Research Journal of Animal, Veterinary and Fish ery Sciences __ _____________ ______ ____ __ ISSN 2320 – 6535 Vol. 2 ( 4 ), 1 3 - 1 6 , April (201 4 ) Res. J. Animal, Veterinary and Fishery Sci. International Science Congress Association 13 Studies of Phytoplankton Ecology in Narmada River of West Nimar, MP, India Mukati P. 1 , Naqvi S.M.A. 2 , Aske D.K. 3 , Sainkhediya J. 1 and Thakur A. 4 1 PMB Gujarati Science College, Indore, MP, INDIA 2 I.K.D.C., Indore, MP, INDIA 3 Holkar Science College, Indore, MP, INDIA 4 Govt. P.G. College, Jhabua, MP, INDIA Available online at: www.isca.in , www.isca.me Received 6 th March 201 4 , revised 5 th April 2014 , accepted 21 st April 201 4 Abstract Phytoplankton which are prese nt in a variety of aquatic habitats were studied with respect to their species taken for one complete year (2011 - 2012).The present study was carried out on Narmada river situated in west Nimar of Madhya Pradesh. The plankton were collected, counted and ide ntified by using the method suggested by APHA (1985),Prescott (1969) and fresh water biology. Different class such as Chlorophyceae, Cynophyceae, Tebouxiophyceae, Ulvophyceae and Zygnematophyceae were identified. Ten species of phytoplankton have been coll ected from various freshwater habitats in the West Nimar. Out of 10 genera Cynophyceae (4),Charophyceae (3), Trebouxiophyceae (1), Ulvophyceae (1) and Zygnematophyceae (1).The study among all these phytoplankton Cynophyceae were recorded as a dominant clas s in Narmada river. The study was carried out monthly but was tabulated seasonally by using statical method. Result shows that diversity of species Cynophyceae where 40% Charophyceae 30%, Trebouxiophyceae 10%, Ulvophyceae 10% and Zygnematophyceae 10% were composed. Keywords: Studies phytoplankton, ecology, Narmada river. Introduction The term Phytoplankton comes from the Greek term, phyto means Plants and planktons means drifter. Planktons are composed of tiny plant called phytoplankton. Phytoplankton is often an important link in the transformation of energy in ecosystem. Phytoplankton plays an important role to make climax community. Phytoplankton is indicator to pioneer community. Rivers are the major sources of drinking water, besides their usages i n agriculture, washing, bathing etc. Water is essential element of life for growth and vital activities of human beings on the earth. Only small amount of water that occurs in fresh water rivers, streams, lakes and tanks is available for the terrestrial l ife 1 . The river Narmada is the third holy and fifth longest west flowing river of India and the biggest west flowing river of the state of Madhya Pradesh. Narmada River covers large areas in the state of Madhya Pradesh 2 . Narmada flows through Mandla, Jabal pur, Narsingpur, Hosangabad, Harda, Raisen, East Nimar, West Nimar, Dewas and Dhar district. Water pollution in India has come to a critical point. Almost all major river of India are facing the problem of pollution 3 , 4 . Anthropogenic activities, urbanizat ion, industrialization have influence the water resources quantitatively and qualitatively. Pressure on revering ecosystems is enormously increasing due to fast industrial and urban growth. The growth and diversity of aquatic micro flora in river system is influenced by several physicochemical parameters. These factors affected the ecosystem of river. Many studies on water quality of fresh water have been conducted from all over India 5 - 8 . A study was carried out highlighting the role of changing water condi tion in determining the abundance and succession of phytoplankton in a set of samples collected in Narmada River. Material and Methods Study Area: The Narmada River originates from an elevation of 1051 M in Maikala highlands near Amarkantaka under Shahdol district, Madhya Pradesh at 2240 N Latitude and 8145 E Longitudes 9 . The Narmada River is also called Maikalsutha or Rewa in central India and fifth largest river in the Indian subcontinent. The study was carried out during 2011 - 2012.The Narmada valley hav ing rich biodiversity of phytoplankton. The plankton were collected, counted and identified by using the method suggested by APHA (1985),Prescott (1969) and fresh water biology 10 . The Planktons samples were collected from five different sampling stations in west Nimar of Madhya Pradesh. The water samples were collected in sterile glass bottles. Sample were analyzed by following the methods as described by APHA. The phytoplankton’s were collected filtering 60 liters of water through a plankton net. Water sa mple were kept in five present of formalin solution for phytoplankton study respectively. The systematic identification of planktons was made by standard keys of APHA, Adoni 11 , Battish and Gailkawad. Water samples of Narmada River were collected from five sampling station in west Nimar of Madhya Pradesh. Research Journal of Animal, Veterinary and Fishery Sciences ___ _ _ _______________ ________________ ____ ISSN 2320 – 6535 Vol. 2 ( 4 ), 1 3 - 1 6 , April (201 4 ) Res. J. Animal, Veterinary and Fishery Sci . International Science Congress Association 14 Maps of the study area Sampling stations: Station – I Kasrawad: Kasrawad is culturally rich town and located in western part in Khargone district of Madhya Pradesh. This city is situated on the north bank of sacred river Narmada. This city is located on the Agra Mumbai highway and at near about 85 km away from Indore, the commercial capital of the state and it is also called mini Mumbai. The climate of the area is very pleasant. Station – II Rajghat: T his station is on the north bank and location is used for bating, rituals etc. The domestic sewage and agriculture runoff drain here. Station – III Pendra: Located on south bank and domestic sewage of the village Pendra drains here. It is 2 Km. away from N armada River and 46 km away from Bawangaja (Barwani). Station – IV Bhilkheda: This is final sampling station 1 km downstream from Rajghat. River receives domestic sewage of Barwani town. Station – V Koteshawar: This is located on north bank of Narmada Rive r. It is located 95 km away from Indore. The climate of the area may be divided into four seasons. The cold season (December - February), Monsoon season (June to September), Post monsoon (Octomber to November) & Hot season (March - June). Results and Discussi on The present investigation had been discussed to the phytoplankton frequency of the aquatic environment. Most of the algae were planktonic, free floating and few are epizoic.Distribution of phytoplankton shown in table - 1. Seasonal fluctuation of phytopla nkton shown in table - 2. Composition of phytoplankton shown in table - 3. Percentage of phytoplankton shown in figure 1. The planktonic algal forms belong to Chalorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Tebouxiophyceae, Ulvophyceae and Zygnematophyceae. Out of ten genera Cy nophyceae (4),Charophyceae (3), Trebouxiophyceae (1), Ulvophyceae (1) and Zygnematophyceae (1) . In all ten genera of phytoplankton were identified at different sampling station during the period of investigation. Similar groups of phytoplankton in river Na rmada was also reported by Palharya and Malviya 12 and Shrivastawa 13 . Counting of the individual plankton was done by ‘Lac keys’ are dropping method (1935).Using the formula. Plankton units/Liter = N C 10 Y N = Number of plankton counted in 0.1 ml concentrate. C =Total volume of concentrate in ml. Y = Total volume of water filtered for sample in liters, The plankton density was expressed on individuals/liter. The availability of phytoplankton in the reverie ecosystem depends upon its physio graphic. Reduced numbers of phytoplankton had been reported from acidic water and it was supported by Lewitus et.al. 14 . The maximum phytoplankton population found form post monsoon, it may be due to the favorable condition of the water. In monsoon season t he population was low, probility due to increased rainfall, increase turbidity runoff and dilution effect of flood .Similar results had also been observed by Sharma et. al 15 . Research Journal of Animal, Veterinary and Fishery Sciences ___ _ _ _______________ ________________ ____ ISSN 2320 – 6535 Vol. 2 ( 4 ), 1 3 - 1 6 , April (201 4 ) Res. J. Animal, Veterinary and Fishery Sci . International Science Congress Association 15 Table - 1 Distribution of Phytoplankton PHYTOPLANCKTON SITES Anabaena amb igua Rao forma KSR RJG PND BHLK KTSH Chara zeylanica Willd. + - + - + Chlorella vulgaris Beyernick + + - + - Ulothrix zonata + + - - + Closterium monoliferum (Bory) Ehrenb. + - + + - Lyngbya dendrobia Bruhlet.Biswas - - + - - Gloeotrichia raciborski i Wolosz.forma + + - - - Nostoc linckia (Roth.) Born.et Flash .Forma - - + + - Oedogonium sylvaticum Halles forma + + - - + Spirogyra elongota Kg. + - + + + Abbreviations: (+) - Present,( - ) - Absent, KSR - Kasrawad, RJG - Rajghat,PND - Pendra,BHLK - Bhilkheda, KT SH - Koteshawa Table - 2 Seasonal Fluctuation Of Phytoplankton Season Station Charophyceae Cynophyceae Trebouxiophyceae Ulvophyceae Zygnematophyceae Total KSR 12 30 24 15 20 101 RJG 14 65 45 24 51 199 PND 15 40 34 35 76 200 Mansoon B HLK 13 17 25 25 64 145 KTSH 15 21 15 16 52 121 Mean 13.8 34.6 28.8 23.6 52.6 153.2 KSR 16 38 10 35 51 150 RJG 18 72 59 46 43 238 Postmansoon PND 17 18 65 35 35 171 BHLK 11 79 78 76 62 306 KTSH 10 87 67 70 25 259 Mean 14.9 58.8 55.8 52.4 43.4 224.8 KSR 13 18 56 65 46 198 RJG 15 53 45 64 65 242 Primansoon PND 16 25 34 55 56 186 BHLK 19 36 23 23 46 149 KTSH 12 65 12 21 52 164 Mean 15 39.4 34.4 46 53 187.8 Abbreviations: KSR - Kasrawad, RJG - Rajghat,PND - Pendra,BHLK - Bhilkheda, KTSH - Koteshawa Table - 3 Composition of phytoplankton ALGAL GROUPS COMPOSITION OF PHYTOPLANKTON DURING STUDY PERIOD GENERA TAXA Cynophyceae 4 4 Chlorophyceae 3 3 Trebouxiophyceae 1 1 Ulvophyceae 1 1 Zygematophyceae 1 1 Research Journal of Animal, Veterinary and Fishery Sciences ___ _ _ _______________ ________________ ____ ISSN 2320 – 6535 Vol. 2 ( 4 ), 1 3 - 1 6 , April (201 4 ) Res. J. Animal, Veterinary and Fishery Sci . International Science Congress Association 16 Figure - 1 Persentage of Phytoplan kton Conclusion Therefore from the above study it is concluded that Cynophyceae is dominant in Narmada River. The total plankton count. /ml. is minimum in monsoon and maximum in post monsoon in Narmada river .Local people who are engaged in washing cloth s and discharges soap water and people from the surrounding area discharge their waste and domestic sewage directly into the river. These are some reasons of water pollution. Acknowledgement We are grateful to principle Gujarati Science College Indore fo r providing research and library facilities. References 1. Wetzel R.G. , Limnology of lake and river ecosystem 3 rd edition , Academic press. San Diego, Central America , 1006 (2001) 2. Armitage S. , Water quality assessment of river Narmada at M.P., India , America n journal of soil and water , 2(4), 7 - 9 (2012) 3. Mahajan K . 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