Research Journal of Chemical Sciences ______________________________________________ ISSN 2231-606X Vol. 4(11), 62-67, November (2014) Res. J. Chem. Sci.International Science Congress Association 62 Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Ground Water in and around the Gandhamardan Iron Ore Mining area, Keonjhar District, Odisha, India Pradhan K1*, Patra A.K, Sahu U.C and Panda S.H3 Department of Zoology, D.B. College, Turumunga, Keonjhar, Odisha, INDIA Department of Zoology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, INDIA Department of Zoology, North Orissa University, Baripada, Odisha, INDIA Available online at: www.isca.in, www.isca.me Received 18th October 2014, revised 8th November 2014, accepted 16th November 2014 AbstractMining and associated activities have quantitative and qualitative impacts on the water regime in and around the mines. Due to presence of iron ore belt water pollution attracts the attention of all. In the present study the ground waters around the Gandhamardan mining areas have been tested, where the iron ore opencast mines are present. The water quality parameters, viz. pH, Seasonal variation of different parameters have been compared with the standard. From the results mean, standard deviation, correlation coefficient and principal component analysis among parameters have been studied. The results show that ground water collected from different six locations with minimum variation in pH value ranges from 5.4 to 6.6 suggest acidic nature. Other parameters were more or less within the permissible limits of WHO. Keywords: Ground water, physicochemical parameters, WHO standard. Introduction Ground water is the water located beneath the earth’s surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formation. Ground water acts as a reservoir and also source of water for wells, springs, bore well and Tube wells. These water sources for drinking and other domestic purposes must be free from any contamination due to rapid growth of Mining Operation like top Soil removal, deforestation. Overburden dumping affects the quality and quantity of the soil and ground water. Industrial activity may generate a wide variety of waste products. So, people are forced to use ground water 1-4. The present study aims at physicochemical analysis of water quality in the Gandhamardan Mining Area of Keonjhar district (Latitude- 21°30N and Longitude- 85°30E) figure-1, where more than 5000 people are working. In these areas the surface of the earth is covered by both iron ore with forest and red soil. It is the tribal belt of Keonjhar district and the tribal people are dependent on tube wells for drinking water. Generally they have no clear idea about the good water quality and hence it was very much essential to assess drinking water quality in these areas to overcome the pollution problems through remedial measures. Material and Methods To assess the groundwater (Tube well) quality of the Gandhamardan Mining Area, Six different study locations were chosen (table-1). From each location a particular tube well was chosen and sampling was done quarterly from the particular tube well on January, 2013, (Winter) May, 2013 (Summer) and September, 2013 (Rainy). Samples were collected in sampler bottles. The water samples were collected during day time between 10A.M. to 12A.M. After collection and under preservation the samples were analyzed in the laboratory6-10. Using these samples different physicochemical parameters such as pH, TDS, BOD, COD, Cl, Total iron, Turbidity, SO2-, total hardness were studied as per the standard procedure (table-2).Table – 1 Ground water sampling locations Sl. NO. Location Sample Cods Coordinates Latitude Longitude 1. Urumunda Village GW1 21°39 53.5N 85°27 32.5N 2. Tala Jagar GW2 21°38 25.8N 85°28 17.3 N 3. Nuadihi Village GW3 21°38 20.0N 85°31 66.7N 4. Ichinda Village GW4 21°38 51.9N 85°31 11.4N 5. Laupada Village GW5 21°40 23.7N 85°30 7.0N 6. Urumunda Village Talasahi GW6 21°39 58.1N 85°27 30.4N Research Journal of Chemical Sciences ___________________________________________________________ ISSN 2231-606XVol. 4(11), 62-67, November (2014) Res. J. Chem. Sci.International Science Congress Association 63 Figure-1 Map of Study Areas Research Journal of Chemical Sciences ___________________________________________________________ ISSN 2231-606XVol. 4(11), 62-67, November (2014) Res. J. Chem. Sci.International Science Congress Association 64 Table-2 Methods of analysis of different Parameters Parameter Methods of analysis pH pH meter TDS Gravimetric Method BOD 5day BOD test by incubation COD Open reflux method T. Fe 1,10 Phenanthroline colorimetric method Turbidity Turbidometric method SO2- Nephlo turbidity method TH Titrometric Method using EDTA Results and Discussion The results of different parameters were compared individually by taking 3 seasonal data and the results were reflected in (tables 4-12). The mean, standard deviation and correlation coefficient were shown in table- 13 and 14, respectively. The desirable limit and permissible limit of different parameters are given in table-39,10. Table-3 Total characteristics for Drinking Water ( Is10, 500, 1991) in mg/L Substance Characteristic Requirement Desirable limit Permissible limit in absence of alternate source pH Value 6.5 to 8.5 No relaxation TDS Value 500 2,000 BOD 2.0 2.0 COD 20 20 Chloride ( Cl) 250 1000 T.Fe (Iron) 0.3 1.0 Turbidity, NTU 5 10 Sulphate (SO2-) 200 400 Total hardness 300 600 Table-4 The pH value at different locations of Gandhamardan Mining Area, Keonjhar Point Jan May Sept GW1 5.6 55 5.4 GW2 6.0 6.1 6.2 GW3 6.2 6.0 6.1 GW4 6.0 5.9 5.8 GW5 6.5 6.6 6.4 GW6 6.3 6.3 6.0 Table-5 TDS Value at different locations of Gandhamardan Mining Areas, Keonjhar in mg/L Point Jan May Sept GW1 102 107 100 GW2 104 110 110 GW3 108 110 124 GW4 95 110 110 GW5 98 100 110 GW6 118 116 114 Table-6 BOD Value at different locations of Gandhamardan Mining Areas, Keonjhar in mg/L Point Jan May Sept GW1 0.3 0.4 0.2 GW2 0.6 0.6 0.6 GW3 0.4 0.6 0.5 GW4 0.3 0.4 0.2 GW5 0.3 0.3 0.2 GW6 0.2 0.5 0.8 Table-7 COD Value at different locations of Gandhamardan Mining Areas, Keonjhar in mg/L Point Jan May Sept GW1 1.6 1.8 1.1 GW2 2.0 2.0 2.0 GW3 2.1 2.1 2.1 GW4 3.0 3.0 3.0 GW5 2.0 2.0 2.0 GW6 3.0 3.0 3.0 Table-8 Chloride Content at different locations of Gandhamardan Mining Area, Keonjhar, in mg/l Point Jan May Sept GW1 1.9 1.5 1.4 GW2 1.6 1.5 1.4 GW3 1.6 1.7 1.5 GW4 1.6 1.6 1.6 GW5 1.9 1.8 1.7 GW6 2.5 2.5 2.5 Table-9 Total Iron content at different locations of Gandhamardan, Mining Area, Keonjhar in mg/L Point Jan May Sept GW1 0.16 0.16 0.16 GW2 0.22 0.23 0.24 GW3 0.23 0.24 0.25 GW4 0.20 0.20 0.20 GW5 0.11 0.15 0.16 GW6 0.10 0.11 0.12 Research Journal of Chemical Sciences ___________________________________________________________ ISSN 2231-606XVol. 4(11), 62-67, November (2014) Res. J. Chem. Sci.International Science Congress Association 65 Table-10 Turbidity content at different locations of Gandhamardan Mining Area Keonjhar, in NTU Point Jan May Sept GW1 3.0 2.0 1.0 GW2 1.0 2. 0 3.0 GW3 2.0 21.0 2.0 GW4 1.0 2.0 2.0 GW5 3.0 3.0 3.0 GW6 4.0 4.0 4.0 Table-11 Sulphate Content at different locations of Gandhamardan Mining Area, Keonjhar, in mg/L Point Jan May Sept GW1 2.6 2.8 2.4 GW2 2.5 2.6 2.4 GW3 2.6 2.6 2.6 GW4 2.7 2.8 2.9 GW5 4.6 4.8 4.6 GW6 3.7 3.8 3.9 Table-12 Total hardness content at different locations of Gandhamardan, Mining Area, Keonjhar, in mg/L Point Jan May Sept GW1 60 62 66 GW2 68 66 70 GW3 61 65 60 GW4 66 64 60 GW5 70 68 66 GW6 83 80 80 pH: The pH is used to express the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. The pH value of GW1 5.4 was minimum in the month of September and maximum in GW5 in summer 6.6. It was found in all the locations. pH value range from 5.4 to 6.6 suggest acidic nature of the ground water. The permissible limit is 6.5 to 8.5. TDS: Total dissolved solids indicate the salinity behavior of ground water. According to WHO, the TDS value of ground water should be 500mg/L. TDS values in all the locations in all the seasons meet quality standards. BOD: BOD value is maximum at GW2 in Jan (Winter) May (Summer), September (Rainy) than other five locations which were having within permissible limit (2.0mg/L). COD: COD is used as a measurement of pollutants in waste water and natural water. COD value of all locations was found within the permissible limit (20mg/L). Chloride: Chloride occurs naturally in all types of water. Chloride in natural water results from agricultural activities, industries, chloride rich rocks. In the study areas chloride level is within the permissible limit of WHO (250mg/L). The ranges of chloride were found 1.5 to 2.5 mg/L indicates less contamination of chloride. Iron: The main sources of Iron in ground water are naturally as a mineral from sediment and rocks or from mining, industrial waste. The ranges of Iron found in all the locations in between 0.10 to 0.25mg/L. In comparison to others maximum amount of Iron content was found at GW3 in all the 3 seasons that was from 0.23 to 0.25mg/L. All the locations concentration was within the permissible limit. of water quality standard values that is 0.3mg/L. Turbidity: Turbidity is due to colloidal and extremely fine dispersions. The turbidity range was found between 1.0 to 4.00 NTU. Minimum turbidity was found at GW2 and GW4 in the month of January. The turbidity limit according to WHO is 5NTU. All the locations were within the limit. Sulphate: The sulphate values of water samples were found in between 2.6 to 4.8mg/L. In comparison to others GW5 samples were found sulphate content 4.6 to 4. 8mg/L in all the seasons. The ranges of sulphate content in all the location were below the permissible limit i.e. 200-400mg/L. Total Hardness: Hardness is the property of water which prevents the lather formation with soap and increases the boiling point of water. Hardness of water mainly depends upon the amount of calcium and magnesium salts. The hardness values shown range from 60 to 83mg/L, below the permissible limit 300mg/L. Table-13 Average result of the physcio-chemical parameters in mg/L Parameters GW1 GW2 GW3 GW4 GW5 GW6 WHO 1973 ISI10500-91 P H Value 5.5 6.1 6.1 5.9 6.5 6.3 7.85 6.5-8.5 TDS Value 103 108 114 105 103 116 1000 500 BOD 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.5 2.0 2.0 COD 1.5 2.0 2.1 3.0 2.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 Chloride (Cl - ) 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.8 2.5 250 250 T. Fe(Iron) 0.16 0.23 0.24 0.20 0.14 0.11 0.3 0.3 Turbidity,NTU 3.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 10 Sulphate (SO 4 2 - ) 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.8 14.7 3.8 250 400 Total hardness 62.66 68 62 63.3 68 81 500 300 Research Journal of Chemical Sciences ___________________________________________________________ ISSN 2231-606XVol. 4(11), 62-67, November (2014) Res. J. Chem. Sci.International Science Congress Association 66 Statistical Analysis: Mean and standard deviation: After thorough analysis throughout the year 2013 given in table-14, maximum deviation from mean value was found in total dissolved solids and total hardness (5.41 and 12.43 respectively). Very slight deviation was found in pH, BOD, COD, Chloride, and Iron Content. Slight deviation was found in pH, turbidity and sulphate contents. Correlation coefficient and Principal component analysis: Principal component analysis (PCA) was carried out and the results along with the eigen values and percentage of variance is presented in table- 15. The four factors accounted for 93.91% of total variance, which was sufficient to describe the data structure and had Eigen values larger than one and retained for rotation. The PC1 accounted for 34.44 %, PC2 accounted for 23.29 %, whereas PC3 and PC4 accounted for 22.32 and 13.85%, respectively. To assist interpretation of dimensions, the factor pattern was rotated using varimax method. Based on the guidelines provided by Stevens (1992), an attribute was considered to load heavily on a given component if the factor loading was �0.72. A total of nine attributes loaded heavily on four dimensions, while the loading of pH did not meet Stevens guidelines (0.72). Three variables, i.e. TDS (-ve), Chloride (+ve), Total Hardness (+ve) were loaded heavily on PC 1, indicating strong correlations among these attributes. Further interpretation reveals that the factor loadings of Iron (-ve), sulphate (+ve) were loaded on PC 2, BOD (+ve), Turbidity (+ve) were loaded on PC3 and alone COD (+ve) were loaded on PC4 (figure-2 and 3). The correlation coefficient (r) has a value between +1 and -1. The correlation between the parameters is characterized as strong, when it is in the range of +0.5 to 0.8 and -0.5 to 0.8, weak it is in the range of +0.0 to 0.5 and -0.0 to -0.5. The correlation analysis among different parameters is shown in table -16. The important correlations were between TDS-Chlorine content (-0.912), Turbidity-BOD (0.701), Total Hardness- TDS (-0.827), etc. Total dissolved solid content was negatively correlated with chlorine content of the ground water. Rest of the parameters has shown no intra-correlation such as sulphate, BOD, COD and iron. Conclusion From the analysis report it was observed that ground water quality at all the six locations were lower than the permissible limits of WHO standard. The level of these low concentrations of these ions does not have any considered impacts for this water to use for drinking and cooking purpose. References 1.Somasekhar R.K., Studies on quality of water supplied by municipality of Kakinada and ground waters of Kakinada Town, Indian J Environ Protection, 14(3),167-169 (1994) Table-14 Arithmetic mean and standard deviation Parameter Mean Std. deviation pH 6.07 0.63 TDS 108.16 5.141 BOD 0.42 0.12 COD 2.27 0.30 Chloride (Cl - ) 1.73 0.116 T. Fe(Iron) 0.18 0.05 Turbidity, NTU 2.5 2.41 Sulphate (SO 4 2 - ) 2.53 0.89 Total hardness 56.15 12.43 Table -15 Principal Component Analysis Component 1 2 3 4 pH -.499 .583 -.228 .566 TDS -.931 -.050 .199 -.037 BOD -.295 -.134 .862 .154 COD .013 -.320 .169 .901 Chloride .955 .098 -.180 -.096 Iron -.133 -.854 .344 .234 Turbidity .116 -.009 .956 -.011 sulphate .231 .925 .164 -.132 Totalhardness .948 .195 .234 -.081 Figure- 1 Graphical representation of Principal Component Analysis (PC1-PC2) of different parameters analyzed for ground water quality around Ghandhamardhan area of Keonjhar Research Journal of Chemical Sciences ___________________________________________________________ ISSN 2231-606XVol. 4(11), 62-67, November (2014) Res. J. Chem. Sci.International Science Congress Association 67 Figure-2 Graphical representation of Principal Component Analysis (PC3-PC4) of different parameters analysed for ground water quality around Ghandhamardhan area of Keonjhar Table -16 Correlation analysis among different parameters TD BO CO Chlorid Iron Turbidit S ulphat Total 1 0.37 0.06 - 0.912 ** 0.15 0.136 - 0.2 49 - 0.827 ** 1 0.24 - 0.429 0.55 0.701 * - 0.062 - 0.130 1 - 0.146 0.49 .209 - 0.393 - 0.072 1 - - 0.080 0.276 0.893 ** 1 0.253 - 0.750 * - 0.246 1 0.148 0.344 1 0.440 1 2.Mishra P.C., Fundamentals of Air and water pollution, Ashis publishing House, 115-121 (1996) 3.Jain C.K., Ram D. and Bhatia, K., Evaluation of ground water quality in district Hardwar, Indian JEnviron Prot.,16(10), 730-737 (1996) 4.Pillai A., Piyush P., Abha V.S., Physicochemical studies of drinking water of Drug Municipality (M.P), Poll.Res., 18(1), 49-5 (1999) 5.Manivaskam N., Physicochemical examination of water sewage and industrial effluent (5th edn), Pragati Publications, Karad (2005) 6.Trivedy R.K. and Goel P.K., Chemical and biological methods for water pollution studies, Environmental publications, Karad (1986) 7.APHA., Standard method for examination of water and waste water (20th edn.), American public Health Association, Washington D.C. (2000) 8.Vogel A.I., Text book of quantitative inorganic analysis, Longman Fjarlow, (1978) 9.ICMR., Manual of Standards of quality of drinking water, Indian council of Medical Research,(1975) 10.WHO., International standard for drinking Water ( 3rdedn) World Health Organisation, Geneva, (1971) 11.Stevens J., Applied Multivariate Statistics for the Social Sciences, Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, (1992)12.Karunakaran K.P., Thamilarasu R., Sharmila., Statistical study on Physicochemical characteristics of ground water in and around Namakkal, Tamilnadu, Chem., 6(3), 909-914 (2009)