International Research Journal of Environment Sciences________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414Vol. 1(4), 37-42, November (2012) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 37 Impact of Physico-Chemical Parameters of Water on Zooplankton Diversity in Nanjangud Industrial Area, India Hashemzadeh Farshad and G. V. Venkataramana2 Centre for Science and Technology Education Research, University of Waikato, NEW ZEALANDDep. of Environmental Science, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, INDIA Available online at: www.isca.in Received 15th October 2012, revised 29 October 2012, accepted 5 Novembre 2012 Abstract Zooplanktons and macro invertebrate’s samples were collected monthly from two sampling stations at River Kapila, Nanjangud, Karnataka State, India. Prior to sampling, temperature of surface water, pH, dissolved oxygen concentration etc were evaluated. Zooplanktons were sampled using plankton net. The result revealed that zooplankton was made up of, Rotifera (62.00%), Copepoda (12.00%), Cladocera (19.50%), Diptera (4.00%) and Nematoda (4.50%). The status of the River could said to be eutrophic as indicated by the diversity of zooplankton. Keywords: Zooplankton, River Kapila, rotifera, cladocera.Introduction Zooplanktons are microscopic organisms that are suspended in water. Zooplankton includes many kinds of protozoans, micro-crustaceans and other micro invertebrates that are planktonic in water bodies. These are heterotrophic planktonic animals which constitute an important food source for many species of aquatic organism. It may serve as indicators of water quality. zooplankton to be rich in the essential amino and fatty acids, docosahexacnoic acid (DHA) and elcosaptaenoic acid (EPA). Zooplankton provides fish with nutrients since fish require proteins, fats, carbohydrates, mineral salts and water in the right proportion. The freshwater forms of zooplankton are generally smaller in size and are represented by fewer animal phyla than their marine counterparts. Zooplankton study is of necessity in fisheries; aquaculture and paleolimnological research. They are globally recognized as pollution indicator organisms in the aquatic environment. A change in the physico-chemical aspect of a water body brings about a corresponding change in the relative composition and abundance of the organisms in that water. Biomonitoring (biological surveillance) is the systematic use of living organisms or their responses to determine the quality of the environment. River Kapila plays important roles in the lives of the surrounding inhabitants. Fishing, bathing, washing/laundry, car washing, refuse disposal, industrial wastes disposal and other human activities are constantly going on within and around this river. This study was therefore conducted to evaluate the species distribution and surface water physico-chemical parameters of river Kapila. Material and Methods Study Site: The study area included two sampling sites of River Kapila flowing at Nanjangud. Nanjangud is a taluk in Mysore district in the Indian state of Karnataka (Figure-4). It is on the banks of the river Kapila (Kabini) tributaries of the Cauvery River, and lies at a distance of 23 km from the city of Mysore. It is located at 12°07N 76°41E/ 12.12°N 76.68°E. It has an average elevation of 657 meters (2155 feet). Nanjangud is also an important industrial and pilgrimage center of Mysore district. The River Kapila flows throughout the year providing adequate water for the domestic, agriculture and industrial purposes. Sample Analysis: Water samples were collected between 7.00am and 9.00am every month. The water samples were collected from two different points on the river namely: sampling site1 is River Kapila flowing through the Nanjangud temple. Sampling site 2 is River Kapila flowing through the Nanjangud industrial area. From each station, samples were collected for the analysis of zooplankton and physico-chemical properties such as temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen (DO2) were measured. Zooplankton Sampling: The zooplanktons are collected using plankton net (60 microns mesh size). Plankton net acts as a filter, it is the most common method for collection of zooplanktons by the filtration of known amount of water sample. A mug of 500 ml capacity water was taken and about 25 times the river water was filtered out. The zooplankton trapped and collected in the containers of 30 ml capacity, inside net. This is the concentrated zooplanktons and later it is preserved. The concentrated zooplankton samples are carefully transferred to another container. To this 5 ml of 4% formalin is added. This solution is to be mixed using the pasture pipette. This solution is kept 24 hours undisturbed. Zooplanktons will settle down and this is the common method of preservation. Formalin acts as a fixative as well as preservative. Figure-1 Shows three samples of zooplanktons collected from the river. International Research Journal of Environment Sciences_____________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 1(4), 37-42, November (2012)Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 38 a b c Figure-1 a) Brachionus calyciflorus b) Filinia terminalis c) Eucyclops agilis Identification of zooplankton: From the preserved sample, 1 ml of the sample was taken on the slide with the help of dropper and observed under the microscope. The important general manual for the identification of freshwater zooplankton are in6-8. The following are the specific volumes for identification of different groups of zooplankton- Rotifers; Cladocerans10-11; Copepods12-13. Water quality parameters: Water samples were collected from two sampling sites and transported to laboratory for analysis. Temperature and pH were recorded immediately at study site itself. Water samples were analyzed for various physicochemical parameters using standard protocols as described in14-15. Results and Discussion In the present study a total of 25 species of freshwater zooplanktons are identified. The study revealed the presence of 16 species of rotifers which included 13 different genera, 4 species of cladocerans belonged to 4 different genera, 3 species of copepods also belonged to 3 different genera, 1 species of dipterans and 1 species of nematodes in the study area. Physico-chemical parameters were recorded for the month of January, February, March, April and May are listed. Table 1 shows the sample of recorded results in March, April and May. The major groups of zooplankton found in the present study included rotifers, cladocerans, copepods, diptera and nematoda. The knowledge of plankton species composition and distribution to time and space are of great value especially in running water system. The present study reveals some aspects of zooplanktonic dynamic to explain their relation with the physicochemical parameters of river water in the industrial area of Nanjangud. Fluctuation of abiotic factors i.e., concentration of dissolve oxygen, temperature, total alkalinity, total nitrogen, phosphate and pH can influence the growth of zooplankton. The predominance of rotifers over the other groups of zooplankton in the present study has also been reported earlier16. In the present study number of rotifers was highest, cladocera species and copepods followed respectively. This is in accordance with the study conducted by17 which shows that size of the Rotifer community was the largest one, and showed a negative correlation with pH, dissolved oxygen and transparency. Abundance of Cladocera got second position among the total collection and showed negative correlation with pH, transparency and phosphate. Copepoda, the third dense community, exhibited negative correlation with water temperature, nitrate and phosphate. Rotifers, the tiny wheel animalcules, are considered nature’s water purifiers because they perform an important clean up services in the still or slow-moving waters they inhabit. The systematic and ecology of freshwater rotifers of west Bengal in India was reported earlier18, but investigations on rotifers inhabiting industrial or municipal waste water of India are scant19-24. Temperature is one of the essential and changeable environmental factors, since it influence the growth and distribution of flora and fauna. Water temperature ranging between 13.5C and 32C is reported to be suitable for the development of the planktonic organisms25. From the above statement we can conclude that in the present study the increase in number of zooplanktons were in accordance with temperature of its habitat. Rotifers were observed to grow when the pH was in the range of 7.0–7.19. Similar observation was done by26 in their study. Species that reached large population sizes in the slightly acidic or near-neutral waters included: Asplanchna intermedia, A. brightwelli, Brachionus calyciflorus dorcas and Filinia longiseta26. In similar study the occurrence of A. priodonta, A.brightwelli and B. calyciflorus in acidic and neutral waters was highlighted18. B. calyciflorus dorcas f spinosa flourished in both acidic (pH 6.9) and alkaline (pH 8.6) conditions in the present study, thus exhibiting a wide range of pH tolerance. The alkaline preference of B. angularis, B. caudatus and B. calyciflorus, but in the present study they grew in the mean pH range of 7.0– 7.1918. International Research Journal of Environment Vol. 1(4), 37-42, November (2012) International Science Congress Association   \n  \r  \n  DO (0.1 to 6.0 mg l- 1) showed little effect on the rotiferan community in the study done by26 . The present study is in accordance with the above statement. Important physico chemical factors influenced the microcrustacean population fluctuation, including DO, conductivity, chloride, nitrite (NO -, Cu and Mg26. The similar physico- chemical parameters were studied in the present study in relation to the zooplankton population. The total alkalinity affects the primary production a nd the other metabolic process of aquatic organisms Distribution of Distribution of Environment Sciences_______________ _________________________ I nt International Science Congress Association                        1) showed little effect on the rotiferan . The present study is in accordance with the above statement. Important physico - chemical factors influenced the microcrustacean population fluctuation, including DO, conductivity, chloride, nitrite (NO 2-), chemical parameters were studied in the present study in relation to the zooplankton population. The total alkalinity affects the primary production nd the other metabolic process of aquatic organisms 27. It was reported earlier that during summer and winter water was alkaline, which is helpful for maximum population dynamics of planktons28 . The present study was carried out in summer, hence, relativel y high populations of zooplankton species were observed during the study period. Tiny microbes and plankton are instrumental in turning wastes into wealth, with the support of the strong solar radiation, and a myriad of physico interactions and transformations. Figure-2 Distribution of zooplankton groups in station 1 Figure-3 Distribution of zooplankton groups in station 2 _________________________ _____ ISSN 2319–1414 nt . Res. J. Environment Sci. 39       reported earlier that during summer and winter water was alkaline, which is helpful for maximum population dynamics of . The present study was carried out in summer, y high populations of zooplankton species were observed during the study period. Tiny microbes and plankton are instrumental in turning wastes into wealth, with the support of the strong solar radiation, and a myriad of physico -chemical International Research Journal of Environment Sciences_____________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 1(4), 37-42, November (2012)Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 40 Table-1 Physico-Chemical Characteristics of water samples in Nanjangud Industrial area (River Kapila) Parameters Unit March April May Sample1 Sample2 Sample1 Sample2 Sample1 Sample2 Color Hazen 5 5 5 5 5 5 Odour ----- Un objectionable Un objectionable Un objectionable Un objectionable Un objectionable Un objectionable Taste rating ----- Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Turbidity NTU 1 1 1 1 1 1 Temperature 0 C 25 27 25.20 26 28 27 pH value mg/l 7.12 7.01 7.19 7.07 7.16 7.06 Total Dissolved salts mg/l 134 97 138 98 135.8 100 Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 4.0 4.2 3.9 4.9 3.8 5.12 Total hardness as CaCO 3 mg/l 89 63.4 96 64 95 66 Calcium as Ca mg/l 20.50 13.00 20.80 12.80 20.85 13.07 Magnesium as Mg mg/l 10.47 7.72 10.56 7.68 10.59 7.64 Total alkalinity mg/l 195 199 205 197 189 194 Chloride as Cl mg/l 12.10 7.9 12 8 11.9 7.7 Sulphates as SO 4 mg/l 4.15 3.6 4 3 3.73 3.4 Nitrates as NO 3 mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Iron as Fe mg/l 0.085 0.11 0.095 0.10 0.088 0.10 Fluoride as F mg/l 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 Cyanide as CN mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Copper Cu mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Manganese as Mn mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Mercury as Hg mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Cadmium as Cd mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Selenium as Se mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Arsenic as As mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Lead as Pb mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Zinc as Zn mg/l 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 Chromium mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Residual free Chlorine mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL ConclusionThe study revealed the values of different physico- chemical conditions and metal loads from the two sites: Site 1- River Kapila flowing through the Nanjangud temple; Site 2- River Kapila flowing through the Nanjangud industrial area. The values did not exceed the desirable limit of IS 10500-1993 specifications. The increase in number of zooplanktons was in accordance with temperature of its habitat. The study also showed that zooplankton species survive in the neutral condition. Thus the status of the River could said to be eutrophic as indicated by the diversity of zooplankton. Physico-chemical conditions of River Kapila can be changed because of industrial effluents which release to the water. Therefore, conducting further studies in this area is essential to measuring the diversity of zooplanktons.References 1.Omudu E.A. and Odeh P., A survey of zooplankton and macroinvertebrates of Agi Stream in Ojo Benue State, and their implications for transmission of endemic diseases, Biological and Environmental SciencesJournal for the Tropics, ), 10-17 (2006) International Research Journal of Environment Sciences_____________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 1(4), 37-42, November (2012)Int. Res. J. 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