International E-publication: Publish Projects, Dissertation, Theses, Books, Souvenir, Conference Proceeding with ISBN.  International E-Bulletin: Information/News regarding: Academics and Research

Variation of total coliforms and bacteria during dry and wet seasons in Rivers of Sigor Division, West Pokot County, Kenya

    , , ,

Author Affiliations

  • 1Kenyatta University, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University P.O Box 43844-00100 Nairobi, Kenya
  • 2Maasai Mara University, Biological Science Department, P.O Box 861-20500Narok, Kenya
  • 3Kenyatta University, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University P.O Box 43844-00100 Nairobi, Kenya
  • 4Kenyatta University, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University P.O Box 43844-00100 Nairobi, Kenya

Int. Res. J. Environment Sci., Volume 10, Issue (2), Pages 15-23, April,22 (2021)

Abstract

Clean potable water is a challenge in most developing nations. There has been an increase in gastro-intestinal and urinary infections in Sigor division, West Pokot, Kenya. These infections result from bacteria and coliforms which are majorly propagated in water systems. Residents of this area are pastoralists and small-scale farmers relying on river water for their consumption and economic needs. The four rivers in this region are Weiwei, Chesogon, Lomut and Muruny. This study aimed at characterizing the strains and quantities of bacteria and coliforms in the four rivers during the wet and dry seasons. Sampling was done at various points of the river in a stratified manner for characterization and analysis. Four main pathogens namely E. coli, V. cholerae, Shigella and Salmonella species as well as F. streptococci were isolated, cultured using different media and characterized. Further biochemical tests were conducted to confirm the exact strains present. Total viable counts for the bacteria and coliforms were then enumerated. The results found out that E. coli, V. cholerae, Salmonella and Shigella species were abundant in the rivers while F. streptococci were only observed during the wet season. Biochemical tests conducted on the isolates revealed that the strains co-existed in the water samples. Weiwei river had the greatest number of bacteria strains. Muruny river was found to have the largest population of bacteria colony forming units (cfus). There was a large disparity in cfus in the rivers during the dry seasons. Chesogon river had the highest population of coliform units. The raw water in all the rivers were concluded to be unsafe for human consumption according to WHO standards.

References

  1. Report (2017)., Meteorological department, West Pokot County, Kenya (2019)., https://www.meteo.go.ke/index .php?q=today. Accessed on 20th October, 2019.
  2. Logan, L. K., & Weinstein, R. A. (2017)., The Epidemiology of Carbapenem-Resistant Entero bacteria ceae: The Impact and Evolution of a Global Menace., The Journal of infectious diseases, 215(1), S28-S36. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiw282
  3. Cabral, J. P. (2010)., Water microbiology. Bacterial pathogens and water., International journal of environmental research and public health, 7(10), 3657-3703. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph7103657
  4. Lin, J. & Ganesh, A. (2013)., Water quality indicators: bacteria, coliphages, enteric viruses., International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 23, 6, 484-506, doi:10.1080/09603123.2013.769201
  5. Martin, N. H., Trmčić, A., Hsieh, T. H., Boor, K. J., & Wiedmann, M. (2016)., The Evolving Role of Coliforms as Indicators of Unhygienic Processing Conditions in Dairy Foods., Frontiers in microbiology, 7, 1549. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01549
  6. Guyot, S., Pottier, L., Hartmann, A., Ragon, M., Hauck Tiburski, J., Molin, P., Ferret, E., & Gervais, P. (2014)., Extremely rapid acclimation of Escherichia coli to high temperature over a few generations of a fed-batch culture during slow warming., Microbiology Open, 3(1), 52-63. https://doi.org/10.1002/mbo3.146
  7. Dockins, W. S., & McFeters, G. A. (1978)., Fecal coliform elevated-temperature test: a physiological basis., Applied and environmental microbiology, 36(2), 341-348.
  8. Dekker, J. P., & Frank, K. M. (2015)., Salmonella, Shigella, and yersinia., Clinics in laboratory medicine, 35(2), 225-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cll.2015.02.002
  9. Report, NDMA (2014)., National Drought Management Authority (NDMA)., https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/285131644_Influence_of_Enclosure_ Management_Systems_on_Rangeland_Rehabilitation_in_Chepareria_West_Pokot_County_Kenya/figures?lo=1. Accessed on 26th June, 2020.
  10. Maps (2020)., Downloaded and edited from Google maps., https://www.google.com/maps/place/West+ Pokot +County/
  11. 1.8935329,34.7209293,9z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x178247e414a72f33:0x63bd5be869cf4ce0!8m2!3d1.6210076!4d35.3905046 Accessed on 26th June 2020, undefined, undefined
  12. Fisher, L. D. (1998)., Self designing clinical trials., Statistics in medicine, 17(14), 1551-1562.
  13. Sacchetti, R., De Luca, G., and Zanetti, F. (2009)., Control of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia contamination of microfiltered water dispensers with peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide., International journal of food microbiology, 132(2-3), 162-166.
  14. Furniss, A. L., Lee, J. V., and Donovan, T. J. (1978)., The vibrios. HM Stationery Office London., U.K. ISBN-9054103264, 9789054103264.
  15. Andrews, W. H., and Hammack, T. S. (2003)., Food sampling and preparation of sample homogenate., Bacteriological Analytical Manual, 1-10.
  16. Kranz, R., Weston-Hafer, K., and Richards, E. (2006)., Identifying unknown bacteria using biochemical and molecular methods. Washington University in Saint Louis., (Lab Report) Retrieved from http://www.nslc.wustl.edu/ elgin/genomics/Bio3055/IdUnknBacteria06.pdf Accessed on 26th June, 2020.
  17. McDonough, P. L., Shin, S. J., & Lein, D. H. (2000)., Diagnostic and public health dilemma of lactose-fermenting Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium in cattle in the Northeastern United States., Journal of clinical microbiology, 38(3), 1221-1226.
  18. Humphries, R. M., & Linscott, A. J. (2015)., Laboratory diagnosis of bacterial gastroenteritis., Clinical microbiology reviews, 28(1), 3-31. https://doi.org/ 10.1128/CMR.00073-14
  19. Reid, R. L., Porter, R. C., Ball, H. J. (1993)., The isolation of sucrose-fermenting Salmonella mbandaka., Vet Microbiol. 37(1-2), 181-185. doi:10.1016/0378-1135(93) 90192-a
  20. Kramer, A., Schwebke, I., & Kampf, G. (2006)., How long do nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review., BMC infectious diseases, 6, 130. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-6-130
  21. Lin, Y. C., & Peterson, M. L. (2010)., New insights into the prevention of staphylococcal infections and toxic shock syndrome., Expert review of clinical pharmacology, 3(6), 753-767. https://doi.org/10.1586/ecp.10.121
  22. Testerman, T. L., & Morris, J. (2014)., Beyond the stomach: an updated view of Helicobacter pylori pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment., World journal of gastroenterology, 20(36), 12781-12808. https://doi.org/10. 3748/wjg.v20.i36.12781
  23. Manyi-Loh, C. E., Mamphweli, S. N., Meyer, E. L., Makaka, G., Simon, M., & Okoh, A. I. (2016)., An Overview of the Control of Bacterial Pathogens in Cattle Manure., International journal of environmental research and public health, 13(9), 843. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/ijerph13090843
  24. Morka, K., Bystroń, J., Bania, J. (2018)., Identification of Yersinia enterocolitica isolates from humans, pigs and wild boars by MALDI TOF MS., BMC Microbiol, 18, 86. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-018-1228-2
  25. Gwimbi P. (2011)., The microbial quality of drinking water in Manonyane community: Maseru District (Lesotho)., African health sciences, 11(3), 474-480.
  26. WHO. (1997)., Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality., 2nd Edition. Vol. III. Geneva: Surveillance and Control of Community Supplies; 1997
  27. World Science, (2014)., Bacteria total oliform., Retrieved from https://worldwidescience.org/topicpages/b/ bacteria+ total+coliform.html.Accessed on 10th June, 2020.