International Science Community Association International Research Journal of Biological Sciences 2278 - 3202 1 3 2012 07 10 Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture and their Mitigation Strategies for Food Security in Agriculture: A Review 72 77 EN Patel AnuradhaJitendra 1 Department of Zoology, Bhavans College, Andheri, Mumbai University, Mumbai, INDIA Thakor AkankshaPravin 2 Department of Biotechnology, N.B. Mehta Science College, Bordi, Mumbai University, Mumbai, INDIA Avlessi Félicien 1 Lab. d’Etude et de Recherche en Chimie Appliquée, Ecole Polytechnique d’Abomey-Calavi, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou BENIN AlitonouGuy Alain 2 Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM UMR, CNRS-UM1-UM2, ENSCM, rue de l’Ecole Normale, Montpellier cedex, FRANCE DjenontinT. Sébastien 3 Tchobo Fidele 4 Yèhouénou Boniface 5 MenutChantal 6 Sohounhloué Dominique 7 Radha K. 1 Department of Microbiology, Ayya Nadar Janaki ammal College, Sivakasi, Tamilnadu, INDIA Mahima R. 2 Department of Microbiology, V.H.N.S.N College, Virudhunagar, Tamilnadu, INDIA RamanathanG. 3 Thangap 4 ian V. 5 Bhatt T.K. 1 Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Rajasthan, Kishangarh, INDIA DjenontinTindo S. 1 1Laboratoire d’Etude et de Recherche en Chimie Appliquée (LERCA), Ecole Polytechnique d’Abomey – Calavi (EPAC), Cotonou, BENIN Amusant N. 2 CIRAD, UMR 016 GPEB, Montpellier, FRANCE Dangou J. 3 CIRAD, UMR ECOFOG, Equipe Matériaux et Molécules, Kourou, FRANCE Wotto D.V. 4 CIRAD, UR 40 Tropical Wood Products, Biorefinery team, Montpellier, FRANCE Avlessi F. 5 Dahouénon-Ahoussi E. 6 Lozano P. 7 PiochD. 8 Sohounhloué K.C.D. 9 Majumdar Tania 1 Department of Food Technology and Biochemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032, INDIA ChakrabortyRunu 2 Raychaudhuri Utpal 3 Mehta Jitendra 1 Plant Tissue Culture Lab. and Dept. of Biotech., Vital Biotech Research Inst., University of Kota, Kota-Rajasthan, INDIA Sain Monika 2 SharmaDev Ratan 3 Gehlot Priyanka 4 SharmaPriyanka 5 DhakerJayraj Kiran 6 Sharma Ch 1 Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla-171005, INDIA erK. 2 KanwarShamsher S. 3 Ben C.P. 1 Department of Botany, Nesamony Memorial Christian College, Marthandam, Kanyakumari – 629165, Tamilnadu, INDIA BeulaA. 2 Department of Biochemistry, Sri Adi Chunchanagiri Womens College, Cumbum-625516, Tamilnadu, INDIA NirmalaDevi S. 3 Somani Vaishali 1 Zoology Department, B.N. Bandodkar College of Science, Chendani, Thane 400 601, Maharashtra, INDIA QuadrosGoldin 2 Zoology Department, Maharishi Dayanand College, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, Maharashtra, INDIA PejaverMadhuri K. 3 Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Anaikatti Post, Coimbatore 641108, Tamil Nadu, INDIA Putri L.S.E. 1 Dept. of Bio., Faculty of Sci. and Tech., State Islamic University, Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Ciputat, INDONESIA HidayatA.F. 2 Department of Biology, Jakarta State University, INDONESIA Suk 3 ar P. 4 Aweng E.R. 1 Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Locked Bag No 100, 17600 Jeli, Kelantan, MALAYSIA Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 52110 Kepong, Selangor, MALAYSIA Nur Hanisah 2 MohdNawi M.A. 3 NurhananMurniY. 4 Shamsul M. 5 Garode A.M. 1 PG Dept. of Microbiology, Shri Shivaji Science and Arts College, Chikhli, Dist- Buldana, MS, INDIA Waghode S.M. 2 Suryavanshi P. 1 College of Agriculture, Department of Agronomy, P.A.U, Ludhiana (PB), INDIA Babu S. 2 Scientist, I.C.A.R Research complex for NEH Region, Sikkim centre, Sikkim, INDIA BaghelJ.K. 3 Division of Agronomy, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, INDIA Suryavanshi G. 4 Assistant manager, T.M.I.L, Paradeep, Orissa, INDIA > Review Paper 2012 5 28 2012 07 10 Global warming is the observed increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere and oceans in recent decades. Global surface temperature increased 0.74 ± 0.18 °C (1.33 ± 0.32 °F) during the last century. The intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC) concludes that most of the observed temperature increases since the middle of the 20th century was caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases resulting from human activity such as fossil fuel burning and deforestation.. A rise in earth’s temperatures can in turn root to other alterations in the ecology, including an increasing sea level and modifying the quantity and pattern of rainfall. The 2001 IPCC third assessment report concluded that the poorest countries would be hardest hit, with reductions in crop yields in most tropical and sub-tropical regions due to decreased water availability, and new or changed insect pest incidence. Increasing temperature would increase fertilizer requirement for the same production targets; and result in higher emissions. The agricultural sector is both an emitter of greenhouse gases and a victim of global warming. Agriculture accounts for roughly 14% of global GHGs or about 6.8 Gt of COequivalents (e) per year.Mitigation of global warming involves taking actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to enhance sinks aimed at reducing the extent of global warming. It can be done through conservation by reducing energy needs and efficient recycling and through use of alternate energy sources like nuclear, wind, geothermal, hydroelectric, solar and fusion energy. Soil carbon sequestration off-set emissions from fossil fuel combustion and other carbon-emitting activities while enhancing soil quality and long-term agronomic productivity. It can be done through conservation tillage, residue management, green manuring and agro forestry system. Significant amount of diesel requirement and corresponding emission of CO is reduced in case of zero tillage compared to conventional tillage. Modification of water management from continuous flooding to midseason drainage or alternate flooding will reduce the methane emission by 23 and 61 % respectively. Site-specific nutrient management is a plant need-based approach for ‘feeding’ rice with nutrients as when needed with the help of leaf colour chart and SPAD meter significantly reducing NO loss. Copyright@ International Science Community Association