Research Journal of Animal, Veterinary and Fishery Sciences ___________________________ ISSN 2320 – 6535 Vol. 2(7), 1-5, July (2014) Res. J. Animal, Veterinary and Fishery Sci. International Science Congress Association 1 Physico-Chemical Parameters of the Fish Farming Paddy Field at Moyna Block of Purba Medinipur District of West Bengal, IndiaBera Tarun Kumar, Patra Professor Bidhan Chandra and Bhattacharya Monajit Aquaculture Research Unit, Department of Zoology, Vidyasagar University, West Bengal, INDIA Available online at: www.isca.in, www.isca.me Received 5th June 2014, revised 23rd June 2014, accepted 21st July 2014 AbstractThe research work was conducted to measure the water quality parameters during the period of July 2013 to December, 2013 at Moyna. Physico-chemical characteristics of water & soil very significant in paddy cum fish culture field which in general controls the productivity of the water bodies. Bottom soil plays an important role in the fertility of the water body. It provides shelter and food to the bottom micro-biota which help in the mineralization of organic bottom deposits and governs the storage and release of nutrients in the water phase. In general, therefore, the physical &chemical properties of water in a water body are more or less a reflection of the properties of its bottom soil. Chemical factors such as pH, DO, alkalinity, free Carbon dioxide, total Hardness, Ca, Mg, specific Conductivity etc. are also play a vital role in the biological process in water bodies. Sediment characteristics values depict productive range for better rice as well as fish production. The physico-chemical parameters of the water of the impoundment reveal that water level supported a conductive caring capacity resulting in better fish growth. Keywords: Physicochemical, sediment character, productivity, rice and fish production. IntroductionBoth rice and fish are immensely important to the livelihoods of the rural poor in India as both a source of nutrition and as a source of income. Rice and fish are considered to be the main sources of food in this region. It has been estimated that rice constitutes as much as 60% of the daily food intake of the majority of Asians. Rice consumption in West Bengal, India is reported to be 139.68 kg/head/year and 127.56 kg/head/year (1993-1994) in rural and urban areas of India respectively. Production of fish in rice fields is almost as old as the practice of rice or paddy culture itself (combined culture of rice and fish is also known as Paddy-cum-fish culture2,3. Whenever, water is stagnated within bunds as for rice culture, fish which naturally occur in the irrigation water and nearby tanks and pools enter the paddy-fields and grow there until harvest, along with the paddy4,5. Thus fish production in rice fields dates from very early days, even though it was based on capture rather than culture. The research work was conducted to measure the water quality parameters during the Period of July 2013 to December 2013 at Moyna. Total area of the block 147 sq. Kms. Total population for the block 1, 96,503 (37 thousand families) approx. Paddy field utilized as pisiculture field 47 Mouza, area – 5282 hector. Approximate 10000 families (approx) engaged in fish and fisheries in moyna development block. Only 8500 fish farmers families (approx.) engaged in fish culture. Species culture mainly Indian Major Carp (IMC), exotic carp (EC), fresh water prawn, tiger prawn. Fish market i. Annapurna market, ii. Moyna market, iii. Balaiponda Market shows nearly production in the per Block 20,000 – 25,000 Ton, Value in Rupees 170 cores (Rate Rs. 80/kg) (approx.). Average fish Production 4000 kg to 4500 kg/hector within 6 months culture. Source of fund, maximum paddy cum fish culture farmers are tagged with mahajani loan, otherwise take Dadan from local Aratdar. Material and Methods Four paddy field were selected at Moyna block, Purba Medinipur for this research. Six sites are different mouza of this block. These sites are Site-I (Paramananda Pur), Site-II (Dakshin Changra Chak), Site-III (Dakshin Anukha), Site-IV (Bhandar Chak), Area of each site is approximate 50-100 Hector, 1.3 meter in depth. From these six water bodies; water was collected and studied the physico-chemical parameters once in a month. The study in this context was conducted from July 2011 to December 2011 at Moyna. These water bodies are used as rearing site where fingerlings are left for 6 months for growing as market fish. After harvesting of fish, paddy cultivation are started. During this 6 months fisher man controlled physico-chemical condition and maintain all type culture method i.e. they applied different nutritional supplemental fish feed, anti fungal and anti bacterial medicine for better growth. This culture technique totally commercial process and rate of growth are high than other natural fish culture. The fishes were caught from the study areas using dip nets and different mesh sized cast nets. Water quality data viz. temperature (C), pH, alkalinity (ppm.), dissolved oxygen (ppm.), free Carbon-dioxide (ppm.) and total hardness (ppm.) were recorded on the day using APHA method. Most samplings of water were done between 7 A.M. to 11 A.M. from the surface Research Journal of Animal, Veterinary and Fishery Sciences ________________________________________ ISSN 2320 – 6535 Vol. 2(7), 1-5, July (2014) Res. J. Animal, Veterinary and Fishery Sci. International Science Congress Association 2 layer near the shore. The temperature was collected, at the time of sampling, on the sport, using centigrade thermometer. pH was measured with standard pH meter. The other parameters were estimated by the procedures7,8,9. Results and Discussion Water Quality Parameter: The monthly variations of physicochemical parameters of water of the four sampling sites recorded during the period of investigations are shown in table 1. Water temperature showed variations in different months of the study period in four water bodies. The present communication is an attempt to analyse the water quality of the paddy cum fish culture field at Moyna Block with respect to water depth, water temperature, pH, alkalinity, free CO, dissolve oxygen, Calcium as CaCo equivalents, Magnesium as CaCo equivalents, total hardness, specific conductivity, turbidity. Water Temperature: The water temperature was ranged from 22.8C - 31.7C. The high temperature (31.7C) in hot and wet summer (July) was recorded at site-I (Paramananda pur) and lowest temperature (22.8 oC) was recorded during cold winter (December) at Site-II (Dakshin Changra Chak) and Site-III (Dahshin Anukha). The all over mean temperature ranged from 27.63C - 27.95C. It was noticed that the temperature was highest in hot and wet summer and lowest in cold winter. It observed that during summer, the water temperature was high due to the low water level and clear atmosphere, which is quite similar to the results obtained in the present study of the paddy cum fisheries field10. Research may observed that 25C -31C temperature is suitable for fish culture and below 14C is harmful for fish culture. Water Depth: The water depth was ranged from 1.4 meter – 1.7 meter. The highest depth (1.7meter) in rainy season (September) was recorded at site-IV. The all over mean water depth ranged from 1.55 meter -1.60 meter. The paddy field is filled with rainy water, some time by artificial irrigation technique. It is a commercial culture process, so some time the farmer takes artificial irrigation technique. pH: The p values ranged from 6.8-7.9. The mean value ranged from 7.25 - 7.37. It also stated that the pH values varied from 7.4 – 8.5 suitable for aquatic organisms11. The maximum pHwas 7.9 in winter (December) at site-II and minimum was 6.8 in hot and wet summer (July) at site-II. 17 Result observed that pH value 6.5- 9 is suitable for fresh water fish culture and p value below 4 and above 11 is harmful. Free CO: The value of free carbon dioxide ranged from 2.6ppm - 10ppm. The mean values are 6.5±1.475ppm, 6.08±2.353ppm, 4.52±0.699ppm, 4.6±1.560ppm. at sites- I, II, III, and IV respectively. The highest free carbon dioxide value is 6.5±1.475 ppm at site –I and minimum is 4.52±0.699ppm at site –III. It also stated that below 12ppm free carbon dioxide is suitable and above 12ppm is harmful for fish culture12. Total Alkalinity: The total alkalinity ranged from 34 ppm – 160 ppm. The highest alkalinity is 160 ppm at site- I and site-II in the month of August and minimum alkalinity is 34 ppm at site-II in the month of October. The mean values are 116±53.755 ppm, 114.83±57.39 ppm, 115±58.11 ppm and 107.5±49.52 ppm, at sites –I, II, III and IV respectively. Stated that 40-200 ppm alkalinity is suitable for fish culture and below 15 and above 300 is harmful fish culture12. Dissolved Oxygen: Dissolved oxygen is an essential water parameter which maintains the level of Oxygen to aquatic organisms. The Dissolve Oxygen content (DOC) of a fishery sector to subject to physical, chemical and biological controls. The ultimate source of oxygen in water body is the atmosphere, although its solubility in water body depends heavily on temperature and pressure. The DO values ranged from 4.4 – 10.4 ppm with the mean value range of 6.53-8.08ppm. The DO value is maximum (10.4±1.281ppm) in hot and wet summer (August) at site-IV and minimum (4.4±2.077 ppm) in cold winter (November) at site-I. It is observed that DO value was high during the rainy season. It also observed that DO value 5-7 is suitable fish culture and below 1.0 is harmful for fish culture13. Calcium (Ca) as CaCO equivalents: The calcium value ranged from 59.5 - 149.41 ppm. The maximum value is 149.41 ± 21.592 ppm at Site- III in month of August and minimum value 59.5 ± 38.368 ppm at site-IV in the month of October. The mean value ranged from 107.9 - 124.5 ppm. The calcium level is slightly high than natural water body because it is a commercial technique for fish culture13. They are applied lime for better treatment. Magnesium (Mg)as CaCO equivalents: The Magnesium value ranged from 49.32-118.36 ppm. The maximum value is 118.36±24.49 ppm at Site- I in month of September and minimum value 49.32±24.49 ppm at site-I in the month of December. The mean value ranged from 80.55-93.71 ppm. Total Hardness (TH): Total hardness ranged from 138.4 - 257.9 ppm. The maximum value of TH is 257.9±28.55 ppm at site-III in the month of August and the minimum is 138.4±37.64 ppm at site-IV in the month of October. The mean value ranged from 193.43 – 214.92 ppm. However that total hardness value 40-200 ppm is suitable for fish culture and below 15 ppm and above 300 ppm is harmful for fish culture14. Here TH value is high than other natural water bodies, due to the farmers are applied lime for better treatment. Specific Conductivity: Specific conductivity ranged from 180.5 – 215.4 m.mohs/cm. The maximum value of specific conductivity is 215.4±12.890 m.mohs/cm at site-II in the month of July and the minimum is 180.5±12.890 m.mohs/cm at site-II Research Journal of Animal, Veterinary and Fishery Sciences ________________________________________ ISSN 2320 – 6535 Vol. 2(7), 1-5, July (2014) Res. J. Animal, Veterinary and Fishery Sci. International Science Congress Association 3 in the month of December. The mean value ranged from 199.17 - 201.57 m.mohs/cm. The specific conductivity ranged in all water bodies was observed to be optimum for better fish production. Turbidity: Turbidity ranged from 16 - 48 NTU. The maximum value of specific conductivity is 48±10.074 m.mohs/cm at Site-I in the month of August and the minimum is 16 ± 13.706 NTU at Site-II in the month of November. The mean value ranged from 31.83 – 36.0 NTU. The turbidity ranged in all water bodies was observed that it fluctuated due to rain water. Sediments Characteristics of the Soil: The sediment characteristics of the soil of Moyna indicate that soil texture of the impoundments was water retentive and conductive for rice cultivation. The pH ranged between 6.30 and 7.0. The total nitrogen (mg/100mg) ranged from 0.07-0.21, available nitrogen (mg/100g) ranged from 41.10 - 49.08 phosphorus (mg/100mg) ranged from 0.46-1.10, organic carbon (%) ranged from 1.0-2.35, free CacO (%) ranged from 4.15-5.20. The C/N ratio ranging from 10.10 to 12.10 definitely catalyzed boosting of fish production. Table-1 Water Parameters of paddy cum fish culture field at different site Parameters Sites Month July 2013 Aug 2013 Sept 2013 Oct 2013 Nov 2013 Dec 2013 Range/mean SD Water Depth (Meter) Site-I 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.4-1.6 1.55 0.083 Site-II 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5-1.6 1.52 0.040 Site-III 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.4-1.6 1.55 0.083 Site-IV 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.4-1.7 1.6 0.109 Temper ature C) Site-I 31.7 31.4 29.4 27.9 24.2 23.1 23.1-31.7 27.95 3.6232 Site-II 31.5 31.5 29.6 27.7 24.6 22.8 22.8-31.5 27.95 3.625 Site-III 31.5 31.2 29.3 27.5 24.4 22.8 22.8-31.5 27.78 3.585 Site-IV 31.0 31.0 29.1 27.8 23.9 23.0 23-31 27.63 3.471 pH Site-I 7.5 7.2 7.1 7.6 7.4 7.4 7.1-7.6 7.37 0.186 Site-II 6.8 7.4 7.5 6.9 7.0 7.9 6.8-7.9 7.25 0.423 Site-III 7.4 7.5 7.2 7.5 7.3 7.1 7.1-7.5 7.33 0.163 Site-IV 7.2 7.1 7.4 7.1 7.1 7.6 7.1-7.6 7.25 0.207 DO (ppm) Site-I 7.0 6.4 7.0 4.4 10 4.4 4.4-10 6.53 2.077 Site-II 7.4 10 8.2 4.8 8.0 8.8 4.8-10 7.87 1.742 Site-III 7.2 9 9.1 6 8.8 7.8 6-12 7.48 2.034 Site-IV 6.8 10.4 7.0 8 8.1 8.2 6.8-10.4 8.08 1.281 Free CO(ppm) Site-I 4.8 5.0 7.2 7.5 8.5 6.0 4.8-8.5 6.5 1.475 Site-II 3.8 4.0 6.0 10 7.5 5.2 3.8-10 6.08 2.353 Research Journal of Animal, Veterinary and Fishery Sciences ________________________________________ ISSN 2320 – 6535 Vol. 2(7), 1-5, July (2014) Res. J. Animal, Veterinary and Fishery Sci. International Science Congress Association 4 Site-III 3.8 3.6 4.8 4.5 5.0 5.4 3.6-5.4 4.52 0.699 Site-IV 2.6 2.8 5.2 5.5 6.5 5.0 2.6-6.5 4.6 1.560 Alkalinity (ppm) Site-I 160 158 152 46 50 130 50-160 116 53.755 Site-II 150 152 155 34 48 150 34-155 114.83 57.391 Site-III 160 160 154 40 42 134 40-160 115 58.113 Site-IV 140 142 150 44 45 124 44-150 107.5 49.524 Calcium As CaCOequivalents (ppm) Site-I 109.56 79.68 119.52 109.56 139.44 119.52 79.6-139.4 112.88 19.585 Site-II 99.60 99.60 99.60 139.44 119.52 89.64 89.6-139.4 107.9 18.275 Site-III 119.52 149.41 139.44 99.60 139.44 99.60 99.6-149.41 124.5 21.592 Site-IV 109.56 149.40 69.72 59.56 149.40 119.52 59.5-149.4 109.53 38.368 Magnesium As CaCO3 equivalents (ppm) Site-I 59.18 88.77 49.32 88.77 78.91 118.36 49.3-118.36 80.55 24.492 Site-II 78.91 98.64 78.91 108.50 88.77 108.56 78.9-108.5 93.71 13.609 Site-III 78.91 108.50 78.91 88.77 98.64 88.77 78.9-108.5 90.42 11.531 Site-IV 98.64 59.18 88.77 78.91 78.91 108.50 59.18-108.5 85.485 17.273 Total Hardness (ppm) Site-I 168.74 168.45 168.84 198.33 218.35 237.88 168.4-237.8 193.43 29.863 Site-II 178.51 198.34 178.51 247.94 208.29 198.20 178.5-247.9 201.63 25.614 Site-III 198.43 257.90 218.35 188.37 238.08 188.37 188.3-257.9 214.92 28.555 Site-IV 208.20 208.58 158.49 138.47 228.31 228.02 138.4-228.31 195.01 37.648 Specific Conducti vity m.mohs/cm Site-I 213.5 210.2 205.1 204.7 187.5 185.2 185.2-213.5 201.03 11.859 Site-II 203.7 215.4 205.9 202.3 187.2 180.5 180.5-215.4 199.17 12.890 Site-III 211.3 213.9 212.2 192.5 198.5 181.0 181-213.9 201.57 13.225 Site-IV 210.2 202.1 209.5 202.2 187.5 184.0 184-210.2 199.25 11.067 Turbidity (ntu) Site-I 38 48 40 22 25 28 22-48 33.5 10.074 Site-II 47 45 38 17 16 32 16-47 32.64 13.706 Site-III 38 47 39 35 30 27 27-47 36 7.099 Site-IV 45 44 32 25 24 21 21-45 31.83 10.457 Research Journal of Animal, Veterinary and Fishery Sciences ________________________________________ ISSN 2320 – 6535 Vol. 2(7), 1-5, July (2014) Res. J. Animal, Veterinary and Fishery Sci. International Science Congress Association 5 Table-2 Sediment Parameter of Soil Site PTotal Nitrogen mg/100g Available Nitrogen mg/100g Available mg/100g Organic carbon (%) Free CaCo (%) C/N Ratio Site-I 7.00 0.07 42.12 0.46 1.0 5.20 10.5 Site-II 6.50 0.18 46.08 1.10 2.12 4.15 9.80 Site-III 6.30 0.09 43.21 0.54 1.10 5.20 12.10 Site-IV 6.60 0.21 41.10 0.89 2.35 4.50 10.10 Conclusion The fish yield from four water body of Moyna portrayed an encouraging venture. The fish yield varied between 4000 to 4500 kg/ha./6 month. The growth of carps were observed to be moderate ranging from 250gm- 900gm. A large number of varieties of wild fishes were also recorded which also good price in the market. The physico-chemical parameters of the water of the impoundment reveal that water level supported a conductive caring capacity resulting in better fish growth15. The sediment characteristics of the soil of Moyna indicate that soil texture of the impoundments were water retentive and conductive for rice cultivation. Sediments parameter depicts productive range for better rice as well as fish production. The C/N ratio definitely catalyzed boosting of fish production. This type of paddy cum fish culture is a commercial culture technique, so some parameters differ from other natural process16. References 1.Saha N.K. and Bardhan Roy S.K., Rice-fish cultivation in seasonally flooded deep water ecosystem in West Bengal, India. Workshop on sustaining and increasing the productivity of fish and rice in seasonally flooded ecosystem in South and South East Asia, Dhaka: June 12-16 (2001)2.Kutty M.N., Pisciculture in a farm complex, Seminar on role of sugar factories in rural development, Sugar Technologists Association of India, Bombay, Oct. 1976 (1976)3.Jhingran A.G., Integrated fish-livestock-crop farming and Its role In developing rural economy, Bull. 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Fish farming in Malaysia: A resource optimization, AMBIO, 19(8), 404-408 (1990)16.Shyam R., Status of fisheris in India. In: S.H. Ahmed (ed.) Advances in fisheries and fish production, Hindustan Publishing corporation, New Delhi, India, 309, (1998)