International E-publication: Publish Projects, Dissertation, Theses, Books, Souvenir, Conference Proceeding with ISBN.  International E-Bulletin: Information/News regarding: Academics and Research

The Effect of Spinel formation in the Ceramic Welding Fluxes on the Properties of Molten Slag

Author Affiliations

  • 1Chemical Department, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 01601 Kyiv, UKRAINE
  • 2 The E.O. Paton Electric Welding Institute, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 03680 Kyiv, UKRAINE

Res.J.chem.sci., Volume 5, Issue (2), Pages 23-31, February,18 (2015)

Abstract

The magnesia- and alumina-based binary and ternary mixtures of the oxides as well as quaternary oxide-fluoride mixtures, which contain MgO and Al2O3, can form the spinel MgAl2O4 phase at high temperature treatment.Thespinel phase formation and related issues were examined for these mixtures and commercial ceramic welding fluxes. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), high temperature X-ray diffraction (HT-XRD), and gravimetry analysis were used to examine the phase composition of slags. For the major of the studied compositions, scanning electron microscopy (SEM)showsthe formation of the prismatic microcrystallites of ca. 10-35 mkm. The energy dispersive X-ray(EDX) analysisconfirmsthat pyramid-shaped prismatic crystals have MgAl spinel stoichiometry. The spinel crystallites are insoluble in the slags, according to the HT-XRD and PXRD data, and so the contribution of a part of the slag components that forming the spinel should be excluded at the estimation of characteristics of the slag melts. Based on this fact, it was proposed to quantify the spinel phase formed in the molten slag. Three convenient analytical techniques were proposed for the accurate determination of the weight and the volume fractions of the spinel phase in the slags. Two of these techniques are based on the internal standard method, which is applied in the framework of the quantitative PXRD analysis. The third technique is originated from the gravimetric analysis of the products of the solid slags etching that was conducted applying strong acids. The data obtained by the methods are sufficiently agrees with each other. The results of the spinel quantification were used to estimate the molten slag basicity and viscosity.

References

  1. Minnick W.H., Flux Cored Arc Welding Handbook, Goodheart-Willcox, Tinley Park, IL, 176 (2008)
  2. Pokhodnya I.K., Metallurgy of arc welding of structural steels and welding materials, Welding International, 24(11), 867-878 (2010)
  3. Kobelco Welding Handbook 2014, Kobe steel LTD, Kobe, Japan, available online at: http://www.kobelco.co.jp/english/welding/handbook/pageview/html/category.html, (01.01.2015), (2015)
  4. Podgaetskii V.V. and Kuzmenko V.G., Welding slag, Naukova Dumka, Kiev, 256 (1988)
  5. Podgaetsky V.V. and Lyuborets I.I., Welding fluxes, Tekhnika, Kiev, 167 (1984)
  6. Brook R.J., Concise encyclopedia of advanced ceramic materials, Pergamon, Oxford, 588 (1991)
  7. Pokhodnya I.K., Gorpenyuk V.N., Milichenko S.S. andPonomarev V.E., Metallurgy of arc welding: arc processes and electrode melting, Riecansky Science, Cambridge, UK, 250 (1992)
  8. Sokolsky V.E., Roik O.S., Davidenko A.O., KazimirovV.P., Lisnyak V.V., Galinich V.I., Goncharov I.A.and TokarevV.S.,What makes a good weld in terms of its structure and chemical composition?, Research journal ofChemical Sciences, 4(12), 86-92 (2014)
  9. Olson D.L., The investigation of the influence of welding flux on the pyrometallurgical, physical and mechanical behavior of weld metal, Final report of Center for welding research, Colorado school of mines, Golden, Colorado, 28 (1983)
  10. Eagar T.W., Thermochemistry of joining, in Koros P.J. and St. Pierre G.R. (Eds.), Elliot Symp. on Chemical Process Metallurgy, Iron and Steel Society, Warrendale, 197-208 (1991)
  11. Yakobashvili S.B., Surface properties of welding fluxes and slags, Tekhnika, Kiev, 208 (1970)
  12. Novozhilov N.M., Fundamental metallurgy of gas-shielded arc welding, Gordon and Breach, New York, 400 (1988)
  13. Boronenkov V., Zinigrad M., Leontiev L., Pastukhov E., Shalimov M. and Shanchurov S., Phase Interaction in the Metal–Oxide Melts–Gas System: The Modeling of Structure, Properties and Processes, Springer, New York-Berlin-Heidelberg, 410 (2012)
  14. Deyev G.F. and Deyev D.G., Physical Chemistry of Fusion Welding, DGD Press, St. Paul, MI, 780 (2009)
  15. Golovko V.V. and Potapov N.N., Special features of agglomerated (ceramic) fluxes in welding, Welding International, 25(11), 889-893 (2011)
  16. Goncharov I.A., Sokolsky V.E., Davidenko A.O., Galinich V.I. and Mishchenko D.D., Formation of spinel in melt of the MgO-Al-SiO-CaF system agglomerated welding flux and its effect on viscosity of slag, The Paton Welding Journal, 12, 18-25 (2012)
  17. Sokolsky V.E., Roik O.S., Davidenko A.O., Kazimirov V.P., Lisnyak V.V., Galinich V.I. andGoncharov I.A., Thephase evolution at high-temperature treatment of the oxide-fluoride ceramic flux, Research journal ofChemical Sciences, 4(4)71-77 (2014)
  18. Monaghan B.J. and Chen L., Effect of changing slag composition on spinel inclusion dissolution, Ironmaking and Steelmaking, 33(4), 323-330 (2006)
  19. Nightingale S.A. and Monaghan B.J., Kinetics of spinel formation and growth during dissolution of MgO in CaO-Al-SiO slag, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B., 39(5)643-648 (2008)
  20. Coudurier L., Hopkins D.W., Wilkomirsky I., Fundamentals of Metallurgical Processes: International Series on Materials, Fundamentals of Metallurgical Processes, Elsevier Science, Burlington, 417 (2013)
  21. Albertsson G.J., Effect of the presence of a dispersed phase (solid particles, gas bubbles) on the viscosity of slag, Ms. Thesis, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, 27 (2009)
  22. Frenkel J. Kinetic theory of liquids. Dover, N.Y., 485 (1968)
  23. Ledovskaya E.G., Gabelkov S.V., Litvinenko L.M., Logvinkov D.S., Mironova A.G., deychuk ., Poltavtsev N.S. and Tarasov R.V., Low temperature synthesis of magnesium aluminate spinel, Problems of atomic science and technology, 38(17), 160-162 (2006)
  24. Sokol'skii V.E. , Kazimirov V.P. and Kuzmenko V.G., X-ray diffraction study of the multi-component oxide systems, J. Mol. Liquids,93(1-3), 235-238 (2001)
  25. Shpak A.P., Sokolsky V.E., Kazimirov V.P., Smyk S., Kunitsky Yu., Structural features of oxide melts system. Academperiodika, Kiev, 137 (2003)
  26. Kraus W. and Nolze G. Powder cell 3.2, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), available online at: http://www.ccp14.ac.uk/ccp/web-mirrors/powdcell/a_v/v_1/powder/e_cell.html, (10.01.2012), (2012)
  27. The Crystallography Open Database (COD), (2009), available online at: http://www.crystallography.net (10.01.2014), (2014)
  28. JCPDS - International Centre for Diffraction Data, PDF-2 Database ICDD, Release 54, Newton Square, PA, USA, (2004)
  29. Zevin L.S. and Kimmel G., Quantitative X-ray diffractometry, Springer, N.Y., 300 (1995)
  30. Lifshin E., X-ray Characterization of Materials, Wiley, Weinheim, 277 (2008)
  31. Alekseev V.N., Quantitative Analysis: a text book, University Press of the Pacific, Honolulu, 491 (2000)
  32. Korenman I.M., Methods for quantitative chemical analysis, Khimia, Moscow, 128 (1989)
  33. Park J.H., Solidification structure of CaO–SiO–MgO–Al(–CaF) systems and computational phase equilibria: crystallization of MgAl spinel, CALPHAD, 31, 428-437 (2007)
  34. Park J.H., Min D.J. and Song H.S. The effect of CaF on the viscosities and structure of CaO-SiO(-MgO)-CaF slags, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B., 33, 723-729 (2002)
  35. Nikolaev A.I., Pechenyuk S.I., Semushina Yu.P.,Semushin V.V., Kuz'mich L.F., Rogachev D.L., Mikhailova N.L., Brusnitsyn Yu.D. and Rybin V.V., Interaction of components of electrode coatings with liquid glass during heating, Welding International, 25(5), 378-381 (2011)
  36. Sokolsky V.E., Roik A.S., Davidenko A.O., Kazimirov V.P., Lisnyak V.V., Galinich V.I. and Goncharov I.A., X-ray diffraction and SEM/EDX studies on technological evolution of the oxide-fluoride ceramic flux for submerged arc-surfacing, J. Min. Metall. Sect. B Metall., 48, 101-113 (2012)