Effect of Azodrin on the Testes of the Earthworm Eudichogaster kinneari (Stephenson): A Histological and Histochemical Profile

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Effect of Azodrin on the Testes of the Earthworm Eudichogaster kinneari (Stephenson): A Histological and Histochemical Profile

Leena Lakhani

Author Affiliations

¹ Department of Zoology, Govt. Girls P.G. College, Ujjain, MP, INDIA

Int. Res. J. Biological Sci., Volume 2, Issue (9), Pages 54-58, September,10 (2013)

Abstract

Adult earthworms Eudichogaster kinneari were exposed to a safe concentration (0.5 ppm) of Azodrin for twenty days to evaluate the effect on different stages of spermatic follicles. Spermatogenesis was severely affected by exposure of above insecticide causing degeneration in tissues of spermatic follicles due to clumping, vacuolization and necrosis. Changes in histochemical reactions and significant reduction in size of spermatic follicles (p0.001) were also observed.

References

Darwin C.R., The formation of vegetablemould, through the action of worms, with observations on their habits, John Murry, London (1981)
Edwards C.A, and Fletcher K.E., Interactions between earthworms and microorganisms in organic matter breakdown, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ.,24, 235-247 (1988)
Eriksen-Hamel N.S.and whalen J.K., Impacts of earthworms on soil nutrients and plant growth in soyabean and maize agro ecosystems, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 120,442- 448 (2007)
Townsend Lee and potter Dan (Entomology) and Powell A.J. (Agronomy), Earthworms: Thatch – Busters, college of Agriculture, university of Ketucky (2007)
Fingerman M., pollution our enemy keynote address, proc. Symp. Physiol., Animal Pollution, 1(VI) (1984)
\ 6.ISO, soil quality effects of pollutants on earthworms (Eisenia fetida), Part 2: Determination of effects on reproduction, ISO 11268-2, international organization for standardizations, Geneva, Switzerland (1998b)
Reinecke S.A. and Reinecke A.J., The impact of organophosphate pesticides in orchards on earthworms in the western Cape, South Africa, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety,66, 244-251 (2007)
Sareen M.L. and Verma V., morphological and cytochemical studies of the vitellogenesis in Eisenia fetida, Res. Bull. Punjab University, 27, 41-49 (1976)
Joshi N. and Dabral M., Life cycle of earthworms Drawida nepalensis, Metaphire houleti and Perionyx excavatus under laboratory controlled conditions, Life science Journal, 5,83-86 (2008)
Kulkarni G.K., Anand C.S.K. and Rao A.B., Effect of some pesticides on the gametogenesis of a fresh water leech Hirudo birmanica, Proc.Nat.Symp. Ecotoxicol., 54-57 (1987)
Sagar C.R., Impact of some pesticidal pollutants on the physiological activities of a freshwater leech poecilobdella granulosa, Ph.D. Thesis, Marathwada University, Aurangabad, India (1989)
Bhavan P.S. and Geraldine P., Carbaryl induced alterations in biochemical metabolism of the prawn, Macrobrachium malcolmsoni, J.Environ. Biol., 23, 157-162 (2002)
Lakhani L., Bhatnagar B.S. and Pandey A.K., Effect of monocrotophos on the ovary of the Earthworm Eudichogaster kinneari (Stephenson): A histological and histochemical profile, J. Reprod. Bio. Comp. Endocrinol.,3(1), 39-46 (1991)
58(Stephenson), Ph.D. Thesis, Vikram University, Ujjain, India (1992)
Lakhani L., Effect of Endosulfan on ovary of the Earthworm Eudichogaster Kinneari (Stephenson): A histological and histochemical profile, Res. Hunt, 2(II), 24- 31 (2007)
Lakhani L. and Khatri A., Effect of Rogor on the ovary of the Earthworm Eudichogaster kinneari, A histological and histochemical profile, J.E.R.D., 2(3), 378-385 (2008)
Lakhani L, Khatri A. and Choudhary P., Effect of dimethoate on testicular histomorphology of the earthworm E.kinneari, I. Res. J.Biological Sci.,1(4), 77-80, August (2012)
Espinoza-Navaroo O. and Bustos E., Sublethal doses of malathion after male reproductive parameters of Eisenia foetida, Int.J.Morphology, 22, 297-302 (2004)
Yasmin S. and D’souza D., Effect of pesticides on the reproductive output of Eisenia foetida, Bull. Environ.Contam. Toxicol., 79(5), 529-532 (2007)
Kale R.D. and Krishnamurthy R.V., Residual effects of sevin on the Acetyle cholinesterase activity of the nervous system of earthworm P. corethurus, curr. Science, 51(8), 885-886 (1982)
Rao J.V., Toxicity of Azodrin on the morphology and acetyl choliesterase activity of the earthworm Eisenia fetida, Environ , Res., 96, 323-327 (2004)
Garcia M., Rombke J., De Brito M.T. and Scheffcyzyk A., Effect of three pesticides on the avoidance behaviour of earthworms in laboratory tests, Environ. Pollut., 153, 450-456 (2008)
Zhou S., Duan C., Wang x., Michelle, W.H.G., Yu Z., and fu H., Assessing cypremethrin Contaminated soil with three different earthworm test methods, J.Environ. Sciences., 20 (11), 1381-1385 (2008)
De Silva P.M.C.S., and Amrasinghe N.J.D.S., Assessment of Dimethoate toxicity on compost worm Eisenia andreg using earthworm avoidence test., Tropical agricultureResearch,20, 25-33 (2008)
De Silva P.M.C.S., Pathiratne A. and Van Gestel C.A.M., Toxicity of chlorpyriphos, carbofuran, mancozeb and their formulations to the earthworm p. excavatus under tropical conditions, Applied soil Ecology, 44, 56-60 (2010)
Yasmin S. and D’souza D., Effect of pesticides on growth and reproduction of earthworm: A Review, Applied and Environmental soil science(2010)
Gupta S.K. and saxena P.N., carbaryl induced behavioral and reproductive abnormalities in the earthworm Metaphire posthuma: a sensitive model, Alternatives to laboratory animals, 31(6), 587-5 (2010)
Damm M.A., Leitao S., cerejeira M.J. and Paulo Souca J., comparing the sensitivity of soil invertebrates to pesticides with that of E. fetida, chemosphere, 85(6),(2011)
Santos M.J., Ferreira M.F., Cachada A., Duarte A.C. and Sousa J.P., Pesticide application to agricultural fields: Effect on the reproduction and avoidance behaviour of folsomia candida and Eisenia andrej, Ecotoxicol., (2012)
Wang J.H., Zhu L.S., Liu W., Wang J. and Xie H., Biochemical responses of earthworm E. foetida to pesticide chlorpyriphos and fenvalerate, J.Toxocol. Mech. Methods, 22(3), 236-41 (2012)

[ref1] Darwin C.R., The formation of vegetablemould, through the action of worms, with observations on their habits, John Murry, London (1981)

[ref2] Edwards C.A, and Fletcher K.E., Interactions between earthworms and microorganisms in organic matter breakdown, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ.,24, 235-247 (1988)

[ref3] Eriksen-Hamel N.S.and whalen J.K., Impacts of earthworms on soil nutrients and plant growth in soyabean and maize agro ecosystems, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 120,442- 448 (2007)

[ref4] Townsend Lee and potter Dan (Entomology) and Powell A.J. (Agronomy), Earthworms: Thatch – Busters, college of Agriculture, university of Ketucky (2007)

[ref5] Fingerman M., pollution our enemy keynote address, proc. Symp. Physiol., Animal Pollution, 1(VI) (1984)

[ref6] \ 6.ISO, soil quality effects of pollutants on earthworms (Eisenia fetida), Part 2: Determination of effects on reproduction, ISO 11268-2, international organization for standardizations, Geneva, Switzerland (1998b)

[ref7] Reinecke S.A. and Reinecke A.J., The impact of organophosphate pesticides in orchards on earthworms in the western Cape, South Africa, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety,66, 244-251 (2007)

[ref8] Sareen M.L. and Verma V., morphological and cytochemical studies of the vitellogenesis in Eisenia fetida, Res. Bull. Punjab University, 27, 41-49 (1976)

[ref9] Joshi N. and Dabral M., Life cycle of earthworms Drawida nepalensis, Metaphire houleti and Perionyx excavatus under laboratory controlled conditions, Life science Journal, 5,83-86 (2008)

[ref10] Kulkarni G.K., Anand C.S.K. and Rao A.B., Effect of some pesticides on the gametogenesis of a fresh water leech Hirudo birmanica, Proc.Nat.Symp. Ecotoxicol., 54-57 (1987)

[ref11] Sagar C.R., Impact of some pesticidal pollutants on the physiological activities of a freshwater leech poecilobdella granulosa, Ph.D. Thesis, Marathwada University, Aurangabad, India (1989)

[ref12] Bhavan P.S. and Geraldine P., Carbaryl induced alterations in biochemical metabolism of the prawn, Macrobrachium malcolmsoni, J.Environ. Biol., 23, 157-162 (2002)

[ref13] Lakhani L., Bhatnagar B.S. and Pandey A.K., Effect of monocrotophos on the ovary of the Earthworm Eudichogaster kinneari (Stephenson): A histological and histochemical profile, J. Reprod. Bio. Comp. Endocrinol.,3(1), 39-46 (1991)

[ref14] 58(Stephenson), Ph.D. Thesis, Vikram University, Ujjain, India (1992)

[ref15] Lakhani L., Effect of Endosulfan on ovary of the Earthworm Eudichogaster Kinneari (Stephenson): A histological and histochemical profile, Res. Hunt, 2(II), 24- 31 (2007)

[ref16] Lakhani L. and Khatri A., Effect of Rogor on the ovary of the Earthworm Eudichogaster kinneari, A histological and histochemical profile, J.E.R.D., 2(3), 378-385 (2008)

[ref17] Lakhani L, Khatri A. and Choudhary P., Effect of dimethoate on testicular histomorphology of the earthworm E.kinneari, I. Res. J.Biological Sci.,1(4), 77-80, August (2012)

[ref18] Espinoza-Navaroo O. and Bustos E., Sublethal doses of malathion after male reproductive parameters of Eisenia foetida, Int.J.Morphology, 22, 297-302 (2004)

[ref19] Yasmin S. and D’souza D., Effect of pesticides on the reproductive output of Eisenia foetida, Bull. Environ.Contam. Toxicol., 79(5), 529-532 (2007)

[ref20] Kale R.D. and Krishnamurthy R.V., Residual effects of sevin on the Acetyle cholinesterase activity of the nervous system of earthworm P. corethurus, curr. Science, 51(8), 885-886 (1982)

[ref21] Rao J.V., Toxicity of Azodrin on the morphology and acetyl choliesterase activity of the earthworm Eisenia fetida, Environ , Res., 96, 323-327 (2004)

[ref22] Garcia M., Rombke J., De Brito M.T. and Scheffcyzyk A., Effect of three pesticides on the avoidance behaviour of earthworms in laboratory tests, Environ. Pollut., 153, 450-456 (2008)

[ref23] Zhou S., Duan C., Wang x., Michelle, W.H.G., Yu Z., and fu H., Assessing cypremethrin Contaminated soil with three different earthworm test methods, J.Environ. Sciences., 20 (11), 1381-1385 (2008)

[ref24] De Silva P.M.C.S., and Amrasinghe N.J.D.S., Assessment of Dimethoate toxicity on compost worm Eisenia andreg using earthworm avoidence test., Tropical agricultureResearch,20, 25-33 (2008)

[ref25] De Silva P.M.C.S., Pathiratne A. and Van Gestel C.A.M., Toxicity of chlorpyriphos, carbofuran, mancozeb and their formulations to the earthworm p. excavatus under tropical conditions, Applied soil Ecology, 44, 56-60 (2010)

[ref26] Yasmin S. and D’souza D., Effect of pesticides on growth and reproduction of earthworm: A Review, Applied and Environmental soil science(2010)

[ref27] Gupta S.K. and saxena P.N., carbaryl induced behavioral and reproductive abnormalities in the earthworm Metaphire posthuma: a sensitive model, Alternatives to laboratory animals, 31(6), 587-5 (2010)

[ref28] Damm M.A., Leitao S., cerejeira M.J. and Paulo Souca J., comparing the sensitivity of soil invertebrates to pesticides with that of E. fetida, chemosphere, 85(6),(2011)

[ref29] Santos M.J., Ferreira M.F., Cachada A., Duarte A.C. and Sousa J.P., Pesticide application to agricultural fields: Effect on the reproduction and avoidance behaviour of folsomia candida and Eisenia andrej, Ecotoxicol., (2012)

[ref30] Wang J.H., Zhu L.S., Liu W., Wang J. and Xie H., Biochemical responses of earthworm E. foetida to pesticide chlorpyriphos and fenvalerate, J.Toxocol. Mech. Methods, 22(3), 236-41 (2012)