@Research Paper
<#LINE#>Comparison of traditional and modern methods for identification of Plasmodium species<#LINE#>Manisha @Baliyan <#LINE#>1-7<#LINE#>1.ISCA-RJAVFS-2019-013.pdf<#LINE#>Multanimal Modi College Modinagar, Gaziabad, UP. India<#LINE#>31/8/2019<#LINE#>11/11/2020<#LINE#>If we think about one of the dreaded endemic in the last century, undoubtedly Malaria name comes at the top. In case of infectious disorders, it is very well established fact that earlier the diagnosis of infectious disease, lesser are the chance to spread of such a disease in public domain and subsequently lesser the cascading effect. Still due to the limitations of testing a few no of cases by a clinical laboratory or research entity is also a big hinderance to give accurate results. There are many traditional methods for Plasmodium vivax identification and common in use are Giemsa staining (thick and thin) and Fluoroscence microscopic malarial diagnostic test. In spite of the fact that ibid mentioned methods are effective in diagnosis of Plasmodium vivax yet it was observed that both the methods in one or other way are time consuming and labour intensive. Therefore, one more method came into existence which has the potential to rapidly diagnose the parasite is known as Non microscopic Rapid Diagnostic test (RDT). RDT uses single step immunochromatography assay to identify the Plasmodium vivax. RDT is simple to execute, more convenient, provide fast diagnosis and less labour intensive as compared to the former two. Aim of the current work is to find out the authenticity, precision level of various techniques to identify the  malarial parasite and find out which one is more economical, easy to operate and accurate. A total of 104 patients were taken in study who were suffering from malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax. Out of the them, 85 patients were positive by using technique of Flouroscence Microscopic test while a total of 94 patients were positive by using technique of Giemsa staining, On the other hand Non Microscopic Rapid Diagnostic test shown a total of  101 patients positive for malaria.<#LINE#>WHO (2018).@World malaria report.@https://www.who.int/malaria/publications/world-malaria-report-2018/en/@No$Moody A. (2002).@Rapid diagnostic test for malaria parasites.@Clinical microbiology Reviews, 15, 66-68.@Yes$Aslan G, Ulukanligil M, Seyrek A, and Erel O. (2001).@Diagnostic performance characteristics of rapid dipstick test for plasmodium vivax malaria.@Mem Inst. Osmaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, 96(5), 683-686.@Yes$Warhurst, D. C., & Williams, J. E. (1996).@ACP Broadsheet no 148. Laboratory diagnosis of malaria.@Journal of Clinical Pathology, 49(7), 533.@Yes$Fleischer, B. (2004).@100 years ago: Giemsa@Tropical Medicine and International Health, 9(7), 755-756.@Yes$Nandwani S, Mathur M and Rawat S. (2003).@Evaluation of the direct acridine orange staining method and QBC test for diagnosis of malaria in Delhi, India.@J. Com Dis; 35, 279-82,@Yes$Dicko A, Mantel C, Kouriba B, Sagara I, Thera MA, Doumbia S, Diallo M, Poudiougou B, Diakite M and Doumbo OK. (2005).@Season, fever prevalence and pyrogenic threshold for malaria disease definition in an endemic area of Mali.@Trop Med Int Health, 10, 550-556.@Yes$Mwangi TW, Mohammed M, Dayo H, Snow RW and Marsh K. (2005).@Clinical algorithms for malaria diagnosis lack utility among people of different age groups.@Trop Med Int Health., 10, 530-536.@Yes$Giemsa G. (1904).@Eine Vereinfachung und Vervollkommnung meiner Methylenblau-Eosin-Farbemethode zur Erzielung der Romanowsky-Nochtschen Chromatinfarbung.@Centralblatt fur Bakteriologie I Abteilung, 32, 307-313.@No$Maline L M, Kyi M S and Chiodine P L (1998).@Accuracy of routine laboratory diagnosis of malaria in United Kingdom.@J Clin Pathol., 47, 740-742.@No$Lee M.A, Awl T and Singh M.A. (1999).@Comparison of antigen- dipstic assay with polymerase chain reaction and blood film examination in diagnosis of malaria.@Am Acad Med Singapore, 28(4), 498-501.@Yes$Durrheim DN, Becker PJ, Billinghurst K and Brink A (1997).@Diagnostic disagreement - the lessons learnt from malaria diagnosis in Mpumalanga.@SAfr Med J., 87, 609-611.@Yes$Maguire J D, Lederman E R, Barcus M J, OMeara W A, Jordon R G, Duong S, Muth S, Sismadi P, Bangs M J, Prescott W R, Baird J K,  and Wongsrichanalai C. (2006).@Production and validation of durable, high quality standardized malaria microscopy slides for teaching, testing and quality assurance during an era of declining diagnostic proficiency.@Malar J., 5, 92.@Yes$Othnigue N, Wyss K, Tanner M and Genton B (2006).@Urban malaria in the Sahel: Prevalence and seasonality of presumptive malaria and parasitaemia at primary care level in Chad.@Trop Med Int Health., 11, 204-210.@Yes$Zurovac D, Midia B, Ochola SA, English M and Snow RW (2006).@Microscopy and outpatient malaria case management among older children and adults in Kenya.@Trop Med Int Health., 11, 432-440.@Yes$Lema O E, Carter J Y, Nagelkerke N, Wangai M W, Kitenge P and Gikunda S M (1999).@Comparison of five methods of Malaria detection in the outpatient department.@Am J. Trop. hyg., 60, 177-182.@Yes$WHO (2010).@WHO releases new malaria guidelines for treatment and procurement of medicines.@New release WHO 9 March 2010 Geneva.@Yes$Gautam AS, Sharma RC, Bhatt RM and Gupta DK (1992).@Microscopic Diagnosis of malaria in Kheda district of Gujarat.@Ind. J. Malariol, 29, 83-7.@Yes$Moody A, Hunt-Cooke A, Gabbett E and Chiodini P (2000).@Performance of the Opti MAL malaria antigen capture dipstick for malaria diagnosis and treatment monitoring at the hospital for tropical diseases.@London. Br J.; 109, 891-894.@Yes$Marx A, Pewsner D, Egger M, Nuesch R, Bucher HC, Genton B, Hatz C and Juni P (2005).@Meta-analysis: accuracy of rapid tests for malaria in travelers returning from endemic areas.@Ann Intern Med., 142, 836-846.@Yes$Jelinek T, Grobusch M P and Harms G (2001).@Evaluation of a dip-stick test for the rapid diagnosis of imported malaria among patients presenting within the network Trop Net Europ.@Scand J Infect Dis.; 33, 752-754.@Yes$Jelinek T, Grobusch M P, Schwenke S, Steidl S, von Sonnenburg F N E, and Loscher T. (1999).@Sensitivity and specificity of dipstick tests for rapid diagnosing in non-immune travellers.@J Clin Microbiol., 37, 721-723.@Yes$Trachsler M, Schlagenhauf P and Steffen R (1999).@Feasibility of a rapid dipstick antigen-capture assay for self-testing of travellers malaria.@Trop Med Int Health., 4, 442-447.@Yes$Bell D, Wongsrichanalai C and Barnwell JW (2006).@Ensuring quality and access for malaria diagnosis: how can it be achieved?.@Nat Rev Microbiol.; 4, 682-695.@Yes
<#LINE#>The studies on seasonal variation in certain haematological parameter of fresh water fishes<#LINE#>Priyanka V. @Jadhav,N.E. @Chandanshive,B.T. @Kalbage <#LINE#>8-13<#LINE#>2.ISCA-RJAVFS-2020-002.pdf<#LINE#>Fergusson College, Pune, MS, India@Fergusson College, Pune, MS, India@Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce Shivajinagar, Pune, MS, India<#LINE#>18/3/2020<#LINE#>10/10/2020<#LINE#>The freshwater fishes are significant and cheap source of protein of poor people in India. The quantity and superiority of proteins present in body is associated to the wellbeing of fish. Fish fitness is subject to the ecological aspects like contaminants, temperature of water, salinity and accessibility of food in water bodies. The wellness and quality of fish can be evaluated by studying the blood. The environmental features like periodical alterations, nourishing, sex and size of fish, as well breeding competency can alter the haematological parameters of fishes. The blood parameters imitate the fitness of fish than other parameters.  In present study blood parameters were investigated in mature fishes of Laeo rohita, Catla catla and Calrius garpiens (Burchell, 1822), in summertime, monsoon and wintertime. During summertime season, Laeo rohita shows maximum count of packed cell volume (PCV), Red blood corpuscles (RBC), Haemoglobin and Glucose. Whereas Catla catla shows maximum count of White Blood Corpuscles (WBC), Mean Cell Volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin (MCH), and Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC). The maximum amount of Protein detected in Clarius gariepinus. In winter time season, highest amount of RBC, Haemoglobin, MCHC and Glucose were reported highest in Laeo rohita and maximum amount of WBC, MCV, MCH was reported in Catla catla and higher amount of protein reported in Clarius gariepinus. However in mansoon, maximum amount of RBC, Haemoglobin, PCV and Glucose was seen in Laeorohita, while high amount of WBC, MCV, MCH, MCHC was reported in Catla catla. And maximum quantity of protein was reported in Clarius gariepinus.<#LINE#>Iwama G K, Greer G L, Larkin D A (1976).@Changes in some haematological characteristics of Coho salmon (Oncorhyclouskisutch) in response to the dehydro-bietic acid (DHAA) at different exercises levels.@J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can., 33, 258-289.@Yes$Cech J J and Wohlschlag D E (1981).@Seasonal patterns of respiration, gill ventilation and haematological characteristic in the striped mullet.@Science, 31, 112-119.@Yes$Bhaskar B. R. and Rao K. S. (1985).@Some hematological parameters of tarpon, Megalops Cyprinoils (Broussenet) from Visakhapatnam harbor.@Masty, 11, 63-69.@Yes$Chakrabarty, P. & Banerjee, V. (1988).@Effect of organophosphorus pesticides on the peripheral hemogram of the fish Channa punctatus.@Environment and Ecology, 6(2), 390-394.@Yes$Bhaskar B. R and Rao K. S. (1990).@Use of haematological parameters as diagnostic tools in determining the health of milk fish Chanos (Forskal), in brackish water culture.@Aquaculture Fish Mange, 21,125-126.@Yes$Collazos ME, Ortega E, Barriga C and Radrigeuez AB (1998).@Seasonal Variation in haematological parameters of male and female Tincatinca.@Mol Cell Biochem, 3 (183), 165-68.@Yes$Anver, C. E. (2004).@Blood chemistry (electrolytes, lipoprotein and enzymes) values of black scorpion fish (Scorpaena porcus, 1758) in the Dardnelles.@Turkey J Biol Sci, 4, 716-719.@Yes$Southamani C, Shanti G. and Manivelu Deivasigamani (2015).@Haematological response in three Indian major carps in relation to supplementary feeding.@International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, (2), 287-294@Yes$P. Satheeshkumar, G. Ananthan, D. Senthilkumar. And L. Jagadeesan, (2011).@Haematology and biochemical parameters of different feeding behaviour of teleost fishes from Vellar estuary, India.@Comparative Clinical Pathology, Publis, 4(7), 180- 196.@Yes$Krishna Gupta, Anupriya Sachar and Sheetu Raina (2013).@Seasonal Variations in Haematological Parameters of Golden Mahseer, Tor Putitora.@International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 3(6), 1-6.@Yes$Manveer Kandari and J.V.S. Rauthan (2015).@Hematological changes in fish Mastacembelus armatus (Lacepede) of Song River.@Scholars Academic Journal of Biosciences (SAJB), 3(1A), 34-37.@Yes$Chandanshive Navnath E. (2016).@Studies on effect of Mercuric Chloride on Haematological Parameters in Fresh Water cat Fish Clarius gariepinus (Burchell, 1822).@International Research Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences, 3(10), 66-81.@No$Orun L and Doruca M (2003).@Haematological Parametes of three Cyprinid fish species.@Online J. Biol. Science, 3 (3), 320-328.@Yes$Sahli (1962).@Estimation of Haemoglobin with the help of Sahli@B. Pharm Lab. Instruction Manuals.@No$Hesser E.F. (1960).@Methods for routine on fish haematology.@Prog Fish Cult, 22,164-171.@Yes$Wintrobe M. (1967).@Clinical hematology.@4th Edition. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia.@No$Lowry, O. H., Rosebrough, N. J., Farr, A. L., and Randall, R. J. (1951).@Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent.@J. Biol. Chem., 193, 265-275.@No$Mishra N., P. K. Pandey and I. S Datta Munshi (1977).@Haematological parameters of an air-breathing mud eel, Amphipnous cuchia (Ham.).@J Fish Biol., 10, 567-573.@Yes$Folin, O., & Wu, H. (1920).@A system of blood analysis: supplement I. A simplified and improved method for determination of sugar.@Journal of Biological Chemistry, 41(3), 367-374.@Yes$Mukherjee (1988).@Alterations in erythrocytic indices in fishes Channa punctatus subjected to environmental stress.@Aquat.Toxicol.,13, 53-59.@No$Casillus E and Smith L S (1977).@Effect of stress on blood coagulation and haematology in (Salma grindneri).@J. Fish Biol, 10, 481-491.@Yes$Joshi P. C. (1989).@Seasonal changes in the blood parameters of a hillsteram teleost, Channa gochua.@Comp. Physiol and Ecol, 14, 1-7@Yes$Adebayo O. T, Fagbenro O. A, Ajayi C. B., and Popoola O.M; (2007).@Normal haematological profile of Parachanna obscura as a diagnostic tool in aquaculture.@Int. J. Zool. Res., 3, 193-199.@Yes$Das B C (1965).@Age related trends in the blood chemistry and haematology of Indian Carp (Catla catla).@Gerontologia, 10, 47-64.@Yes$Guijiarro A. L., Loppez- Patino M. A., Pinillos M. L., Isorna E., DePedro N., Alonso-Gomez, M. and Delgado, M. J. (2003).@Seasonal Changes in Haematology and metabolic resources in the tench.@J. Fish Biol., 62, 803-815.@Yes$Binod Bihari Patra and Rama Prasad Panda, (2014),@Seasonal Variations in Certain Haematological Factors of Catla catla (Hamilton 1822).@IOSR Journal of Applied Physics, 6(4), 01-07.@No
<#LINE#>Breeding practices and reproductive performance of goats in metekel zone, benishangul regional state, Ethiopia<#LINE#>Bainesagn @Worku,Mezgebu @Getnet,Habtie @Arega <#LINE#>14-24<#LINE#>3.ISCA-RJAVFS-2020-007.pdf<#LINE#>Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Debre Markos Research Center, P.O. Box 537, Debre Markos, Ethiopia@Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Debre Markos Research Center, P.O. Box 537, Debre Markos, Ethiopia@ Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Pawe Research Center, P.O. Box 25 Pawe, Ethiopia<#LINE#>31/8/2020<#LINE#>10/3/2021<#LINE#>The research was carried out in3 districts of Metekel zone (Bulen, Mandura and Guba). The aim of the research was to asses breeding practices, farmers selective breeding objectives, and reproductive performance of goat production. A total of 180 households from three districts of nine peasant associations were taken purposively based on goat numbers and husbandry practices. Both contentious and descriptive data were analyzed using SPSS versions 20. The first reason of rearing goats was for cash income. Castration was a common practice by the goat keepers. Farmers majorly implement natural and random mating systems. Selection was experienced for male and female. Appearance, twining ability and kidding frequency were the major traits in choice of breeding does. Appearance, growth and color were testified traits for promoting the next generation breeding bucks. It was concluded that understanding breeding activities of local goats can be considered as the prime foot step in constructing a suitable breeding scheme and utilization in Metekel zone.<#LINE#>Wodajo, H. D., Gemeda, B. A., Kinati, W., Mulem, A. A., van Eerdewijk, A., & Wieland, B. (2020).@Contribution of small ruminants to food security for Ethiopian smallholder farmers.@Small Ruminant Research, 184, 106064.@Yes$Central Statistic Authority (CSA). 2017/18 (2010).@Agricultural sample survey report on livestock and livestock characteristics (private peasant holdings).@Volume II, Statistical bulletin, 587, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia@Yes$Hirpa, A., & Abebe, G. (2008).@Economic significances of sheep and goats In: Alemu Yami and RC Merkel.@Sheep and goat production handbook for Ethiopia.@Yes$Peacock, C. (2005).@Improving goat production in the tropics. A manual for development work.@Farm Africa and Oxfam. UK and Ireland.@No$Ameha, S. (2008).@Sheep and goat meat characteristics and quality.@In: Alemu Yami and Merkel RC (Eds).  Sheep and Goat Production Handbook for Ethiopia.  Ethiopian Sheep and Goats Productivity Improvement Program (ESGPIP), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Pp 323-328@Yes$Berhanu, G., Hoekstra, D. and Samson J. (2007).@Heading towards Commercialization.@The case of live animal marketing in Ethiopia. Improving Productivity and Market Success (IPMS) of Ethiopian Farmers Project Working Paper 5. ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute), Nairobi, Kenya. 73 pp.@Yes$Markos, T. (2006).@Productivity and health of indigenous sheep breeds and crossbreds in the central Ethiopia highlands.@Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Science (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden, p: 74.@Yes$Tsedeke, K., (2007).@Production and marketing of sheep and goats in Alaba.@SNNPR. M. S. Thesis, Hawassa Univ., Hawassa, Ethiopia@No$Getahun, L. (2008).@Productive and Economic performance of Small Ruminant production in production system of the Highlands of Ethiopia.@Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart-Hoheinheim, Germany.@No$Altaye, S. Z., Kassa, B., Agza, B., Alemu, F., & Muleta, G. (2014).@Smallholder cattle production systems in Metekel zone, northwest Ethiopia.@Research Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Management, 3(2), 151-157.@Yes$Ayele, S., Assegid, W., Jabbar, M.A., Ahmed, M.M and Belachew H. (2003).@Livestock marketing in Ethiopia: A review of structure, performance and development initiatives.@Socio-economics and Policy Research Working Paper 52. ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute), Nairobi, Kenya@Yes$Solomon, Z., Binyam K., Bilatu A., Ferede A. and Gadisa M. (2014).@Smallholder cattle production systems in Metekel zone, northwest Ethiopia.@Res. J. Agric. Environ. Manage., 3(2), 151-157.@Yes$Central Statistic Authority (CSA) (2013).@Ethiopian agricultural sample enumeration 2012/2013.@Central Statistic Authority, Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Volume II. Report on livestock and livestock characteristics (private peasant holdings), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.@No$International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA) (1990).@Livestock systems research manual.@No. 12, section 1. Working document. ILCA. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.@No$Workneh, A., and Rowlands, J. (2004).@Design, execution and analysis of the livestock breed survey in Oromia regional state.@Oromia agricultural development bureau, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya. 260pp (2004).@Yes$Jaitner, J., Sowe, J., Secka-Njie, E. & Dempfle, L. (2001).@Ownership pattern and management practices of small ruminants in Gambia-Implication for a breeding programme.@Small Ruminant Research, 40, 101-108.@Yes$Amelmal, A. (2011).@Phenotypic characterization of indigenous sheep types of Dawuro Zone and Konta special woreda of SNNPR, Ethiopia.@M.Sc. Thesis, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Ethiopia.@Yes$Markos, T. (2006).@Productivity and health of indigenous sheep breeds and crossbreds in the central Ethiopia highlands.@Ph. D. dissertation, Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Science (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden, p: 74.@Yes$Holst, P.J. (1999).@Recording and on-far evaluation and monitoring: breeding and selection.@Small Rumin. Res., 34, 97-202.@Yes$Tabbaa, M.J. and Al-Atiyat R. (2009).@Breeding objectives, selection criteria and factors influencing them for goat breeds in Jordan.@Small Rumin. Res., 84, 8-15.@Yes$Zewdu, E. (2008).@Characterization of Horro and Bonga indigenous sheep breeds of smallholders for designing community based-breeding strategies.@An M. Sc. Thesis Presented to School of Graduate Studies of Haramaya University, Ethiopia. 81p.@Yes$Hagos, A., Solomon, G. and Mengistu, U. (2017).@Begait Goat Production Systems and Breeding Practices in Western Tigray. North Ethiopia.@www.scirp.org/journal/ ojas@Yes$Yilma, T., Alemayehu, A., Shibeshi, Z., Tesfaye, D. and Workneh, T. (2016).@Characterization of Goat Production System in Shifting and Permanent Farming Systems in Western Ethiopia.@International Journal of Livestock Research.@No$Wilson, R T. (1991).@Small Ruminant Production and Small Ruminant Genetic Resources in Tropical Africa.@FAO. J. Animal Production and Health.No.88. FAO, Rome@Yes$FARM Africa (1996).@Goat types of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Physical description and management systems.@Published jointly by FARM-Africa, London, UK and ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute), Nairobi, Kenya.@Yes$Belay D. (200).@Growth, reproductive performance and carcass characteristics of Abergelle and central Highland goat types under traditional management in sekota woreda.@M. Sc. Thesis presented at Haramaya University.@Yes$Workneh, A. (1992).@Preliminary survey of indigenous goat types and goat husbandry practices in southern Ethiopia.@M. Sc. Thesis. Dire Dawa, Ethiopia: Alemaya University.@Yes$Tesfaye Tsegaye (2009).@Characterization of goat production systems and on- farm evaluation of the growth performance of grazing goats supplemented with different protein sources in Metema woreda, Amhara region, Ethiopia.@An M. Sc. Thesis presented to School of Graduate Studies of Haramaya University.@Yes$Belay D. (200).@Growth, reproductive performance and carcass characteristics of Abergelle and central Highland goat types under traditional management in sekota woreda.@M.Sc. Thesis presented at Haramaya University.@Yes$Yilma, T., Alemayehu, A., Shibeshi Z., Tesfaye, D. and Workneh, T. (2016).@Characterization of Goat Production System in Shifting and Permanent Farming Systems in Western Ethiopia.@International Journal of Livestock Research.@No$Amelmal A. (2011).@Phenotypic characterization of indigenous sheep types of Dawuro Zone and Konta special woreda of SNNPR, Ethiopia.@M.Sc. Thesis, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Ethiopia@Yes
@Short Communication
<#LINE#>Microscopical analyses on characterization of peripheral blood cells of Western pond turtle (Actinemys marmorata) (Baird and Girard, 1852)<#LINE#>I. @Dash <#LINE#>25-30<#LINE#>4.ISCA-RJAVFS-2020-008.pdf<#LINE#>State Forensic Science Laboratory, Bhubaneswar-751010, Odisha, India<#LINE#>26/11/2020<#LINE#>4/4/2021<#LINE#>The aim of the present study is to investigate the microscopical characterization of peripheral blood cells namely erythrocytes, and leucocytes of Western pond turtle. However, no previous report on microscopical characterization of blood cells of Western pond turtle has been reported. One turtle was taken for this study. Blood sample was collected and blood smears were immediately prepared without any anticoagulant. Then after drying in air, fixed with methanol and stained with Giemsa stain. The erythrocytes observed were mainly elliptical in shape with ellipsoid or irregularly round nuclei. Besides that different shapes of erythrocytes were also observed. Five types of leucocytes including lymphocytes, monocytes, heterophils, eosinophils and basophils are seen in the blood smears of peripheral blood. The aim of the study is to provide baseline data on the description and morphological classification of blood cells in Western pond turtles by which their physiological states can also be known and they can be better treated. The data serve as a baseline for future hematologic studies in this species.<#LINE#>Stebbins, R.C. (1985).@Western reptiles and amphibians: the Peterson field guide series.@2nd ed. Houghton Mifflin Co. Boston NY.@No$St John, A. (2002).@Reptiles of the Northwest: British Columbia to California.@Lone Pine. Publishing, Edmonton, AB.@Yes$Holland, D.C. (2010).@Amphibians and Turtle (Clemmys marmorata), species account.@2006.   http://www.co. contra-costa.ca.us/depart/cd/water/HCP/archive/final-hcp/pdfs/apps/AppD/10a_pond turtle_9-28-06_profile.pdf Accessed 25 March 2010@Yes$Rosenberg, D.J., Gervais, J., Vesely, D. & et al. (2009).@Conservation Assessment of the Western Pond Turtles in Oregon (Actiniums marmoreal). Oregon Department of Fish and Widllife, Report Ver.@http://www.fs.fed.us/ r6/sfpnw/issssp/documents/planning-docs/ca-hr-actinemys-marmorata-2009-11.pdf@No$Rathbun, G.B., Siepel, N. & Holland, D. (1992).@Nesting behaviour and movements of Western Pond Turtles Clemmys marmorata, Southwest.@Nat., 37, 319-324.@Yes$Hays, D.W., McAllister, K.R., Richardson, S.A. & Stinson, D.W. (1999).@Washington state recovery plan for the Western Pond Turtle.@Wash Dep Fish and Wildl Olympia, WA.@Yes$Hernandez, J. D., Oros, J., Artiles, M., Castro, P., & Blanco, A. (2016).@Ultrastructural characteristics of blood cells in the Yellow&#8208;Bellied Slider Turtle (Trachemys scripta scripta).@Veterinary clinical pathology, 45(1), 106-109.@Yes$Kassab, A., Shousha, S., & Fargani, A. (2009).@Morphology of blood cells, liver and spleen of the desert tortoise (Testudo graeca).@The open anatomy Journal, 1(1). doi:10.2174/1877609400901010001@Yes$O&#341;os, J., Casal, A. & Arencibia, A. (2010).@Microscopic studies on characterization of blood cells of endangered sea turtles.@In: Mendez-Vilas A, Diaz J, eds. Microscopy: Science, technology, applications and education.1st ed. Badajoz, Spain: Formatex Research Centre, 75-84.@Yes$Frye, F.L. (1991).@Hematology as applied to clinical reptile medicine.@In: Frye, F.L., ed. Biomedical surgical aspects of captive reptile husbandry 1st ed. Malabar, Florida, USA: Krieger Publishing Co, 209-280.@Yes$Garcia-Navarro, C.E.K. and Pachaly, J.R. (1991).@Manual de Hematologia Veterinaria.@&#64257;rst ed. Livraria Varela Ltda.@Yes$Can&#64257;eld, P. J. (1998).@Comparative cellmorphology in the peripheral blood &#64257;lm from exotic and native animals.@Aust. Vet. J., 76(12), 793-800.@Yes$Stacy, B. A., & Whitaker, N. (2000).@Hematology and blood biochemistry of captive mugger crocodiles (Crocodylus palustris).@Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 31(3), 339-347.@Yes$Dessauer, H. C. (1970).@Blood chemistry of reptiles: physiological and evolutionary aspects.@Biology of the Reptilia, 3(1), 1-72.@Yes$Duguy, R. (1970).@Numbers of blood cells and their variation.@In: Gans, C. & Parson, T., eds. Biology of the reptilian. 3rd ed. London, UK: Academy Press; 93-110.@Yes$Warwick, C., Frye, F. L., & Murphy, J. B. (2001).@Health and welfare of captive reptiles.@Springer Science & Business Media.@Yes$McArthur, S., Wilkinson, R., & Meyer, J. (2008).@Medicine and surgery of tortoises and turtles.@John Wiley & Sons.@Yes$Tavares-Dias, M., Oliveira-Junior, A. A., Silva, M. G., Marcon, J. L., & Barcellos, J. F. (2009).@Comparative hematological and biochemical analysis of giant turtles from the Amazon farmed in poor and normal nutritional conditions.@Veterinarski arhiv, 79(6), 601-610.@Yes$Yilmaz, N. & Tosunoglu, M. (2010).@Hematology and some plasma biochemistry values of free living freshwater turtles (Emys orbicularis and Mauremysrivulata) from Tirkey.@North-West. J. Zool., 109-117.@Yes$Zhang, F., Gu, H., & Li, P. (2011).@A review of chelonian hematology.@Asian Herp Res, 2(1), 12-20.@Yes$Scheelings, T.F. & Jessop, T.S. (2011).@Influence of capture method, habitat quality and individual traits on blood parameters of free ranging lace moniters (Varanus varius).@Aust. Vet. J., 89(9), 360-365.@Yes$Tosunoglu, M., Yilmaz, N., & Gul, C. (2011).@Effects of varying ecological conditions on the blood parameters of freshwater turtles in Canakkale (Turkey).@Ekoloji., 20, 7-12. doi: 10.5053/ekoloji. 2011.782.@No$Scheelings, T.F., & Rafferty, A.R. (2012).@Hematologic and serum bio-chemical values of gravid freshwater.@Australian chelonians Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 48(2), 314-321. Doi:10.7589/0090-3558-48.2.314@Yes