitat preferences, feeding behavior, breeding behavior, population status, threats, and impacts of the decline of vultures in India. Vultures are medium to large-sized scavenging birds that primarily feed on carrions. Being scavengers, they deliver an array of ecological, economic and cultural services. They feed on rotten carcasses and prevent the spread of deadly and contagious diseases like brucellosis, rabies, anthrax, plague, tuberculosis, etc. In the last two decades, drastic decline in the numbers of vulture populations have been observed. Many workers found the use of diclofenac; a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug in livestock is the main culprit for such decline. However, other factors of equal potential are also recognized, which include food scarcity, habitat loss, and others. The decline of these vultures poses serious threats to wildlife, livestock, and human health.<#LINE#>Saran, R. and Purohit, A. (2013).@Vulture: Distribution, Feeding, Habitation, Breeding and Population Dynamics.@Global Journal of Science Frontier Research Interdisciplinary, 13(3), 7-18.@Yes$Pain, D.J., Cunningham, A.A., Donald, P.F., Duckworth, J.W., Houston, D.C., Katzner, T., Parry-Jones, J., Poole, C., Prakash, V., Round, P. and Timmins, R. (2003).@Causes and effects of temporo spatial declines of Gyps vultures in Asia.@Conservation Biology, 17, 661-671.@Yes$Iqbal, S., Khan, U. and Murn, C. (2011).@Vulture population and status survey, Pakistan.@World Wide Fund for Nature-Pakistan, 11pp.@Yes$Brown, L. and Amadon, D. (1968).@Eagles, hawks and falcons of the world.@Vols. I and II. McGraw-Hill, pp 1-945. ISBN: 1-55-521472-X.@Yes$Emslie, S.D. (1988).@An early condor-like vulture from North America.@The Auk, 105(3), 529-535.@Yes$Sibley, C.G. and Ahlquist, J.E. (1990).@Phylogeny and Classification of Birds: A Study in Molecular Evolution.@Yale University Press, pp 1-976. ISBN: 0-30-004085-7.@Yes$Ogada, D.L., Keesing, F. and Virani, M.Z. (2012).@Dropping dead: Causes and consequences of vulture population declines world-wide.@Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1249, 57-71.@Yes$Grimmett, R., Inskipp, C. and Inskipp, T. (2013).@Birds of the Indian subcontinent. Christopher helm.@An imprint of Bloomsbury publishing plc, London, pp 106-111. ISBN: 1-40-812763-6.@No$Prakash, V., Pain, D.J., Cunningham, A.A., Donald, P.F., Prakash, N., Verma, A., Gargi, R., Sivakumar, S. and Rahmani, A.R. (2003).@Catastrophic collapse of Indian white-backed Gyps bengalensis and long-billed Gyps indicus  vulture populations.@Biological Conservation, 109, 381-390.@Yes$Kanaujia, A. and Kushwaha, S. (2011).@Observations on migratory and residential vultures in Jorbeer, Rajasthan, India.@Asian Journal Experimental Biological Sciences, 2(3), 404-411.@Yes$Bird Life International. (2019).@IUCN Red List for birds.@http://www.birdlife.org. Accessed on 3/10/2019.@No$Balmford, A. (2013).@Pollution, Politics, and Vultures.@Science, 339(6120), 653-654.@Yes$Thakur, M.L, Mattu, V.K., Lal, H., Sharma, V.N., Raj, H. and Thakur, V. (2010).@Avifauna of Arki Hills, Solan (Himachal Pradesh), India.@Indian Birds, 5(6), 162-166.@Yes$Houston, D.C. and Cooper, J.E. (1975).@The digestive tract of the white-back griffon vulture and its role in disease transmission among wild ungulates.@Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 11, 303-313.@Yes$Ohishi, I., Sakaguchi, G., Riemann, H., Behymer, D. and Hurvell, B. (1979).@Antibodies to Clostridium botulinum toxins in free-living birds and mammals.@Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 15, 3-9.@Yes$Cristen, C. (2009). Why is it a bad idea to scare a vulture? https://animals.howstuffworks.com/birds/vulture-vomit.htm. Accessed on 4/4/2020.@undefined@undefined@No$Margalida, A. (2008).@Bearded vultures (Gypaetus barbatus) prefer fatty bones.@Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology, 63(2), 187-193.@Yes$Kanaujia, A. and Kushwaha, S. (2013).@Vulnerable Vultures of India: Population, Ecology and Conservation.@In: Rare Animals of India, Bentham Science Publishers, UAE, pp 113-144.@Yes$Prakash, V. (1999).@Status of vulture in Keoladeo National Park, Bharatpur, Rajasthan, with special reference to population crash in Gyps species.@Journal of Bombay Natural History Society, 96, 365-368.@Yes$MoEF (2006).@Action plan for vulture conservation in India.@Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, New Delhi, 28 pp.@No$Prakash, V., Green, R.E., Pain, D.J., Ranade, S.P., Saravanan, S. and Prakash, N. (2007).@Recent changes in populations of resident Gyps vultures in India.@Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 104(2), 127-133.@Yes$Cuthbert, R., Green, R.E., Ranade, S., Saravanan, S., Pain, D.J., Prakash, V. and Cunningham, A.A. (2006).@Rapid population declines of Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus) and Red-headed vulture (Sarcogyps calvus) in India.@Animal Conservation, 9(3), 349-354.@Yes$Ferguson-Lees, J. and Christie, D.A. (2001).@Raptors of the world.@Christopher Helm Publishers, an imprint of A&C Black Publishers Ltd, 36 Soho Square, London, pp 1-992. ISBN: 0-61-812762-3.@No$Bird Life International (2001).@Threatened birds of Asia: the Bird Life International Red Data Book.@Bird Life International, Cambridge, U.K. pp 1-3038. ISBN: 0-94-688844-2.@No$Chhangani, A.K. (2010).@Food and feeding of vultures in Rajasthan.@Indian Forester, 136, 1327- 1339.@Yes$Ansari, N.A. (2015).@Dynamic cropping pattern within the last two decades: A case study of Gautam Buddh Nagar District, National Capital Region, India.@International Journal of Advanced Research, 3(4), 262-265.@Yes$Kumar, S., Harimaohan, M., Pramod, K. and Nama, K. (2014).@Current status of vulture population in Chambal valley of Kota, Rajasthan.@International Journal of Pure & Applied Bioscience, 2(5), 224-228.@Yes$Navaneethan, B., Sankar, K., Qureshi, Q. and Manjrekar, M. (2015).@The status of vultures in Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh, central India.@Journal of Threatened Taxa, 7(14), 8134-8138,@Yes$Dave, R.G. (2011).@Conservation of vultures in Mahuva and Rajula Tahsils of Bhavnagar and Amreli districts, Gujarat: A report, submitted to WWF, India.@@No$Singh, A.P. (2000).@Birds of the lower Garhwal Himalayas: Dehra Dun valley and neighboring hills.@Forktail, 16, 101-123.@Yes$Khatri, P.C. (2016).@The ecology and behaviour of critically endangered white-rumped vulture (Gyps bengalensis) in and around Jorbeer area, Bikaner.@International Journal of Research in Environmental Science, 2(4), 35-39.@No$Kushwaha, S., Kumar, A., Singh, A. and Namdev, A. (2020).@Ecology of White-rumped vultures (Gyps bengalensis) in Northern and Central India.@Species, 21(68), 261-269.@No$Thakur, M.L. and Narang, S.K. (2012). Population status and habitat-use pattern of Indian White-backed Vulture (Gyps bengalensis) in Himachal Pradesh, India. Journal of Ecology and the Natural Environment, 4(7), 173-180.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Samson, A., Ramakrishnan, B., Veeramani, A. and Ravi, P. (2016).@Population status and habitat preference of vultures in Mudumalai Tiger reserve, Tamil Nadu, Southern India.@Podoces, 11(1), 7-12.@Yes$Wani, H.M., Bhat, B.A., Fazil, M.F., Shansaz, U.H., Haq, I.U. and Bhat, R.A. (2018).@Status of vultures in India: A review.@International Journal of Advanced Scientific Research and Management, 3(12), 181-187.@Yes$Purohit, A. and Saran, R. (2013).@Population status and feeding behavior of Cinereous vulture (Aegypius monachus): Dynamics and implications for the species conservation in and around Jodhpur.@World Journal of Zoology, 8(3), 312-318.@Yes$Lahkar, D., Prakash, V., Sahu, H.K., Rout, S.D., Dutta, S.K. and Prakash, N. (2010).@Feeding ecology of Gyps species of vultures in captivity.@Newsletter for bird watchers, 50(5), 65-69.@Yes$Atkore, V.M. and Dasgupta, S. (2006).@Himalayan griffon Gyps himalayensis feeding on chir pine Pinus roxburghii needles.@Indian Birds, 2(6), 174.@Yes$Lahkar, D., Sahu, H.K. and Rout, S.D. (2013).@Some observations on the breeding biology of Gyps species of vultures in captivity.@Newsletter for Birdwatchers, 53(1), 9-12.@No$Venkitachalam, R. and Senthilnathan, S. (2016).@Status and population of vultures in Moyar Valley, southern India.@Journal of Threatened Taxa, 8, 8358-8364.@Yes$Snow, D.W. and Perrins, C.M. (1998).@The birds of the western Palearctic.@Concise edition. Oxford University Press. New York, pp 1-732. ISBN: 0-19-854099-X.@Yes$Ayoama, I., Sekiyama, F., Obara, N., Tamura, G. and Sakaguchi, H. (1988).@Breeding biology of a pair of Golden eagles in the Kitakami Mountains.@Aquilla chrysaetos, 6, 14-23.@Yes$Mundy, P., Butchart, D., Ledger, J. and Piper, S. (1992).@The vultures of Africa. Acorn Books and Russel Friedman Books, Randburg, South Africa.@pp 1-464. ISBN: 1-87-480204-1.@Yes$Xirouchakis, S.M. and Mylonas, M. (2006).@Breeding behaviour and parental care in the Griffon vulture Gyps fulvus on the island of Crete (Greece).@Ethology Ecology And Evolution, 19, 1-26.@Yes$Donazar, J.A., Ceballos, O. and Tella, J.L. (1994).@Copulation behaviour in the Egyptian vulture Neophron percnopterus.@Bird Study, 41(1), 37-41.@Yes$Grossman, M.L. and Hamlet, J. (1965).@Birds of prey of the World. Casell and Co., London.@pp 1-496. ISBN: 0-51-706788-9.@Yes$Hume, A.O. (1896).@Gyps bengalensis. My scrap book or rough notes on Indian ornithology.@Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta, 26-31.@No$Sharma, I.K. (1970).@Breeding of the Indian white-backed vulture at Jodhpur.@Ostrich, 41(2), 205-207.@Yes$Subramanya, S. and Naveen, O.S. (2006).@Breeding of Long billed vulture Gyps indicus at Ramnagar Hills, Karnataka, India.@Indian Birds, 2, 32-34.@Yes$Chaudhary, A., Subedi, T.S., Giri, J.B., Baral, H.S., Chaudhary, I., Paudel, K. and Cuthbert, R.J. (2012).@Population trends of critically endangered Gyps vultures in the lowlands of Nepal.@Bird Conservation International, 22(3), 1-9.@Yes$Buechley, E. and Sekercioglu, C.H. (2016).@Vanishing Vultures: the collapse of critical scavengers.@Current Biology, 26(13), R560-R561.@Yes$Ali, S. and Grubh, R.B. (1984).@Ecological study of bird hazard at Indian aerodromes. Phase II.@First Annual Report (1982-1983). Bombay, Bombay Natural History Society.@Yes$Thiollay, J.M. (2000).@Vultures in India.@Vulture News, 42, 36-38.@No$Virani, M., Gilbert, M., Watson, R., Oaks, L., Benson, P., Kham, A.A., Baral, H.S. and Giri, J.B. (2001).@Asian vulture crisis project: Field results from Pakistan and Nepal for the 2000-2001 field seasons.@In: Reports from the workshop on Indian Gyps vultures (Eds. T. Katzner and J. Parry-Jones). Proceedings, 4th Eurasian congress on raptors, Sevilla, Spain, 7-9.@No$Green, R.E., Newton, I., Shultz, S., Cunningham, A.A., Gilbert, M., Pain, D.J. and Prakash, V. (2004).@Diclofenac poisoning as a cause of vulture population declines across the Indian subcontinent.@Journal of Applied Ecology, 41, 793-800.@Yes$Gilbert, M., Watson, R.T., Virani, M.Z., Oaks, J.L., Ahmed, S., Chaudhary, J., Arshad, M., Mahamood, S., Ali, A. and Khan, A.A. (2006).@Rapid population declines and mortality clusters in three Oriental White backed vulture Gyps bengalensis colonies in Pakistan due to diclofenac poisoning.@Oryx, 40(4), 388-399.@Yes$Baral, N., Gautam, R. and Tamang, B. (2005).@Population status and breeding ecology of White-rumped Vulture Gyps bengalensis in Rampur Valley, Nepal.@Forktail, 21, 87-91.@Yes$Khan, M.M.H. (2013).@Population, breeding and threats to the White-rumped Vulture Gyps bengalensis in Bangladesh.@Forktail, 29, 52-56.@Yes$Patnaik, S. (2008).@Save the vulture: Save the ecosystem.@https://www.boloji.com/articles/50937/save-the-vulture-save -the-ecosystem. Accessed on 9/4/2020.@No$Prakash, V., Galligan, T.H., Chakraborty, S.S., Dave, R., Kulkarni, M.D., Prakash, N., Shringarpure, R.N., Ranade, S.P. and Green, R.E. (2017).@Recent changes in populations of critically endangered Gyps vultures in India.@Bird Conservation International, 29(1), 55-70.@Yes$Sarker, S.U. (1987).@The Indian White-backed vulture in the Sundarbans, Bangladesh.@Vulture News, 18, 8-14.@Yes$Satheesan, S.M. (2000).@The role of poisons in the Indian vulture population crash.@Vulture News, 42, 3-4.@Yes$Cunningham, A.A., Prakash, V., Pain, D.J., Ghalsari, G.R., Wells, G.A.H., Kolte, G.N., Nighot, P., Goudhar, M.S., Kshirsagar, S. and Rahmani, R. (2003).@Indian vultures: victims of an infectious disease epidemic.@Animal Conservation, 6, 189-197.@Yes$Chhangani, A.K. 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