International Research Journal of Environment Sciences________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414Vol. 1(3), 5-10, October (2012) I. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 5 Zooplanktonic Fauna in Relation to Physico-Chemical Characteristics in Madar Tank, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India Sharma Vipul, Verma Bhoopendra Kumar and Sharma Madhu Sudan2 Department of Zoology, University College of Science, Mohan Lal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, INDIA Vice-chancellor University of Kota, Rajasthan, INDIA Available online at: www.isca.in Received 10th September 2012, revised 22nd September 2012, accepted 25 Septmber 2012Abstract Aquatic ecosystems consist of physico-chemical and biotic components. Physico-chemical parameters are directly affecting to diversity of flora and fauna of water bodies. Madar Tank ( 24°41'3"N 73°36'20"E) was mainly built as a storage reservoir to fill water in Fatehsagar through a canal. Study was undertaken (seasonal study for two annual cycles) to assess different physico-chemical parameters, primary production and Zooplanktonic fauna of Madar. The mean value of physico- chemical parameters of water were analyzed such as pH (7.85), depth of visibility (81.38 cm), electrical conductance (0.745 mS/cm), TDS (476.61 ppm), chloride (115.83 ppm), alkalinity (124 ppm) and hardness (177.33ppm) that showed low mean values. Average dissolved oxygen level was recorded as 6.9 ppm while average nitrate and phosphate levels were 3.478 ppm and 2.6802 ppm respectively. The primary production was an analyzed 261.64mgc/m2/hr. On the basis of water quality parameters in general, Madar tank was found to be mesotrophic. During the present investigation, 10 species of Protozoans belonging to 9 genera, 31 species of Rotifers belonging to 14 genera were recorded. Along with these 17 species of Cladocerans belonging to 10 genera, 4 species of 4 genera belonging to Copepoda and 2 forms of Ostracods were also enlisted. After including occasional zooplankters like insects and their larvae, crustacean larvae, spiders and mites (2) total 68 forms of zooplankters were recorded. Key words: Physico-chemical parameters, madar tank, primary production, zooplankters, mesotrophic. Introduction Biodiversity is a precious heritage which is blessed by nature to save the planet and mankind. It is a variety of life which encompasses different genus, species, community and ecosystem along with their relative abundanc. Fresh water ecosystem includes primary producers as phytoplankton, algae and hydrophytes, primary consumers as zooplankton as well as phytophagous fishes and secondary, tertiary consumers as fishes and some other organisms. Zooplanktons are small animals that float freely in surface water, column of water bodies and whose distribution is primarily determined by water waves and current. Zooplanktons of Indian freshwaters have been studied by various researchers2-12. Rapid development in recent years has led to an increased demand for waterand it does depend on ground water13-14. The freshwater Zooplankton consists mainly of 4 major groups i. e. Protozoa, Rotifera and two orders of Crustacea viz., Cladocera and Copepoda. The lakes of South Rajasthan harbour diverse planktonic flora and fauna15. Limnology of Rajasthan waters with special reference to zooplanktonic composition and density have been studied by various researchers on their important contribution15-18A notable contribution in assessing limnological status and trophic structure of freshwater bodies has been made by another researcher18-22. Bada Madar Tank was mainly built as storage reservoir to fill water in Fatesagar through a canal. Although, water is also used for irrigation in and around Madar village. Water spread area of the pond is 0.8 Sq. Km. with maximum depth of 7.31m. This is surrounded by hill. Present study focuses only on the physicochemical parameter and zooplanktonic fauna in Bada Madar Tank. Material and Methods Study area: Water body investigated is Bada Madar Tank (73Ί 36' 28" E and 24Ί 41' 1" N) which water to Fateh Sagar through Chikalwas feeder also known as Madar Nahar. The catchment area of Bada Madar is 87 Sq. Km. and its gross capacity is 2.38 mcm. Its water spread is 0.8 Sq. Km. and total depth is 7.31 m. The length and width of the lake are 2.75 Km and 1.5 Km respectively (figure-1). Collection of water samples: During the study water samples were collected at seasonal intervals from winter 2008 to monsoon 2010 from pre-selected stations of the Lake. The water quality parameters such as air and water temperature, pH, depth of visibility, alkalinity (Carbonate and bicarbonate), dissolved oxygen and primary productivity were measured in the field itself. However, for the electrical conductivity, nitrate nitrogen, International Research Journal of Environment Vol. 1(3), 5-10, October (2012) International Science Congress Association orthophosphate, silicates and fluorides samples were brought to laboratory in plastic bottles of 500 ml. capacity and analyzed within 24 hours. Primary productivity was estimated using light and dark bottle method. Physico- chemical characteristic were analyzed immediately 23-24. Collection and analysis of Zooplankto n samples collection of plankton samples, 50 litres of surface water was filtered through Plankton net made up of bolting silk no. 30.The plankton samples so obtained were preserved in 70% alcohol. For the qualitative and quantitative studies in t Plankton analysis was made using a C Z inverted microscope then analyzed25. Figure-1 Udaipur Rajasthan (INDIA) Figure-2 Fateh Sagar Lake Udaipur Environment Sciences_______________ _________________________ International Science Congress Association orthophosphate, silicates and fluorides samples were brought to laboratory in plastic bottles of 500 ml. capacity and analyzed within 24 hours. Primary productivity was estimated using light chemical characteristic were n samples : For the collection of plankton samples, 50 litres of surface water was filtered through Plankton net made up of bolting silk no. 30.The plankton samples so obtained were preserved in 70% alcohol. For the qualitative and quantitative studies in t he laboratory, Plankton analysis was made using a C Z inverted microscope Udaipur Rajasthan (INDIA) Fateh Sagar Lake Udaipur Figure - Bada Madar Tank Udaipur Results and Discussion Observations pertaining to different physico parameters and primary production of Bada Madar given in the table 1. Temperature: During the study period, there was a marked variation in different water quality characteristics. Hutchinson stated that temperature is important in controlling both the quality and quantity of plankton flora. In the present study, the recorded surface water temperature is 20.2 statistical computation indicated that water temperature had positi ve significant relationship with visibility, nitrate, and phosphate. This supports by various observation Depth of Visibility: The variation in depth of visibility ranged from a minimum of 66.6 cm to maximum 101.4 cm. The statistical comput ation indicated positive significant correlationship of water clarity with hardness, nitrate, phosphate, co nductivity, TDS, and chlorides. pH value: The pH value of water was moderately alkaline and varied from 7.5 to 8.2 during the present study. Chisty pH range of 7.8 to 8.4 in Bada Madar during winter 1997 to monsoon 1998. The statistical computation indicated positive significant correlationship of pH with dissolved oxygen, conductivity, TDS, visibility, hardness, phosphate, and temperature. In general the solubility and availability of nutrients is affected by oxygen content of water and therefore the productivity of aquatic ecosystem Dissolved Oxygen: The dissolved oxygen content in Bada Madar Tank during the study period varied between of 6.7 mg/l to the highest 7.5 mg/l. Chisty and maximum value of 4.3 mg/l and 8.9 mg/l in Bada Madar Tank during winter 1997 to monsoon 1998. High dissolved oxygen is a sign of oligotrophic waters. Dissolved oxygen showed a posit ive correlation with temperature, chlorides, hardness, nitrate, phosphate, and pH. _________________________ _____ ISSN 2319–1414 I. Res. J. Environment Sci. 6 - 3 Bada Madar Tank Udaipur Observations pertaining to different physico -chemical parameters and primary production of Bada Madar Tank are During the study period, there was a marked variation in different water quality characteristics. Hutchinson 26 stated that temperature is important in controlling both the quality and quantity of plankton flora. In the present study, the recorded surface water temperature is 20.2 C to 43.3C. The statistical computation indicated that water temperature had ve significant relationship with visibility, nitrate, and phosphate. This supports by various observation 27, 20, 28-29. The variation in depth of visibility ranged from a minimum of 66.6 cm to maximum 101.4 cm. The ation indicated positive significant correlationship of water clarity with hardness, nitrate, nductivity, TDS, and chlorides. The pH value of water was moderately alkaline and varied from 7.5 to 8.2 during the present study. Chisty 29 noted a pH range of 7.8 to 8.4 in Bada Madar during winter 1997 to monsoon 1998. The statistical computation indicated positive significant correlationship of pH with dissolved oxygen, conductivity, TDS, visibility, hardness, phosphate, and In general the solubility and availability of nutrients is affected by oxygen content of water and therefore the productivity of aquatic ecosystem 30. The dissolved oxygen content in Bada Madar Tank during the study period varied between minimum of 6.7 mg/l to the highest 7.5 mg/l. Chisty 29 observed minimum and maximum value of 4.3 mg/l and 8.9 mg/l in Bada Madar Tank during winter 1997 to monsoon 1998. High dissolved oxygen is a sign of oligotrophic waters. Dissolved oxygen ive correlation with temperature, chlorides, hardness, nitrate, phosphate, and pH. International Research Journal of Environment Sciences_____________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 1(3), 5-10, October (2012) I. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 7 Total Alkalinity: During the present study, total alkalinity varied between 103 ppm to 142 ppm whiles the recorded average value of total alkalinity in Bada Madar Tank as 124 ppm.The statistical computation indicated a positive significant correlation to total alkalinity with TDS, conductivity, nitrate and dissolved oxygen. An increase in total alkalinity may be related with increase in pH as suggested30. Electrical Conductivity: The electrical conductivity, which represents the total ionic load of water, had the average values of 0.745 mS/cm. The electrical conductance showed positive significant relationship with nitrate, phosphate, visibility, chlorides and TDS. Total Hardness: The total hardness of water is the sum of cations present in it. These parameters ranged between the lowest value of 136 ppm and the highest values of 262 ppm. During the present study, total hardness showed positive relation with visibility, phosphate, nitrate, pH, and total zooplankton density. However, the relation was inversely with alkalinity, gross primary production and dissolved oxygen. Chloride: As depicted, chloride concentrations varied between 67 mg/l to 179 mg/l with average values of 115.83 mg/l. Total Dissolve Solid: In the present study, TDS ranged between 178 to 728 with an average value of 476.61. TDS shows a positive relationship with visibility, conductivity, nitrate, phosphate, pH and alkalinity. Phosphate: Phosphorus is one of the important nutrients governing overall algal growth. It plays a pivotal role in productivity of water bodies. During the present study phosphate ranged between 1.2546 to 4.956 mg/l with average value of 2.6802 mg/l. Chisty29 noted phosphate range of 0.0641 to 1.0115 mg/l in Bada Madar Tank during winter 1997 to monsoon 1998. The comparative low level of phosphate indicated that water free from effluent contamination31. Phosphate shows a positive relationship with pH, Hardness, visibility, temperature and nitrate. Nitrate: Nitrate is one of the most stable forms of nitrogen, which enhances the growth of plankton, their density, and primary production. In the present study, the values of nitrate varied from 2.412 to 4.654 mg/l. Chisty29 observednitrate ranged between 0.121 to 0.43 mg/l in Bada Madar Tank during winter 1997 to monsoon 1998. The statistical computation indicated a positive correlation of nitrate with phosphate, conductivity, TDS, alkalinity, chloride and visibility. Gross primary production: During the present study, gross primary production has been estimated by light and dark bottles methods. The overall mean values gross primary production in Bada Madar Tank was 261.64 mgc/m/hr. Russel Hunter32categorised lakes into ultraoligotrophic, oligotrophic, mesotrophic, eutrophic and hypereutrophic lakes having mean primary production range of 50, 50-300, 250-1000, and 10, 000 mgc/m/day respectively. As per this classification, Bada Madar Tank comes in mesotrophic category. Observation of Zooplanktons: During the present investigation, 10 species of Protozoans belonging to 9 genera, and 31 species of Rotifers belonging to 14 genera were reported to represent these Phyla among Zooplankton. Along with these 17 species of Cladocerans belonging to 10 genera, 6 species of 3 genera belonging to Copepoda and 2 forms of Ostracods were also enlisted. After including occasional zooplankters like insects and their larvae, crustacean larvae, spiders and mites (2) total 68 forms of zooplanktons were recorded (table 2). In the group Protozoa, Volvox sp. Vorticella sp. And Peridinium sp. Were dominant. Keratella tropica, Brachionus calyciflorus, Monostyla bulla, Filinia longiseta, F. opoliensis, F. terminalisand Asplanchna brightwelli were dominant in group Rotifera. In the group of Cladocera, Ceriodaphnia rigaudi, Daphnia pulex, Daphnia lumholtzi, Moina micrura,Macrothrix gorldi were dominant. The group of Copepoda was dominated by Cyclops leuckarti, and Allodiaptomus raoi. In the group of Ostracoda, Heterocypris was dominant. Table-1 Physico-chemical parameter of Bada Madar Tank Parameters 2008-09 2009-10 Average Winter Summer Monsoon Winter Summer Monsoon 1. Air temperature ( 0 c) 23.8 43.2 34.8 25.7 41.0 36.0 34.08 2. Water temperature ( 0 c) 20.2 34.5 28.2 22.5 36.2 31.0 28.76 3. Depth of visibility (cm.) 101.4 79.3 66.2 98.0 80.2 63.2 81.38 4. pH 7.9 8.1 8.2 7.6 7.8 7.5 7.85 5. Dissolved oxygen (ppm) 7.5 6.7 6.9 6.7 6.9 6.7 6.9 6. Alkalinity (ppm) 142 134 112 125 103 128 124 7. Hardness (ppm) 162 142 262 157 205 136 177.33 8. TDS (ppm) 470 728 550. 9 268.8 178 664 476.61 9. Conductivity (mS/cm) 0.735 1.14 0.861 0.420 0.278 1.04 0.745 10. Chlorides (ppm) 179 156 93 102 98 67 115.83 11. Nitrates (ppm) 3.224 4.215 3.112 3.251 4.654 2.412 3.478 12. Phosphates (ppm) 2.012 4.221 1.2546 2.1145 4.956 1.5232 2.6802 13. Primary Production (mgc/m2/hr) 265 325.8 198.5 326.56 265 189.5 261.64 International Research Journal of Environment Sciences_____________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 1(3), 5-10, October (2012) I. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 8 Table–2 Zooplankton fauna of Bada Madar Tank 2008-09 2009-10 Zooplanktons W S M W S M Protozoa Volvox sp. 1 - 1 1 - 1 Euglenidae Euglena acur - - 2 1 - - Euglena sp. 1 - 1 - 1 1 Class – Rhizopodea, Order - Amoebida Amoeba sp. 2 - - 1 - - Order – Arcellinida, Family – Arcellidae Arcella discoida - 2 - 1 - 1 Family – Difflugidae Difflugia sp. - - 1 - 2 - Sub-phylum Ciliophora, Class – Ciliata Paramecium sp. 1 - - - 1 - Order – Peritricha, Family – Vorticellidae Vorticella sp. 3 - - 1 - 1 Family – Peridiniaceae Peridinium sp. 3 1 3 2 - 1 Family – Frontonida Phacus sp. - - 1 2 - - Rotifera Family – Brachionidae Brachionus angularis - - - 1 1 - Brachionus calyciflorus 2 3 - 1 2 - Brachionus diversicornis - - 3 - - - Brachionus quadridentatus - - - - - 2 Brachionus falcatus - - - - - 2 Brachionus forficula1 - 1 - 1 - Brachionus caudatus - - 2 1 - - Brachionus rubens - - 4 - - - Brachionus plicatilis - - 4 - - 3 Keratella tropica - 2 2 2 - 1 Keratella cochleris 2 - - - - - Keratella procurva - - 2 - - - Mytilina ventralis - - - 1 - 1 Anuraeopsis fissa 2 - - - - - Family – Lecanidae Monostyla bulla 2 1 3 - - 2 Monostyla lunaris - - 1 - - - Family – Calurinae Lepadella ovalis - 2 2 - 1 1 Lepadella patella - 1 1 - 1 - Family – Trichocercidae Tricocerca longiseta - - - 1 - - Platyias patulus 1 - 1 - - 1 2008-09 2009-10 Zooplanktons W S M W S M Family – Asplanchnidae Asplanchna herricki - 1 - - 1 - Asplanchna brightwelli - - 2 1 - - Asplanchna priodonta - 1 - - - 2 Family – Synchaetidae Polyarthra vulgaris - - 1 - - 1 Ployarthra appendiculata - 1 - - - - Family – Testudinellidae Filinia longiseta 1 1 1 1 2 5 Filinia opoliensis - 2 - 2 4 - Filinia terminalis 1 5 1 - 1 - Horella mira - 1 1 1 - - Family – Hexarthridae Hexarthra mira - - - - 1 1 Family – Conochilidae Conochilius arborius 2 - - - 1 - Cladocerans – Family – Sididae Diphonosoma leuchtenbergianum 1 - - - - 1 Diphonosoma brachyurum 1 - 1 - - - Family – Daphnidae Ceriodaphnia rigaudi 4 - 5 4 5 3 Ceriodaphnia lacustris - - - 4 - 2 Daphnia lumholtzi 2 2 - 3 3 - Simocephalus vetulus - 1 2 - 1 - Family – Moinidae Moina micrura 2 4 1 3 2 1 Moina macrocopa 2 1 2 1 - - Moina rosea 1 - - 1 2 - Family – Bosminidae Bosmina coregoni 2 1 - 1 1 - Family – Macrotpricidae Macrothrix gorldi 1 2 1 1 2 1 Family – Chydoridae Chydorus sphaericus - 1 - - 3 2 Chydorus faviformis 1 - 1 - - - Leydigia - 1 - - 1 - Sub Family – Aloninae Alonella globulosa 1 - 2 1 - - Alonella dentifera 1 - - - 1 - Alonella diaphana 1 1 - - 1 - Phylum – Arthropoda Class – Crustacea Order – Calanoida Family – Diaptomidae Allodiaptomus raoi - - 1 - 1 - Neodiaptomus - 1 - - - - International Research Journal of Environment Sciences_____________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 1(3), 5-10, October (2012) I. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 9 2008-09 2009-10 Zooplanktons W S M W S M Order – Cyclopoida, Family – Cyclopidae Eucyclops agilis - - 1 - - - Cyclops leuckarti 1 - - 1 5 4 Mesocyclops leuckartii 1 - - - 1 - Family – Canthocamptidae Nauplii - - - - 1 - Ostracoda Heterocypris - 1 1 - 1 1 Stenocypris 1 1 - 1 - - Arthropoda insecta Insects larva 1 - - - - 1 Conclusion The Madar Tank has been found as mesotrophic. The presences of a number of Zooplanktons also indicate that Madar Tank is little organically rich water body. In this tank we reported some zooplanktons are related to oligotrophic water bodies whereas some are related to eutrophic water bodies and some of them are showing their special preference to mesotrophic environment. 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